計(jì)算機(jī)外文翻譯--網(wǎng)絡(luò)工程關(guān)于網(wǎng)站類系統(tǒng)開發(fā)的新學(xué)科

1、<p>　　3600英文單詞，21500英文字符，中文6500漢字</p><p>　　文獻(xiàn)出處：Murugesan S, Deshpande Y, Hansen S, et al. Web Engineering: a New Discipline for Development of Web-Based Systems[M]// Web Engineering. Springer Berlin He

2、idelberg, 2001:3-13.</p><p><b>　　英 文：</b></p><p>　　Web Engineering: A New Discipline for Development of Web-Based Systems</p><p>　　San Murugesan, Yogesh Deshpande, Steve

3、 Hansen and Athula Ginige Dept of Computing and Information Systems, University of Western Sydney,</p><p>　　Macarthur, Campbelltown NSW 2560, Australia</p><p>　　{s.murugesan,y.deshpande,s.hansen

4、,a.ginige}@uws.edu.au</p><p><b>　　Abstract </b></p><p>　　In most cases, development of Web-based systems has been ad hoc, lacking systematic approach, and quality control and assuran

5、ce procedures. Hence, there is now legitimate and growing concern about the manner in which Web-based systems are developed and their quality and integrity. Web Engineering, an emerging new discipline, advocates a proce

6、ss and a systematic approach to development of high quality Web-based systems. It promotes the establishment and use of sound scientific, engineering and m</p><p>　　Keywords: Web engineering, Web-based syste

7、ms development, Web crisis, Web design, Web development, Web lifecycle</p><p>　　1 Introduction</p><p>　　The growth of the Internet, Intranets, Extranets, and the World Wide Web has had signific

8、ant impact on business, commerce, industry, banking and finance, education, government and entertainment sectors, and our personal and working lives. Many legacy information and database systems are being migrated to Int

9、ernet and Web environments. Electronic commerce through the Internet is rapidly growing, cutting across national boundaries. A wide range of new, complex distributed applications is emerging </p><p>　　In mos

10、t cases, however, the development approach used for Web-based systems has been ad hoc, and many Web-based systems have been kept running through a continual stream of patches. Overall, Web-based systems development has l

11、acked rigour, systematic approach, and quality control and assurance. As the complexity and sophistication of Web-based applications grow, there is now legitimate and growing concern about the manner in which they are cr

12、eated and their quality and integrity.</p><p>　　In the absence of disciplined process for developing Web-based systems, we may face serious problems in successful development, deployment, operation and '

13、maintenance' of these systems. Poorly developed Web-based applications that are escalating now have a high probability of failure. Worse, as Web-based systems grow more complex, a failure in one system or function ca

14、n and will propagate broad-based problems across many systems and/or functions. When this happens, confidence in the Web may be </p><p>　　In order to avoid a possible Web crisis and achieve greater success

15、in development and applications of complex Web-based systems, there is a pressing need for disciplined approaches and new methods and tools for development, deployment and evaluation of Web-based systems. Such approaches

16、 and techniques must take into account: 1) the unique features of the Web, 2) operational environments of Web- based systems, 3) scenarios and multiplicity of user profiles, and 4) diverse type (and skills and kn</p&g

17、t;<p>　　Motivated by the concern among some Web-based systems developers (including the authors) about the chaotic way in which most Web-based systems are developed, a few new initiatives were undertaken to addre

18、ss the problems of Web-based systems development and bring the potential chaos under control, and to facilitate successful Web-based systems development [3-7]. These initiatives have promoted Web engineering as a discipl

19、ine.</p><p>　　Web Engineering is concerned with establishment and use of sound scientific, engineering and management principles and disciplined and systematic approaches to the successful development, deplo

20、yment and maintenance of high quality Web-based systems and applications.</p><p>　　It incorporates some of the well-known and successful traditional software ‘engineering’ principles and practices, adopting

21、them to more open and flexible nature of the Web, and the type of Web application. It also takes into consideration other elements that are specific to the Web environment.</p><p>　　We organised the first w

22、orkshop on Web Engineering in 1998 [3] in conjunction the World Wide Web Conference (WWW7) in Brisbane, Australia, to address the state of Web-based systems development and to promote Web engineering approaches. Building

