汽車 懸架系統(tǒng)外文翻譯

1、<p><b>　　附 錄I </b></p><p>　　Suspension systems</p><p>　　When people think of automobile performance, they normally think of horsepower, torque and zero-to-60 acceleration. But

2、all of the power generated by a piston engine is useless if the driver can't control the car. That's why automobile engineers turned their attention to the suspension system almost as soon as they had mastered th

3、e four-stroke internal combustion engine. </p><p>　　Double-wishbone suspension on Honda Accord 2005 Coupe</p><p>　　The job of a car suspension is to maximize the friction between the tires and t

4、he road surface, to provide steering stability with good handling and to ensure the comfort of the passengers. In this article, we'll explore how car suspensions work, how they've evolved over the years and where

5、 the design of suspensions is headed in the future. </p><p>　　If a road were perfectly flat, with no irregularities, suspensions wouldn't be necessary. But roads are far from flat. Even freshly paved hig

6、hways have subtle imperfections that can interact with the wheels of a car. It's these imperfections that apply forces to the wheels. According to Newton's laws of motion, all forces have both magnitude and direc

7、tion. A bump in the road causes the wheel to move up and down perpendicular to the road surface. The magnitude, of course, depends on whether the w</p><p>　　A car's suspension, with its various component

8、s, provides all of the solutions described. </p><p>　　Car Suspension Parts</p><p>　　The suspension of a car is actually part of the chassis, which comprises all of the important systems located

9、beneath the car's body. </p><p>　　These systems include: </p><p>　　The frame - structural, load-carrying component that supports the car's engine and body, which are in turn supported by

10、 the suspension </p><p>　　The suspension system - setup that supports weight, absorbs and dampens shock and helps maintain tire contact </p><p>　　The steering system - mechanism that enables the

11、 driver to guide and direct the vehicle </p><p>　　The tires and wheels - components that make vehicle motion possible by way of grip and/or friction with the road </p><p>　　So the suspension is

12、just one of the major systems in any vehicle. </p><p>　　With this big-picture overview in mind, it's time to look at the three fundamental components of any suspension: springs, dampers and anti-sway bar

13、s. </p><p>　　SpringsToday's springing systems are based on one of four basic designs: </p><p>　　Coil springs - This is the most common type of spring and is, in essence, a heavy-duty torsio

14、n bar coiled around an axis. Coil springs compress and expand to absorb the motion of the wheels. </p><p>　　Leaf springs - This type of spring consists of several layers of metal (called "leaves")

15、bound together to act as a single unit. Leaf springs were first used on horse-drawn carriages and were found on most American automobiles until 1985. They are still used today on most trucks and heavy-duty vehicles. <

16、/p><p>　　Torsion bars - Torsion bars use the twisting properties of a steel bar to provide coil-spring-like performance. This is how they work: One end of a bar is anchored to the vehicle frame. The other end i

17、s attached to a wishbone, which acts like a lever that moves perpendicular to the torsion bar. When the wheel hits a bump, vertical motion is transferred to the wishbone and then, through the levering action, to the tors

18、ion bar. The torsion bar then twists along its axis to provide the spring force</p><p>　　Air springs - Air springs, which consist of a cylindrical chamber of air positioned between the wheel and the car'

19、s body, use the compressive qualities of air to absorb wheel vibrations. The concept is actually more than a century old and could be found on horse-drawn buggies. Air springs from this era were made from air-filled, lea

20、ther diaphragms, much like a bellows; they were replaced with molded-rubber air springs in the 1930s. </p><p>　　Air springs</p><p>　　Based on where springs are located on a car -- i.e., between

21、the wheels and the frame -- engineers often find it convenient to talk about the sprung mass and the unsprung mass. </p><p>　　Springs: Sprung and Unsprung MassThe sprung mass is the mass of the vehicle supp

22、orted on the springs, while the unsprung mass is loosely defined as the mass between the road and the suspension springs. The stiffness of the springs affects how the sprung mass responds while the car is being driven. L

