簡(jiǎn)介：1中文中文5690字文獻(xiàn)出處文獻(xiàn)出處SONM,CORDINGEJGROUND–LINERINTERACTIONINROCKTUNNELINGJTUNNELLING第二個(gè)盡量減少第三方的不利影響最后在工程的整個(gè)生命周期中能夠發(fā)揮預(yù)期的功能。在這三個(gè)問(wèn)題中，第一個(gè)問(wèn)題是直接與隧道支撐系統(tǒng)的正確設(shè)計(jì)有關(guān)。在巖石隧道中，隧道不是使用鉆爆法開(kāi)挖就是使用TBM或者盾構(gòu)機(jī)開(kāi)挖。新奧3圖1純剪切狀態(tài)下的圍巖和襯砌D是假想圓的直徑，E是圍巖的楊氏模量，V是圍巖的泊松比。在純剪切狀態(tài)的相同外部壓力P作用下，圓形隧道襯砌的徑向應(yīng)變?nèi)缦率娇紤]平變應(yīng)變效應(yīng)的襯砌的柔性剛度定義如下E1為襯砌的彈性模量，I1為隧道襯砌的斷面單位軸線長(zhǎng)度的慣性矩，R是襯砌半徑，柔性比F通過(guò)圍巖抗彎剛度與襯砌的抗彎剛度的比值得到的，定義如下可壓縮性是圍巖和襯砌結(jié)構(gòu)之間的拉伸剛度比，并且圍巖與襯砌拉伸剛度比可通過(guò)作用相同的外部壓力P來(lái)測(cè)量直徑變化來(lái)獲得。假想圓的襯砌圍巖徑向應(yīng)變?nèi)缦率?

簡(jiǎn)介：GROUND–LINERINTERACTIONINROCKTUNNELINGMOORAKSONA,,EDWARDJCORDINGBAKOREANINTELLECTUALPROPERTYOFFICE,CONSTRUCTIONTECHNOLOGYEXAM,GOVERNMENTCOMPLEX,DAEJEONBUILDING4,DUNSANDONG,SEOGU,DAEJEON,SOUTHKOREABDEPARTMENTOFCIVILANDENVIRONMENTALENGINEERING,UNIVERSITYOFILLINOISATURBANACHAMPAIGN,205NMATHEWSAVENUEMC250,URBANA,IL61801,UNITEDSTATESRECEIVED20MARCH2005RECEIVEDINREVISEDFORM15AUGUST2005ACCEPTED20MARCH2006AVAILABLEONLINE2MAY2006ABSTRACTTUNNELCONSTRUCTIONSAREGRADUALLYINCREASINGBECAUSEOFTHEDEVELOPMENTANDUPGRADEOFINFRASTRUCTURESSUCHASHIGHWAY,SUBWAY,RAILWAY,ANDMANYOTHERFACILITIESMOSTOFTUNNELSAREEXCAVATEDEITHERBYUSINGDRILLINGANDBLASTINGORBYUSINGTUNNELEXCAVATIONMACHINESSUCHASTBMTUNNELINGBORINGMACHINEORSHIELDNATMNEWAUSTRIANTUNNELINGMETHODISONEOFMOSTFREQUENTLYUSEDTUNNELINGMETHODSANDITUSESDRILLINGANDBLASTINGTOEXCAVATEATUNNELINROCKWHILETUNNELEXCAVATIONUSINGTBMORSHIELDMACHINESPRODUCESQUITEAREGULARANDSMOOTHTUNNELEXCAVATIONSURFACE,THETUNNELEXCAVATIONUSINGDRILLINGANDBLASTINGRESULTSINAVERYIRREGULARANDROUGHEXCAVATIONSURFACETHESTRESSBEHAVIORINASHOTCRETETUNNELLINERINSTALLEDALONGTHEEXCAVATIONSURFACEISVERYDEPENDENTONTHESURFACESTATUSANDTUNNELENGINEERSHOULDCONSIDERTHESURFACECONDITIONFORTHEDESIGNOFASHOTCRETETUNNELLINERNUMERICALANALYSESARECONDUCTEDTOINVESTIGATETHEEFFECTOFTHEIRREGULARITYOFTUNNELEXCAVATIONSURFACEONTHERESPONSEOFTHESHOTCRETETUNNELLINERFORTHEINVESTIGATIONS,THECONTROLLEDPARAMETERSINCLUDETHEIRREGULARITYOFTHEEXCAVATIONSURFACE,THESTIFFNESSOFTHESURROUNDINGGROUND,ANDTHECOEFFICIENTOFEARTHPRESSUREATRESTTHEINVESTIGATIONSSHOWTHATTHERESPONSEOFASHOTCRETETUNNELLINERISHIGHLYDEPENDENTONTHEPARAMETERSANDFORTHESAMEEARTHPRESSURECONDITIONTHEEFFECTISMOREEVIDENTWHENTHEIRREGULARITYISMORESEVEREANDTHESURROUNDINGGROUNDISLESSSTIFF?2006ELSEVIERLTDALLRIGHTSRESERVEDKEYWORDSROCKTUNNELEXCAVATIONSURFACEIRREGULARITYSHOTCRETELINERGROUND–LINERINTERACTIONFLEXIBILITY1INTRODUCTIONTUNNELISAMAINUNDERGROUNDSTRUCTUREANDISWIDELYUSEDFORTRANSPORTATIONTRANSFER,WATERPASSAGE,ANDOTHERPURPOSESSUCHASELECTRICITYORCOMMUNICATIONCABLEINSTALLATIONWITHTHEDEVELOPMENTANDUPGRADEOFINFRASTRUCTURES,TUNNELCONSTRUCTIONISINCREASINGALLOVERTHEWORLDANDTUNNELENGINEERISMOREAWAREOFTHEIMPORTANCEOFTHESAFETYANDECONOMICSOFTUNNELCONSTRUCTIONINRELATIONTOTUNNELCONSTRUCTION,PECK1969STATEDTHREEISSUES,WHICHAREFIRST,MAINTAININGSTABILITYANDSAFETYDURINGCONSTRUCTION,SECOND,MINIMIZINGUNFAVORABLEIMPACTON3RDPARTIES,ANDFINALLYPERFORMINGINTENDEDFUNCTIONOVERTHELIFEOFAPROJECTAMONGTHEISSUES,THEFIRSTISSUEISDIRECTLYRELATEDTOTHEAPPROPRIATEDESIGNOFTUNNELSUPPORTSYSTEMINROCKTUNNELING,THETUNNELEXCAVATIONCONDUCTEDEITHERBYUSINGDRILLINGANDBLASTINGORBYUSINGTUNNELEXCAVATIONMACHINESSUCHASTBMORSHIELDNATMNEWAUSTRIANTUNNELINGMETHOD,WHICHISWIDELYUSEDFORATUNNELCONSTRUCTION,USESTHEDRILLINGANDBLASTINGMETHODTOEXCAVATEATUNNELINROCKANDASHOTCRETELINERANDROCKBOLTSAREUSEDASAMAINSUPPORTSYSTEMTHETUNNELEXCAVATIONUSINGDRILLINGANDBLASTINGRESULTSINARELATIVELYIRREGULARTUNNELEXCAVATIONSURFACE,COMPAREDWITHTUNNELEXCAVATIONMACHINESUSINGTBMORSHIELDTHELEVELOFTHEIRREGULARITYDEPENDSONBLASTINGMETHOD,ROCKSTIFFNESS,ROCKJOINTCHARACTERISTIC,SCALING,ANDWORKMANSHIP08867798/SEEFRONTMATTER?2006ELSEVIERLTDALLRIGHTSRESERVEDDOI101016/JTUST200603002CORRESPONDINGAUTHORTEL821198316940FAX82424723519EMAILADDRESSESMOORAKSONEMPALCOMMSON,ECORDINGUIUCEDUEJCORDINGWWWELSEVIERCOM/LOCATE/TUSTTUNNELLINGANDUNDERGROUNDSPACETECHNOLOGY2220071–9TUNNELLINGANDUNDERGROUNDSPACETECHNOLOGYINCORPORATINGTRENCHLESSTECHNOLOGYRESEARCHFORTHEUNIFORMEXTERNALPRESSURE,P,THEDIAMETRALSTRAINOFTHECIRCULARTUNNELLINERFIG2BISGIVENBYDDD?PRELTD8TANDTHEEXTENSIONALSTIFFNESSOFTHELINERINPLANESTRAINISDEFINEDBYASFOLLOWSPDDD?ELTRD1?T2LTD9TWHEREELISTHEELASTICMODULUSOFTHELINERANDRANDTARE,RESPECTIVELY,THERADIUSANDTHETHICKNESSOFTHELINERTHECOMPRESSIBILITYRATIOCISOBTAINEDBYDIVIDINGTHEEXTENSIONALSTIFFNESSOFGROUNDBYTHATOFTHELINERANDISDEFINEDASFOLLOWSC?ED1TTTD1?2TTELTRD1?T2LTD10TATUNNELLINERSHOULDBEDESIGNEDSAFEANDSTABLEFORTHETHRUSTANDMOMENTINDUCEDBYTHEEXTERNALLOADBECAUSEOFTHEINTERACTIONBETWEENTHEGROUNDANDTHELINER,THETHRUSTANDMOMENTINTHELINERAREAFFECTEDBYTHEFLEXIBILITYANDCOMPRESSIBILITYRATIOSASBURNSANDRICHARD1964HAVESHOWNFORAGIVENCONDITION,THEMEASUREOFMOMENTANDTHRUSTINTHELINERCANBETHEORETICALLYOBTAINEDASFOLLOWSMOMENTDMT?PR22D1TKOTD1?2TTC6F???1?LN??T05D1?KOT?1?JN?2NN?COS2H?D11TTHRUSTDTT?PR22D1TKOT?1?LNF?TD1?KOT?1TJN?COS2HGD12TWHEREKOISTHEEARTHPRESSURECOEFFICIENTATREST,HISTHEANGLEMEASUREDINCOUNTERCLOCKWISEFROMHORIZONTALPLANE,FISTHEFLEXIBILITYRATIOANDCISTHECOMPRESSIBILITYRATIOLN?D1?2TTDC?1T1TD1?2TTCD13TJN??D1?2TTD1?CT?F?05D1?2TT2CT2?D3?2TTTD1?2TTC?FT05D5?6TTD1?2TTCTD6?8TTD14TNN??1TD1?2TTC?F?05D1?2TTC?2?D3?2TTTD1?2TTC?FT05D5?6TTD1?2TTCTD6?8TTD15TTHEMOMENTANDTHRUSTTHATARETHEORETICALLYDETERMINEDAREBASEDONTHEASSUMPTIONTHATTHELINERHASAUNIFORMTHICKNESSALONGTHETUNNELPERIMETERANDTHEREISNOSLIPPAGEATTHECONTACTBETWEENTHEGROUNDANDTHELINERTHETHEORETICALVALUESOFTHEMOMENTANDTHRUSTATTHETUNNELCROWNANDSPRINGLINEAREPLOTTEDANDCOMPAREDWITHTHERESULTSOFNUMERICALANALYSESUNDERVARIOUSCONDITIONSINTHEFOLLOWINGSECTION3NUMERICALANALYSISNUMERICALANALYSESARERUNTOINVESTIGATETHERESPONSEOFTHELINERINROCKTUNNELINGASMENTIONEDPREVIOUSLY,ROCKTUNNELINGWITHDRILLINGANDBLASTINGINDUCESATUNNELEXCAVATIONSURFACEIRREGULARANDROUGHTHEIRREGULARITYOFTHEEXCAVATIONSURFACEMAYRESULTINTHETHRUSTANDMOMENTINCREASEINTHELINERINSTALLEDALONGTHETUNNELEXCAVATIONPERIMETERDUETOTHESTRESSCONCENTRATIONHOWEVER,THETHEORETICALRELATIONSHIPFORTHEGROUND–LINERINTERACTIONISBASEDONTHEASSUMPTIONTHATTHETUNNELEXCAVATIONSURFACEISSMOOTHENOUGHWITHNOIRREGULARITYANDTHELINERTHICKNESSISUNIFORMALONGTHETUNNELPERIMETERINROCKTUNNELINGEXCAVATEDWITHDRILLINGANDBLASTING,ITISDIFFICULTTOMAKETHETUNNELEXCAVATIONSURFACECOMPLETELYSMOOTH,THOUGHITISPOSSIBLETOREDUCETHELEVELOFIRREGULARITYACCORDINGLY,ITISQUITEIMPORTANTTOINVESTIGATETHETHRUSTANDMOMENTCHANGEINASHOTCRETETUNNELLINERDUETOTHEIRREGULARITYANDTOPROVIDESOMEREASONABLECONCEPTSFORDESIGNINGANDINSTALLINGASHOTCRETETUNNELLINERFORATUNNELINROCK,WHICHISEXCAVATEDWITHDRILLINGANDBLASTINGNUMERICALANALYSESAREPERFORMEDWITHTHE2DUNIVERSALDISTINCTELEMENTCODEUDEC31,2000THEADVANTAGESOFTHENUMERICALANALYSISARETHATMANYDIFFERENTCONDITIONSCANEASILYBECONSIDEREDUNDERLIMITEDTIME,COST,ANDSPACE,ANDREPRODUCIBLEANALYSESAREPOSSIBLETHESECHARACTERISTICSENABLETHEEFFECTSOFVARIOUSPARAMETERSONTHERESPONSESOFASHOTCRETETUNNELLINERINSTALLEDALONGTHEIRREGULARTUNNELEXCAVATIONSURFACETOBEINVESTIGATEDATUNNELISASSUMEDTOHAVEACIRCULARSHAPEWITHTHEDIAMETEROF10MANDTOBECONSTRUCTEDATTHEDEPTHOF30MBELOWTHEGROUNDSURFACEFIG3CONSIDERINGTHESYMMETRICCONDITIONOFTHETUNNEL,AQUARTERPORTIONOFTHETUNNELISUSEDFORTHENUMERICALTESTSFIG4A–4DTHEBOUNDARYCONDITIONFORTHEGROUNDANDLINERWASROLLERSUPPORTSATTHELEFTVERTICALANDBOTTOMHORIZONTALBOUNDARIESANDTHEGROUNDSTRESSWASAPPLIEDATTHERIGHTANDTOPFIG2GROUNDANDLINERUNDERASTATEOFUNIFORMCOMPRESSIONAFTERPECKETAL,1972MSON,EJCORDING/TUNNELLINGANDUNDERGROUNDSPACETECHNOLOGY2220071–93

簡(jiǎn)介：3600英文單詞，英文單詞，19萬(wàn)英文字符，中文萬(wàn)英文字符，中文5900字文獻(xiàn)出處文獻(xiàn)出處WINTERMG,SHEARERB,PALMERD,ETALTHEECONOMICIMPACTOFLANDSLIDESANDFLOODSONTHEROADNETWORKJPROCEDIAENGINEERING,2016,14314251434THEECONOMICIMPACTOFLANDSLIDESANDFLOODSONTHEROADNETWORKMIKEGWINTER,BARBARASHEARER,DEREKPALMER,DAVIDPEELING,CLAREHARMERANDJONATHANSHARPEABSTRACTEVENINTHEABSENCEOFSERIOUSINJURIESANDFATALITIES,LANDSLIDEANDFLOODEVENTSCANHAVESIGNIFICANTSOCIOECONOMICIMPACTSTHESEINCLUDETHESEVERANCEOFACCESSTOANDFROMRELATIVELYREMOTECOMMUNITIESFORSERVICESANDMARKETSFORGOODSEMPLOYMENT,HEALTHANDEDUCATIONALOPPORTUNITIESANDSOCIALACTIVITIESTHEECONOMICIMPACTSCANBECLASSIFIEDASDIRECTECONOMICIMPACTS,DIRECTCONSEQUENTIALECONOMICIMPACTS,ANDINDIRECTCONSEQUENTIALECONOMICIMPACTSINADDITION,THEVULNERABILITYSHADOWCASTCANBEEXTENSIVEANDITSGEOGRAPHICALEXTENTCANBEDETERMINEDBYTHETRANSPORTNETWORKRATHERTHANTHERELATIVELYSMALLFOOTPRINTOFTHEEVENTITSELFUSINGANUMBEROFDEBRISFLOWEVENTSANDAFLOODEVENTINSCOTLANDTHISPAPERPLACESVALUESONTHEECONOMICIMPACTSOFLANDSLIDESANDFLOODSITALSODEMONSTRATESTHEWIDESPREADIMPACTOFTHEEVENTSBYMEANSOFTHEVULNERABILITYSHADOWTHATISCASTKEYWORDSLANDSLIDES,DEBRISFLOW,ROADS,ECONOMICS,MANAGEMENTMITIGATION1INTRODUCTIONINSCOTLANDINAUGUST2004ASERIESOFDEBRISFLOWSWASASSOCIATEDWITHMONTHLYAVERAGERAINFALLSUBSTANTIALLYINEXCESSOFTHENORMCRITICALLY,SOMEOFTHERESULTINGLANDSLIDESAFFECTEDIMPORTANTPARTSOFTHETRUNKSTRATEGICROADNETWORK,LINKINGNOTONLYCITIESBUTALSOSMALLER,REMOTECOMMUNITIESNOTABLEEVENTSOCCURREDATTHEA83BETWEENGLENKINGLASANDTOTHENORTHOFCAIRNDOW9AUGUST,THEA9TOTHENORTHOFDUNKELD11AUGUST,ANDTHEA85ATGLENOGLE18AUGUSTWHILETHEREWERENOMAJORINJURIES,THEMOSTDRAMATICEVENTSOCCURREDATTHEA85GLENOGLE,WHERE57PEOPLEHADTOBEAIRLIFTEDTOSAFETYWHENTHEYBECAMETRAPPEDBETWEENTWOMAJORDEBRISFLOWSTHEA83RESTANDBETHANKFULSITE,WHILENOTAFFECTEDINAUGUST2004,HASBEENEXTREMELYACTIVEINRECENTYEARSWITHMULTIPLEDEBRISFLOWEVENTSANDASSOCIATEDCLOSURESEVENTSIN2007,2008,2009,2011,2012AND2014HADANADVERSEEFFECTONTHETRAVELLINGPUBLICTHISHASMEANTTHATTHEAREAHASBECOMETHEFOCUSOFNOTONLYCONCERNBUTALSOOFEXTENSIVELANDSLIDEMANAGEMENTANDMITIGATIONACTIVITYTHISCULMINATEDINASTUDYBEINGCOMMISSIONEDTOASSESSANDMAKERECOMMENDATIONSONPOTENTIALLANDSLIDEREMEDIATIONACTIONSANON,2013AWINTEREMPLOYMENT,HEALTHANDEDUCATIONALOPPORTUNITIESANDSOCIALACTIVITIESTHEA83,CARRYINGUPTO5,000VEHICLESPERDAYALLVEHICLESTWOWAY,24HOURANNUALAVERAGEDAILYTRAFFIC,AADTWASCLOSEDFORSLIGHTLYINEXCESSOFADAY,THEA9CARRYING13,500VEHICLESPERDAYWASCLOSEDFORTWODAYSPRIORTOREOPENING,INITIALLYWITHSINGLELANEWORKINGUNDERCONVOY,ANDTHEA85CARRYING5,600VEHICLESPERDAYWASCLOSEDFORFOURDAYSTHETRAFFICFLOWFIGURESAREFORTHEMOSTHIGHLYTRAFFICKEDMONTHOFTHEYEARJULYORAUGUSTMINIMUMFLOWSOCCURINEITHERJANUARYORFEBRUARYANDAREROUGHLYHALFTHOSEOFTHEMAXIMAREFLECTINGTHEONGOINGVIABILITYOF,LOCALBUSINESSMANUFACTURINGANDAGRICULTUREEGFORESTRYINWESTERNSCOTLANDANDCOFFEEPRODUCTIONINJAMAICAAREACONCERNASACCESSTOMARKETSISCONSTRAINED,THECOSTSOFACCESSAREINCREASEDANDBUSINESSPROFITSAREAFFECTEDANDSHORTTERMTOLONGTERMVIABILITYMAYBEADVERSELYAFFECTEDPERHAPSOFEVENMORECONCERNARETHEIMPACTSONTOURISTANDOTHERSERVICEECONOMYBUSINESSESITISIMPORTANTTOUNDERSTANDHOWTHERELUCTANCEOFVISITORSTOTRAVELTOANDWITHINLANDSLIDEAREASISAFFECTEDAFTERANEVENTTHATHASRECEIVEDPUBLICITYAND/ORCAUSEDCASUALTIESANDHOWAPERIODOFINACCESSIBILITYREDUCEDORCOMPLETEAFFECTSTHESHORTANDLONGTERMTRAVELPATTERNSTOANAREAFORTOURISTSERVICESSUCHCOSTSFORMAFUNDAMENTALELEMENTOFTHEOVERALLECONOMICIMPACTONSOCIETYOFSUCHEVENTSTHEYARETHUSIMPORTANTTOGOVERNMENTSASTHEYSHOULDAFFECTTHECASEFORTHEASSIGNATIONOFBUDGETSTOLANDSLIDERISKMITIGATIONANDREMEDIATIONACTIVITIESHOWEVER,THESEAREALSOTHEMOSTDIFFICULTCOSTSTODETERMINEASTHEYAREGENERALLYWIDELYDISPERSEDBOTHGEOGRAPHICALLYANDSOCIALLYADDITIONALLY,INANENVIRONMENTINWHICHCOMPENSATIONMIGHTBEANTICIPATED,ALBEITOFTENERRONEOUSLY,THOSETHATHAVETHEBESTDATA,THEBUSINESSESAFFECTEDBYSUCHEVENTS,AREALSOTHOSETHATANTICIPATESUCHCOMPENSATORYEVENTSTHEVULNERABILITYSHADOWCASTCANBEEXTENSIVEANDITSGEOGRAPHICALEXTENTCANBEDETERMINEDBYTHETRANSPORTNETWORK,INCLUDINGCLOSURESANDDIVERSIONARYROUTES,RATHERTHANTHERELATIVELYSMALLFOOTPRINTOFTHEEVENTITSELFWINTERTHEVULNERABILITYSHADOWCANBEESTIMATEDTOBEOFTHEORDEROF2,800KM2FIGURE1WHICHIS,FORTHEPURPOSEOFCOMPARISON,APPROXIMATELYTWOANDAHALFTIMESTHETOTALLANDAREAOFHONGKONGSARTHEECONOMICIMPACTANDTHEVULNERABILITYSHADOWARECONCEPTSTHATAPPLYEQUALLYTOOTHERDISCRETECLIMATEDRIVENEVENTSTHATHAVETHEPOTENTIALTOCLOSEPARTSOFTHEROADNETWORKSUCHASFLOODEVENTSLIKELANDSLIDESSUCHFLOODEVENTSAREGENERALLYTHOUGHTTOBELIKELYTOINCREASEINFREQUENCYASARESULTOFCLIMATECHANGEGALBRAITHETAL,2005ANON,2011WINTERETAL,2010WINERTHEVULNERABILITYSHADOWTHATWASCASTBOUNDEDINREDWASEXTENSIVE4

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簡(jiǎn)介：DOI101016/JPROENG201606168THEECONOMICIMPACTOFLANDSLIDESANDFLOODSONTHEROADNETWORKMIKEGWINTER1,2,BARBARASHEARER1,DEREKPALMER3,DAVIDPEELING3,CLAREHARMER3ANDJONATHANSHARPE31TRANSPORTRESEARCHLABORATORYTRL,EDINBURGH,UK2UNIVERSITYOFPORTSMOUTH,PORTSMOUTH,UK3TRANSPORTRESEARCHLABORATORYTRL,WOKINGHAM,UKMWINTERTRLCCOUK,BSHEARERTRLCOUK,DPALMERTRLCOUK,DPEELINGTRLCOUK,CHARMERTRLCOUK,JSHARPETRLCOUKABSTRACTEVENINTHEABSENCEOFSERIOUSINJURIESANDFATALITIES,LANDSLIDEANDFLOODEVENTSCANHAVESIGNIFICANTSOCIOECONOMICIMPACTSTHESEINCLUDETHESEVERANCEOFACCESSTOANDFROMRELATIVELYREMOTECOMMUNITIESFORSERVICESANDMARKETSFORGOODSEMPLOYMENT,HEALTHANDEDUCATIONALOPPORTUNITIESANDSOCIALACTIVITIESTHEECONOMICIMPACTSCANBECLASSIFIEDASDIRECTECONOMICIMPACTS,DIRECTCONSEQUENTIALECONOMICIMPACTS,ANDINDIRECTCONSEQUENTIALECONOMICIMPACTSINADDITION,THEVULNERABILITYSHADOWCASTCANBEEXTENSIVEANDITSGEOGRAPHICALEXTENTCANBEDETERMINEDBYTHETRANSPORTNETWORKRATHERTHANTHERELATIVELYSMALLFOOTPRINTOFTHEEVENTITSELFUSINGANUMBEROFDEBRISFLOWEVENTSANDAFLOODEVENTINSCOTLANDTHISPAPERPLACESVALUESONTHEECONOMICIMPACTSOFLANDSLIDESANDFLOODSITALSODEMONSTRATESTHEWIDESPREADIMPACTOFTHEEVENTSBYMEANSOFTHEVULNERABILITYSHADOWTHATISCASTKEYWORDSLANDSLIDES,DEBRISFLOW,ROADS,ECONOMICS,MANAGEMENTMITIGATION1INTRODUCTIONINSCOTLANDINAUGUST2004ASERIESOFDEBRISFLOWSWASASSOCIATEDWITHMONTHLYAVERAGERAINFALLSUBSTANTIALLYINEXCESSOFTHENORMCRITICALLY,SOMEOFTHERESULTINGLANDSLIDESAFFECTEDIMPORTANTPARTSOFTHETRUNKSTRATEGICROADNETWORK,LINKINGNOTONLYCITIESBUTALSOSMALLER,REMOTECOMMUNITIESNOTABLEEVENTSOCCURREDATTHEA83BETWEENGLENKINGLASANDTOTHENORTHOFCAIRNDOW9AUGUST,THEA9TOTHENORTHOFDUNKELD11AUGUST,ANDTHEA85ATGLENOGLE18AUGUSTWHILETHEREWERECORRESPONDINGAUTHORPROCEDIAENGINEERINGVOLUME143,2016,PAGES1425–1434ADVANCESINTRANSPORTATIONGEOTECHNICS3THE3RDINTERNATIONALCONFERENCEONTRANSPORTATIONGEOTECHNICSICTG2016SELECTIONANDPEERREVIEWUNDERRESPONSIBILITYOFTHESCIENTIFICPROGRAMMECOMMITTEEOFICTG2016C?THEAUTHORSPUBLISHEDBYELSEVIERBV1425DIRECTECONOMICIMPACTSTHEDIRECTCOSTSOFCLEANUPANDREPAIR/REPLACEMENTOFLOST/DAMAGEDINFRASTRUCTUREINTHEBROADESTSENSEANDTHECOSTSOFSEARCHANDRESCUETHESESHOULDBERELATIVELYEASYTOOBTAINORESTIMATEFORANYGIVENEVENTDIRECTCONSEQUENTIALECONOMICIMPACTSTHESEGENERALLYRELATETODISRUPTIONTOINFRASTRUCTUREANDAREREALLYABOUTLOSSOFUTILITYFOREXAMPLE,THECOSTSOFCLOSINGAROADORIMPLEMENTINGSINGLELANEWORKINGWITHTRAFFICLIGHTSFORAGIVENPERIODWITHAGIVENDIVERSION,ARERELATIVELYSIMPLETOESTIMATEUSINGWELLESTABLISHEDMODELSTHECOSTSOFFATAL/NONFATALINJURIESANDOTHERINCIDENTACCIDENTCOSTSMAYALSOBEINCLUDEDHEREANDMAYBETAKENONASOCIETALBASISDIRECTLYFROMPUBLISHEDFIGURESWHILETHESEARESETOUTFORTHECOSTSOFROADTRAFFICACCIDENTS,ORINDEEDRAILACCIDENTS,THERESEEMSTOBENOPARTICULARREASONWHYTHEYSHOULDBERADICALLYDIFFERENTTOTHOSERELATEDTOALANDSLIDEASBOTHARELIKELYTOINCLUDETHERECOVERYOFCASUALTIESFROMVEHICLESINDEED,FOREVENTSINWHICHLARGENUMBERSOFCASUALTIESMAYBEEXPECTEDTOOCCUR,DATARELATINGTORAILWAYACCIDENTSMAYBEMOREAPPROPRIATEINDIRECTCONSEQUENTIALECONOMICIMPACTSOFTENLANDSLIDEEVENTSAFFECTACCESSTOREMOTERURALAREASWITHECONOMIESTHATAREBASEDUPONTRANSPORTDEPENDENTACTIVITIES,ANDTHUSTHEVULNERABILITYCANBEEXTENSIVEANDISDETERMINEDBYTHETRANSPORTNETWORKRATHERTHANTHEEVENTITSELFIFAGIVENROUTEISCLOSEDFORALONGPERIODTHENHOW,FOREXAMPLE,DOESTHATAFFECTCONFIDENCEIN,ANDTHEONGOINGVIABILITYOF,LOCALBUSINESSMANUFACTURINGANDAGRICULTUREEGFORESTRYINWESTERNSCOTLANDANDCOFFEEPRODUCTIONINJAMAICAAREACONCERNASACCESSTOMARKETSISCONSTRAINED,THECOSTSOFACCESSAREINCREASEDANDBUSINESSPROFITSAREAFFECTEDANDSHORTTERMTOLONGTERMVIABILITYMAYBEADVERSELYAFFECTEDPERHAPSOFEVENMORECONCERNARETHEIMPACTSONTOURISTANDOTHERSERVICEECONOMYBUSINESSESITISIMPORTANTTOUNDERSTANDHOWTHERELUCTANCEOFVISITORSTOTRAVELTOANDWITHINLANDSLIDEAREASISAFFECTEDAFTERANEVENTTHATHASRECEIVEDPUBLICITYAND/ORCAUSEDCASUALTIESANDHOWAPERIODOFINACCESSIBILITYREDUCEDORCOMPLETEAFFECTSTHESHORTANDLONGTERMTRAVELPATTERNSTOANAREAFORTOURISTSERVICESSUCHCOSTSFORMAFUNDAMENTALELEMENTOFTHEOVERALLECONOMICIMPACTONSOCIETYOFSUCHEVENTSTHEYARETHUSIMPORTANTTOGOVERNMENTSASTHEYSHOULDAFFECTTHECASEFORTHEASSIGNATIONOFBUDGETSTOLANDSLIDERISKMITIGATIONANDREMEDIATIONACTIVITIESHOWEVER,THESEAREALSOTHEMOSTDIFFICULTCOSTSTODETERMINEASTHEYAREGENERALLYWIDELYDISPERSEDBOTHGEOGRAPHICALLYANDSOCIALLYADDITIONALLY,INANENVIRONMENTINWHICHCOMPENSATIONMIGHTBEANTICIPATED,ALBEITOFTENERRONEOUSLY,THOSETHATHAVETHEBESTDATA,THEBUSINESSESAFFECTEDBYSUCHEVENTS,AREALSOTHOSETHATANTICIPATESUCHCOMPENSATORYEVENTSTHEVULNERABILITYSHADOWCASTCANBEEXTENSIVEANDITSGEOGRAPHICALEXTENTCANBEDETERMINEDBYTHETRANSPORTNETWORK,INCLUDINGCLOSURESANDDIVERSIONARYROUTES,RATHERTHANTHERELATIVELYSMALLFOOTPRINTOFTHEEVENTITSELFWINTERTHEVULNERABILITYSHADOWCANBEESTIMATEDTOBEOFTHEORDEROF2,800KM2FIGURE1WHICHIS,FORTHEPURPOSEOFCOMPARISON,APPROXIMATELYTWOANDAHALFTIMESTHETOTALLANDAREAOFHONGKONGSARTHEECONOMICIMPACTANDTHEVULNERABILITYSHADOWARECONCEPTSTHATAPPLYEQUALLYTOOTHERDISCRETECLIMATEDRIVENEVENTSTHATHAVETHEPOTENTIALTOCLOSEPARTSOFTHEROADNETWORKSUCHASFLOODEVENTSLIKELANDSLIDESSUCHFLOODEVENTSAREGENERALLYTHOUGHTTOBELIKELYTOINCREASEINFREQUENCYASARESULTOFCLIMATECHANGEGALBRAITHETAL,2005ANON,2011WINTERETAL,2010WINERSHEARER,2013THEWORKOFSCHUSTER1996,HIGHLAND2006ANDSCHUSTERHIGHLAND2007HASBEENESPECIALLYINFORMATIVEANDHELPFULINDETERMININGTHEAPPROACHTOTHISWORKTYPICALLYOTHERWORKINTHISAREADEALSPRIMARILYWITHDIRECTECONOMICIMPACTSKLOSEETAL,2015WITHSOMECONSIDERATIONOFDIRECTCONSEQUENTIALECONOMICIMPACTSHIGHLAND,2012INDEED,HIGHLANDDESCRIBESDECREASEDECONOMICACTIVITYINSOMEAREASANDINCREASEDECONOMICACTIVITYINOTHERAREASASARESULTOFTHECHANGINGACCESSEITHERSIDEOFLANDSLIDEEVENTSTHEECONOMICIMPACTOFLANDSLIDESANDFLOODSONTHEROADNETWORKWINTERETAL1427

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簡(jiǎn)介：3200英文單詞，英文單詞，16萬(wàn)英文字符，中文萬(wàn)英文字符，中文5100字文獻(xiàn)出處文獻(xiàn)出處TANAKAS,OHNOS,NAKAMURAFANALYSISONDRIVERS’PARKINGLOTCHOICEBEHAVIORSINEXPRESSWAYRESTAREAJTRANSPORTATIONRESEARCHPROCEDIA,2017,2513421351ANALYSISONDRIVERS’PARKINGLOTCHOICEBEHAVIORSINEXPRESSWAYRESTAREASHINJITANAKA,SHINYAOHNO,FUMIHIKONAKAMURAABSTRACTINHIGHDEMANDSEASONS,HEAVYTRAFFICCAUSESCONGESTIONNOTONLYONMAINCARRIAGEWAYSBUTALSOINRESTAREASCONGESTIONINRESTAREASMAKEVEHICLESCRUISING,CRAWLING,STANDINGANDSOMETIMESREVERSERUNNINGINSIDETHEAREATOFINDAPARKINGLOTSUCHVEHICLESFORMAQUEUEANDITMAYEXTENDOUTTOTHEMAINCARRIAGEWAY,WHICHCAUSEMORESERIOUSCONGESTIONATTHESAMETIME,ITISOFTENOBSERVEDTHEREARESTILLSOMEAVAILABLELOTSLEFTINTHEBACKSIDEOFTHEAREAEVENTHOUGHSUCHINFORMATIONISPROVIDEDITMEANSDRIVERSDONOTALWAYSBEHAVEPERFECTLYANDTHECAPACITYOFTHERESTAREAISNOTFULLYUTILIZEDTHEREFORE,ITISIMPORTANTTOUNDERSTANDHOWDRIVERSMAKEDECISIONSOFTHEIRBEHAVIORTOSELECTPARKINGLOTSUNDERCONGESTEDSITUATIONTOIMPROVETHEPERFORMANCEOFTHEPARKINGCAPACITYTHEN,THISSTUDYAIMSATREVEALINGDRIVERS’CHOICEBEHAVIOROFPARKINGLOTSINEXPRESSWAYRESTAREAFOURRESTAREASWEREPICKEDUPTOCOLLECTDRIVERS’CHOICEBEHAVIORSCONSIDERINGTHECHARACTERISTICSSUCHASGEOMETRY,INFORMATIONPROVISIONETCVIDEOOBSERVATIONWASCONDUCTEDTOOBTAININDIVIDUALVEHICLESTRAJECTORIESASWELLASTHETRANSITIONOFTHEPARKINGLOTSOCCUPANCYVMSDATASHOWINGPARKINGLOTSAVAILABILITYWASALSOGATHEREDTOCHECKWHATKINDOFINFORMATIONWASGIVENWHENADRIVERMADEACHOICEBEHAVIORATTHESAMETIME,QUESTIONNAIRESURVEYWASALSODONETOUNDERSTANDDRIVERS’PREFERENCE,BEHAVIORALFACTORSETCBASEDONTHECOLLECTEDVIDEOANDQUESTIONNAIREDATA,DRIVERS’CHOICEBEHAVIORSATDIVERGINGPOINTSINSIDETHEAREAWEREANALYZEDINDETAILASARESULT,MAJORINFLUENTIALFACTORSWEREREVEALEDTOBE“DISTANCETOTHEFACILITIES”,“AVAILABILITYINFORMATIONONVMS”AND“QUEUELENGTHINSIGHT”MOREOVER,THEORDEROFTHEIRIMPORTANCEWASNOTALWAYSTHESAMEBUTVARIEDDEPENDINGONTHECONDITIONOFTHEPARKINGLOTSOCCUPANCYESPECIALLY,ATNEARSATURATEDCONDITION,DRIVERSWEREAFFECTEDMOREBYAQUEUEINFRONTRATHERTHANVMSINFORMATIONFINALLY,SOMEIMPLICATIONSFORRESTAREADESIGNANDOPERATIONWERESHOWNBASEDONTHERESULTSKEYWORDSPARKINGLOTCHOICEEXPRESSWAYRESTAREALOGITMODEL1INTRODUCTIONINHIGHDEMANDSEASONS,HEAVYTRAFFICDEMANDCAUSESCONGESTIONINEXPRESSWAYSNOTONLYONMAINCARRIAGEWAYSBUTALSOINRESTAREASCONGESTIONINRESTAREASMAKEVEHICLESCRUISING,CRAWLING,STANDINGANDSOMETIMESREVERSERUNNINGINSIDETHEAREATOFINDAVACANTPARKINGLOTITGENERATESDELAYASWELLASRISKOFACCIDENTSANDTHESEVEHICLESFORMALONGQUEUEANDITMAYEXTENDOUTTOTHEMAINCARRIAGEWAY,WHICHCAUSEMORESERIOUSCONGESTIONOFTHEEXPRESSWAYMAINLINETRAFFICATTHESAMETIME,ITISOFTENOBSERVEDTHEREARESTILLSOMEAVAILABLELOTSLEFTINTHEBACKSIDEOFTHERESTAREAEVENTHOUGHSUCHAVAILABILITYINFORMATIONISPROVIDEDVIAVARIABLEMESSAGESIGNSVMSITMEANSDRIVERSDONOTALWAYSBEHAVEPERFECTLYACCORDINGTOTHEPROVIDEDINFORMATIONANDASARESULTTHECAPACITYOFTHERESTAREAISNOTFULLYUTILIZEDTHEREFORE,ITISOFPARKINGLOTAVAILABILITYAHEADOFTHEPOINTITSHOWSTHEAVAILABILITYBYTHREELEVELS,THATIS,“VACANTGREEN”,“CONGESTEDORANGE”AND“FULLRED”RESTAREA1AND2ARELARGESCALEAREASTHATARELOCATEDAPPROXIMATELY50KMAWAYFROMTOKYOTHEREARENORECURSIVELANEINTHESEAREASANDONLYAREA2HASVMSRESTAREA3ISMEDIUMSIZEANDITISLOCATEDAPPROXIMATELY80KMAWAYFROMTOKYOITHASSEVERALRECURSIVELANESINDIFFERENTPARTSOFTHEAREABUTDOESNOTHAVEVMSRESTAREA4ISRELATIVELYSMALLSCALETHATISLOCATEDAPPROXIMATELY100KMAWAYFROMTOKYOITHASBOTHRECURSIVELANEANDVMSTABLE1MAJORCHARACTERISTICSOFTHESTUDYAREAS1EBINAWESTBOUND2EBINAEASTBOUND3ASHIGARAWESTBOUND4NUMAZUWESTBOUNDPARKINGCAPACITYVEH54444131898RECURSIVELANENONOYESYESVMSNUMNOYES8NOYES2FIG2LOCATIONOFTHESTUDYAREASFIG3GEOMETRYOFTHESTUDYAREAS1EBINAWESTBOUND2EBINAEASTBOUND3ASHIGARAWESTBOUND4NUMAZUWESTBOUND

簡(jiǎn)介：SCIENCEDIRECTAVAILABLEONLINEATWWWSCIENCEDIRECTCOMTRANSPORTATIONRESEARCHPROCEDIA2520171342–135123521465?2017THEAUTHORSPUBLISHEDBYELSEVIERBVPEERREVIEWUNDERRESPONSIBILITYOFWORLDCONFERENCEONTRANSPORTRESEARCHSOCIETY101016/JTRPRO201705158WWWELSEVIERCOM/LOCATE/PROCEDIA?2017THEAUTHORSPUBLISHEDBYELSEVIERBVPEERREVIEWUNDERRESPONSIBILITYOFWORLDCONFERENCEONTRANSPORTRESEARCHSOCIETYKEYWORDSPARKINGLOTCHOICEEXPRESSWAYRESTAREALOGITMODELCORRESPONDINGAUTHORTEL81453394032FAX81453311707EMAILADDRESSSTANAKAYNUACJPWORLDCONFERENCEONTRANSPORTRESEARCHWCTR2016SHANGHAI1015JULY2016ANALYSISONDRIVERS’PARKINGLOTCHOICEBEHAVIORSINEXPRESSWAYRESTAREASHINJITANAKAA,SHINYAOHNOA,FUMIHIKONAKAMURAAAYOKOHAMANATIONALUNIVERSITY,795TOKIWADAIHODOGAYAKUYOKOHAMA,2408501,JAPANABSTRACTINHIGHDEMANDSEASONS,HEAVYTRAFFICCAUSESCONGESTIONNOTONLYONMAINCARRIAGEWAYSBUTALSOINRESTAREASCONGESTIONINRESTAREASMAKEVEHICLESCRUISING,CRAWLING,STANDINGANDSOMETIMESREVERSERUNNINGINSIDETHEAREATOFINDAPARKINGLOTSUCHVEHICLESFORMAQUEUEANDITMAYEXTENDOUTTOTHEMAINCARRIAGEWAY,WHICHCAUSEMORESERIOUSCONGESTIONATTHESAMETIME,ITISOFTENOBSERVEDTHEREARESTILLSOMEAVAILABLELOTSLEFTINTHEBACKSIDEOFTHEAREAEVENTHOUGHSUCHINFORMATIONISPROVIDEDITMEANSDRIVERSDONOTALWAYSBEHAVEPERFECTLYANDTHECAPACITYOFTHERESTAREAISNOTFULLYUTILIZEDTHEREFORE,ITISIMPORTANTTOUNDERSTANDHOWDRIVERSMAKEDECISIONSOFTHEIRBEHAVIORTOSELECTPARKINGLOTSUNDERCONGESTEDSITUATIONTOIMPROVETHEPERFORMANCEOFTHEPARKINGCAPACITYTHEN,THISSTUDYAIMSATREVEALINGDRIVERS’CHOICEBEHAVIOROFPARKINGLOTSINEXPRESSWAYRESTAREAFOURRESTAREASWEREPICKEDUPTOCOLLECTDRIVERS’CHOICEBEHAVIORSCONSIDERINGTHECHARACTERISTICSSUCHASGEOMETRY,INFORMATIONPROVISIONETCVIDEOOBSERVATIONWASCONDUCTEDTOOBTAININDIVIDUALVEHICLESTRAJECTORIESASWELLASTHETRANSITIONOFTHEPARKINGLOTSOCCUPANCYVMSDATASHOWINGPARKINGLOTSAVAILABILITYWASALSOGATHEREDTOCHECKWHATKINDOFINFORMATIONWASGIVENWHENADRIVERMADEACHOICEBEHAVIORATTHESAMETIME,QUESTIONNAIRESURVEYWASALSODONETOUNDERSTANDDRIVERS’PREFERENCE,BEHAVIORALFACTORSETCBASEDONTHECOLLECTEDVIDEOANDQUESTIONNAIREDATA,DRIVERS’CHOICEBEHAVIORSATDIVERGINGPOINTSINSIDETHEAREAWEREANALYZEDINDETAILASARESULT,MAJORINFLUENTIALFACTORSWEREREVEALEDTOBE“DISTANCETOTHEFACILITIES”,“AVAILABILITYINFORMATIONONVMS”AND“QUEUELENGTHINSIGHT”MOREOVER,THEORDEROFTHEIRIMPORTANCEWASNOTALWAYSTHESAMEBUTVARIEDDEPENDINGONTHECONDITIONOFTHEPARKINGLOTSOCCUPANCYESPECIALLY,ATNEARSATURATEDCONDITION,DRIVERSWEREAFFECTEDMOREBYAQUEUEINFRONTRATHERTHANVMSINFORMATIONFINALLY,SOMEIMPLICATIONSFORRESTAREADESIGNANDOPERATIONWERESHOWNBASEDONTHERESULTS7THEAUTHORSPUBLISHEDBYELSEVIERBV1344SHINJITANAKAETAL/TRANSPORTATIONRESEARCHPROCEDIA2520171342–13513METHODOLOGY31STUDYAREAFOURRESTAREASALONGASAMEEXPRESSWAYINTHESOUTHWESTOFTOKYOWEREPICKEDUPTOCOLLECTDATAREGARDINGDRIVERS’CHOICEBEHAVIORSTHECHARACTERISTICSSUCHASGEOMETRY,INFORMATIONPROVISIONETCARECONSIDEREDTOSELECTTHESEAREASTHEIRLOCATIONSARESHOWNINFIG2ANDTHEIRMAJORFEATURESARESHOWNINTABLE1THEMAJORDIFFERENCEOFTHESEAREASISEXISTENCEOFRECURSIVELANEANDVMSVARIABLEMESSAGESIGNHERE,RECURSIVELANEMEANSALANETHATCONNECTSTHEEXITOFAPARKINGAREAANDITSENTRANCETOMAKEALOOPASSHOWNINFIG3ITCANOFFERANADDITIONALOPPORTUNITYFORDRIVERSWHOCOULDNOTFINDANYVACANTPARKINGLOTTOGOAROUNDAGAINVMSISGENERALLYINSTALLEDATDIVERGINGPOINTSOFTHEENTERINGAPPROACHSOASTOANDPROVIDESINFORMATIONOFPARKINGLOTAVAILABILITYAHEADOFTHEPOINTITSHOWSTHEAVAILABILITYBYTHREELEVELS,THATIS,“VACANTGREEN”,“CONGESTEDORANGE”AND“FULLRED”RESTAREA1AND2ARELARGESCALEAREASTHATARELOCATEDAPPROXIMATELY50KMAWAYFROMTOKYOTHEREARENORECURSIVELANEINTHESEAREASANDONLYAREA2HASVMSRESTAREA3ISMEDIUMSIZEANDITISLOCATEDAPPROXIMATELY80KMAWAYFROMTOKYOITHASSEVERALRECURSIVELANESINDIFFERENTPARTSOFTHEAREABUTDOESNOTHAVEVMSRESTAREA4ISRELATIVELYSMALLSCALETHATISLOCATEDAPPROXIMATELY100KMAWAYFROMTOKYOITHASBOTHRECURSIVELANEANDVMSTABLE1MAJORCHARACTERISTICSOFTHESTUDYAREAS1EBINAWESTBOUND2EBINAEASTBOUND3ASHIGARAWESTBOUND4NUMAZUWESTBOUNDPARKINGCAPACITYVEH54444131898RECURSIVELANENONOYESYESVMSNUMNOYES8NOYES2FIG2LOCATIONOFTHESTUDYAREAS

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