23、 on the success and outcome of the first workshop [3], two more workshops on Web engineering were organised in 1999 [5, 6] to review practices in Web-based systems development and the progress in this area, and to pave d

24、irections for further study. The IEE</p><p>　　This paper gives an introductory overview on Web Engineering in order to promote this new discipline among Web-based systems developers, researchers, academics

25、and students.</p><p>　　The paper assesses the problems of Web-based systems development as is currently practiced and argues the need for adopting Web Engineering approaches for developing scalable, quality

26、, large-scale Web-based systems. It outlines the principles and roles of Web Engineering and also assesses the similarities and differences between development of traditional software and Web-based systems, and between s

27、oftware engineering and Web engineering. The paper consequently identifies key Web engineering a</p><p>　　[For an updated list of some useful resources, such books, articles, workshop proceedings and Web sit

28、es, on Web engineering see pages 363-365].</p><p>　　2Ad Hoc Approaches and Concerns</p><p>　　The Web has evolved very rapidly into a global environment for delivering all kinds of applications,

29、 ranging from small-scale, short-lived services to large-scale enterprise applications widely distributed across the Internet and corporate intranets. Tracking the Internet’s global diffusion [15], and its influences and

30、 impact on society at large is a daunting task, perhaps an impossible task. According to an estimate [15], commercial use accounts for 58% of Internet traffic, far exceeding the ne</p><p>　　Development appro

31、aches used for Web-based systems have been ad hoc [3-14,17]. Hardly any attention was given to development methodologies, measurement and evaluation techniques, application quality and project management. Further, most c

32、urrent applications development and management practices heavily rely on the knowledge and experience of individual developers and their own development practices. In addition, they lack proper testing of Web-based syste

33、ms, and documentation which is needed for ‘</p><p>　　Problems of Web-based systems development can partly be attributed to the nature and rapid growth and evolution of the Web, the boom in Web and Web-relate

34、d technologies, the commercialisation of the Web, the rush to “be on the Web” and the desire (or need) to migrate the legacy systems to Web environments. Also the complexity of Web-based applications has grown significan

35、tly - from information dissemination (consisting of simple text and images to image maps, forms, CGI, applets, scripts and sty</p><p>　　Web’s legacy as an information medium rather than an application medium

36、 is another cause of the problem. Many developers, clients and managers, as well as academics still consider Web development primarily as an authoring activity rather than an application development to which some of the

37、well-known software engineering and management principles and practices could apply – of course with some changes and fine tuning to suit to the Web environment. Web-based systems development is a process – “i</p>

38、<p>　　Many attributes of quality Web-based systems such as ease of navigation, accessibility, scalability, maintainability, usability, compatibility and interoperability, security, readability, and reliability are

39、often not given due consideration during development. Many developers seem to be unaware of the real issues and challenges facing major Web-based application development and its continual maintenance.</p><p>

40、;　　There is now legitimate and growing concern about the ad hoc manner in which most Web-based systems are currently created and their long-term quality and integrity. Further, more sophistication and increased complexit

41、y of some Web-based applications bring in many new challenges that need to be satisfactorily addressed.</p><p>　　To address these concerns and challenges, first we need to create an awareness of the need for

42、 more disciplined approaches to Web-based application development and also move from the current, largely ad hoc (and personalised) approach to a disciplined approach and process. Importantly, we also need to realise tha

43、t Web- based systems development is not just graphic design or content development any more; there are growing number of complex applications – intranet-based applications, transactional</p><p>　　3Web Engin

44、eering: The Need and Principles</p><p>　　In the absence of a disciplined approach to Web-based systems development, we will find sooner or later that:</p><p>　　a)Web-based applications are not

45、delivering desired performance and quality.</p><p>　　b)Web application development process becomes increasingly complex and difficult to manage and refine and also expensive and grossly behind schedule.<

46、/p><p>　　Web Engineering, an emerging new discipline, advocates a process and a systematic approach to development of high quality Internet- and Web-based systems. We provide a broad and objective definition of

47、 Web engineering as follows.</p><p>　　Web engineering is the establishment and use of sound scientific, engineering and management principles and disciplined and systematic approaches to the successful devel

48、opment, deployment and maintenance of high quality Web-based systems and applications.</p><p>　　Web engineering principles and approaches can bring the potential chaos in Web- based systems development unde

49、r control, minimise risks, and enhance maintainability and quality.</p><p>　　3.1Web Engineering and Gardening Metaphor</p><p>　　Many Web-based systems call for continual update or refinement, a

50、nd hence Web- based systems development may be considered “continuous, with fine grained evolution, without specific releases as with software.” Thus, Web-based systems development is like gardening [8, 18]. Like a garde

51、n, a Web-based system will continue to evolve, change and grow. Hence, a good initial infrastructure is required to allow the growth to occur in a controlled, but flexible and consistent manner, and to foster creat</

52、p><p>　　The gardening metaphor for Web application development raises the question about the appropriateness of engineering approach. We believe Web engineering is appropriate for Web application development, a

53、nd, in support of this view, cite the relationship between horticultural engineering and gardening. Engineering principles and approaches can be adapted to Web environment to provide required flexibility to work within a

54、 framework and allow creative development. They are not as ‘rigid’ as perceive</p><p>　　3.2Web Engineering and Software Engineering</p><p>　　Though Web engineering involves some programming and

55、 software development, and adopts some of the principles of the software engineering, Web-based systems development is different from software development, and also Web engineering is different from software engineering

56、.</p><p>　　1.Most Web-based systems, at least as of now, are document-oriented containing static or dynamic Web pages.</p><p>　　2.Web-based systems will continue to be focussed on look and fee

57、l, favouring visual creativity and incorporation of multimedia (in varying degrees) in presentation and interface. More emphasis will be placed on visual creativity and presentation in front-end user interfaces.</p>

58、;<p>　　3.Most Web-based systems will continue to be content-driven; often Web-based systems development includes development of the content presented.</p><p>　　4.Most Web-based systems need to cater

59、 to users with diverse skills and capability, complicating human-computer interaction, user interface and information presentation to a multiplicity of user profiles.</p><p>　　5.The nature and characteristi

60、cs of the Web as an application medium as well as a delivery medium is not yet well understood.</p><p>　　6.The Web exemplifies a greater bond between art and science than generally encountered in software d

61、evelopment.</p><p>　　7.Most Web-based systems need to be developed within a short time, making it difficult to apply the same level of formal planning and testing as used in software development.</p>

62、<p>　　8.Web is different from software as related to the delivery medium. Traditional software generally operates in a well-defined environment whereas the Web- based systems, at the user end, have to cater to di

63、verse environments.</p><p>　　9.The type of individuals who build/develop Web-based systems are vastly varied in their background, skills, knowledge and systems understanding, and as well as their perception

64、 of Web and quality Web-based system.</p><p>　　3.3Web Engineering: A Multidisciplinary Field</p><p>　　As Powell [9] writes, Web-based systems “involve a mixture between print publishing and so

65、ftware development, between marketing and computing, between internal communications and external relations, and between art and technology.”</p><p>　　Because of the nature and characteristics of Web-based a

66、pplications and their development, Web engineering needs to be a multidisciplinary field, encompassing inputs from diverse areas such as human-computer interaction, user interface, systems analysis and design, software e

67、ngineering, requirements engineering, hypermedia engineering, information structures, testing, modeling and simulation and project management, as well as social sciences, arts and graphic design (Figure l).</p>&l

68、t;p>　　Figure 1. Web Engineering – a multidisciplinary field</p><p>　　3.4Web Engineering Activities</p><p>　　Web development is a process, not simply a one-off event. Thus, Web Engineering de

69、als with all aspects of Web-based systems development, starting from conception and development to implementation, performance evaluation, and continual maintenance.</p><p>　　Major Web Engineering activities

70、 include:</p><p>　　?Requirements specification and analysis</p><p>　　?Web-based systems development methodologies and techniques</p><p>　　?Migration of legacy systems to Web envi

71、ronments</p><p>　　?Web-based real-time applications development</p><p>　　?Testing, verification and validation</p><p>　　?Quality assessment, control and assurance</p><

72、p>　　?Configuration and project management</p><p>　　?"Web metrics" - generating metrics for estimation of development efforts</p><p>　　?Performance specification and evaluation<

73、;/p><p>　　?Update and maintenance</p><p>　　?Development models, teams, staffing</p><p>　　?Integration with legacy systems</p><p>　　?Human and cultural aspects</p>

74、;<p>　　?User-centric development, user modeling and user involvement and feedback</p><p>　　?End-user application development</p><p>　　?Education and training</p><p>　　4We

75、b-Based Systems Development</p><p>　　While Web engineering activities span the entire Web lifecycle from conception of an application to development and deployment, and continual refinement and update/upgrad

76、e systems, in the following we highlight some of the [early] developments in this area, presented in this volume as well as elsewhere. This is, however, not intended to be an extensive survey or critical review of these

77、developments.</p><p>　　4.1Web Development Process Models</p><p>　　To better mange Web-based systems design and development, and to do it in a systematic and repeatable manner, we need a process

78、 that outlines the various phases of Web-based systems development. Some aspects that make Web-systems development difficult include complexity, changeability, invisibility and unrealistic, narrow schedules [10]. A proce

79、ss model should help developers “to address the complexities of Web-based systems, minimise risks of development, deal with likelihood of change, and del</p><p>　　4.2Analysis and Web Design</p><p

80、>　　Requirement analysis and Web-based systems design are very important activities and call for a systematic and disciplined approach. Web systems design considerations and approaches are discussed in [9, 20-23].<

81、/p><p>　　Object Orientation in Web-Based Systems. Integration of Web and object technologies offers foundation for expanding the Web to a new generation of applications. According to Manolo [24], Web must impro

82、ve its data structuring capabilities, and integrate aspects of object technology with the basic infrastructure of the Web. He argues that if the Web is to support complex enterprise applications, it must support generic

83、capabilities similar to those provided by the OMA (object management architectu</p><p>　　Usability and User-Centered Designs. Effective Web site design requires consideration of usability. Web-based systems

84、need to be designed for easy navigation, and also they need to be attractive and useful [25]. User-centered design methods for Web sites are presented in [26], while [27] presents a user-centric approach to modeling Web

85、information systems.</p><p>　　4.3Testing of Web-Based Systems</p><p>　　Testing, verification and validation (V & V) of Web-based systems is an important and challenging task. But, it receiv

86、es very little attention by Web developers. Web- based systems testing differs from conventional software testing and poses new challenges. A Web-based system needs to be tested not only to check and verify whether it do

87、es what it is designed to do but also to evaluate how well it performs in (different) Web client environments. Importantly, they need to be tested for security an</p><p>　　4.4Management of Large Web Sites&l

88、t;/p><p>　　Management of large Web sites is a difficult task, especially in the midst of change, which is a fact of life in the Web environment. Requirements for management of large Web sites, and the tools and

89、 a mechanism for organising and manipulating large Web sites are described in [31].</p><p>　　Web Configuration Management. Web-based systems undergo changes, perhaps more often and quite extensively, in thei

90、r development and operational period. The changes may include trivial to large-scale change of information/data and requirements. These changes need to be handled in a rational, controlled manner. Web configuration mana

91、gement (WCM) encompasses a set of activities for controlling and facilitating change: identification, version control, change control, auditing and reporting. It also</p><p>　　4.5Skills Hierarchy</p>

92、<p>　　Large Web-based systems development requires a team of people with different skills, knowledge and capabilities. A categorisation of skills and knowledge-base hierarchy for participants in Web-based systems

93、development is provided in [33] and also in this volume (pp 228-241).</p><p>　　4.6Barriers to Web Technology Adoption</p><p>　　Nambisan and Wang [34] identify three levels of adoption of Web

94、 technology - Level 1: information access, level 2: work collaboration, and Level 3: core business transaction. They also identify three key areas of potential knowledge barriers to Web technology adoption: technology-re

95、lated knowledge barriers, project related knowledge barriers, application related knowledge barriers.</p><p>　　5Areas of Further Study</p><p>　　Web engineering discipline is very young and has

96、just started gaining attention of researchers, developers, academics, and other major players in Web-based systems implementation such as customers/clients and their contract administrators. It needs to evolve and mature

97、 to effectively handle the new, unique challenges posed by Web- based systems and applications. We need to study and evaluate current approaches and practices, and develop new methods and techniques to address the chall

98、enges of de</p><p>　　?Requirement analysis and systems design</p><p>　　?Information modeling</p><p>　　?Process and product models</p><p>　　?Testing, verification an