23、oosely sprung cars, such as luxury cars (think Lincoln Town Car), can swallow bumps and provide a super-smooth ride; however, such a car is prone to dive and squat during braking and acceleration and</p><p>

24、　　So, while springs by themselves seem like simple devices, designing and implementing them on a car to balance passenger comfort with handling is a complex task. And to make matters more complex, springs alone can't

25、 provide a perfectly smooth ride. Why? Because springs are great at absorbing energy, but not so good at dissipating it. Other structures, known as dampers, are required to do this. </p><p>　　Dampers: Shock

26、Absorbers</p><p>　　Unless a dampening structure is present, a car spring will extend and release the energy it absorbs from a bump at an uncontrolled rate. The spring will continue to bounce at its natural f

27、requency until all of the energy originally put into it is used up. A suspension built on springs alone would make for an extremely bouncy ride and, depending on the terrain, an uncontrollable car. </p><p>　

28、　Enter the shock absorber, or snubber, a device that controls unwanted spring motion through a process known as dampening. Shock absorbers slow down and reduce the magnitude of vibratory motions by turning the kinetic en

29、ergy of suspension movement into heat energy that can be dissipated through hydraulic fluid. To understand how this works, it's best to look inside a shock absorber to see its structure and function. </p><

30、p>　　A shock absorber is basically an oil pump placed between the frame of the car and the wheels. The upper mount of the shock connects to the frame (i.e., the sprung weight), while the lower mount connects to the axl

31、e, near the wheel (i.e., the unsprung weight). In a twin-tube design, one of the most common types of shock absorbers, the upper mount is connected to a piston rod, which in turn is connected to a piston, which in turn s

32、its in a tube filled with hydraulic fluid. The inner tube is known </p><p>　　When the car wheel encounters a bump in the road and causes the spring to coil and uncoil, the energy of the spring is transferred

33、 to the shock absorber through the upper mount, down through the piston rod and into the piston. Orifices perforate the piston and allow fluid to leak through as the piston moves up and down in the pressure tube. Because

34、 the orifices are relatively tiny, only a small amount of fluid, under great pressure, passes through. This slows down the piston, which in turn slows</p><p>　　Shock absorbers work in two cycles -- the compr

35、ession cycle and the extension cycle. The compression cycle occurs as the piston moves downward, compressing the hydraulic fluid in the chamber below the piston. The extension cycle occurs as the piston moves toward the

36、top of the pressure tube, compressing the fluid in the chamber above the piston. A typical car or light truck will have more resistance during its extension cycle than its compression cycle. With that in mind, the compre

37、ssion cycle c</p><p>　　All modern shock absorbers are velocity-sensitive -- the faster the suspension moves, the more resistance the shock absorber provides. This enables shocks to adjust to road conditions

38、and to control all of the unwanted motions that can occur in a moving vehicle, including bounce, sway, brake dive and acceleration squat. </p><p>　　Anti-sway bars</p><p>　　Anti-sway BarsAnti-sw

39、ay bars are used along with shock absorbers to give a moving automobile additional stability. An anti-sway bar is a metal rod that spans the entire axle and effectively joins each side of the suspension together. </p

40、><p>　　When the suspension at one wheel moves up and down, the anti-sway bar transfers movement to the other wheel. This creates a more level ride and reduces vehicle sway. In particular, it combats the roll of

41、 a car on its suspension as it corners. For this reason, almost all cars today are fitted with anti-sway bars as standard equipment, although if they're not, kits make it easy to install the bars at any time. </p

42、><p><b>　　譯文</b></p><p><b>　　懸架系統(tǒng)</b></p><p>　　當人們想到汽車性能，通常先到的是是馬力，轉矩和0到60公里的加速度。但是如果駕駛者不能操縱汽車，這些由發(fā)動機產(chǎn)生的功率將毫無用處。這就是為什么汽車設計師在剛掌握了四沖程內(nèi)燃機時就把精力轉移到了懸架系統(tǒng)。</p>

43、<p>　　2005本田雙們轎車雙橫臂懸架</p><p>　　2005本田雙們轎車雙橫臂懸架</p><p>　　懸架的作用是最大限度的增加輪胎與地面間的摩擦力而使操縱穩(wěn)定和確保乘客舒適。這里我們將探討懸架如何工作，發(fā)展和未來的研究方向。</p><p>　　如果路面是純平的，沒有坎坷，懸架就不是必要的。但路面不很平坦，即使是剛鋪好的公路也不是很完美，而

44、使得車輪受到干擾，這些不平將使車輪受力，根據(jù)牛頓運動定律，力都具有大小和方向。路面上的碰撞導致車輪相對路面垂直移動，車輪碰撞劇烈還是輕微決定他的大小。</p><p>　　如果沒有這個內(nèi)部結構，所有的車輪的能量都以同樣的方向傳到車架。這樣會產(chǎn)生車輪與路面完全脫離，然后在向下的重力作用下車輪回到路面，因此我們需要一個能夠吸收垂直加速度的系統(tǒng)使車架與車身在車輪與地面碰撞時無干擾的行駛。</p><

45、p>　　汽車懸架系統(tǒng)，用它的各個組成部分，提供了所有解決辦法。</p><p>　　懸架是底盤的組成部分，底盤包括了位于車身下方的所有重要系統(tǒng)。</p><p><b>　　這些系統(tǒng)包括：</b></p><p>　　車 架——結構,承載組件,它支持了發(fā)動機和車身,由懸架支撐。</p><p>　　懸架系統(tǒng)—

46、—裝置，支撐重量，吸收和減少振動，幫助保持車輪接觸。</p><p>　　轉向系統(tǒng)——機械裝置，使得駕駛者指導和指揮汽車。</p><p>　　輪胎和車輪——部件，使得汽車可以通過與路面的附著力或摩擦力進行移動。</p><p>　　所以懸架在任何汽車上都很是重要的系統(tǒng)。通過上面的圖片看下懸架的三大組成：彈簧，減振器，和橫向穩(wěn)定桿。</p><p

47、><b>　　彈簧</b></p><p>　　當今的彈簧系統(tǒng)基于四種基本設計：</p><p>　　螺旋彈簧——最常見的彈簧種類，它實質(zhì)上是一與一根軸螺旋盤繞的重負荷扭力棒。螺旋彈簧的壓縮和伸展吸收了輪胎上下移動產(chǎn)生的能量。</p><p>　　鋼板彈簧——這種彈簧由若干層金屬(以下簡稱"葉" )聯(lián)系在一起,作為一個

48、單位。他最初是用在馬車上，直到1985年被用在大多數(shù)美國汽車上，直到今天大部分的卡車和重型汽車也在應用。</p><p><b>　　鋼板彈簧</b></p><p><b>　　螺旋彈簧</b></p><p>　　扭桿簧——扭桿簧是利用金屬棒的扭曲特性而產(chǎn)生類似螺旋彈簧的性能。它的一端支撐在車架上，另一端支撐在前臂上，

49、前臂就相當于一個杠桿相對與扭桿垂直移動。當車輪發(fā)生碰撞，垂直的移動傳遞到前臂，通過杠桿作用傳到扭桿。然后扭桿沿著軸的方向扭曲而產(chǎn)生彈簧力。在19世紀50年代到60年代歐洲汽車廣泛的應用這種彈簧系統(tǒng)，</p><p><b>　　扭桿彈簧</b></p><p>　　空氣彈簧——空氣彈簧系統(tǒng),由位于車輪和車身之間的圓柱曲面空氣裝置組成，利用它的空氣可壓縮性來吸收車輪振動

50、。這個概念事實上已有上百年的歷史了，在馬車時代就產(chǎn)生了。那個時代的空氣彈簧由皮革作為隔板充氣而成，很像個婁。在19世紀30年代它們被替換成塑橡膠。</p><p>　　基于彈簧在車上的位置，例如，在車輪和車架之間-設計師為了方便會談成簧</p><p><b>　　空氣彈簧</b></p><p><b>　　上質(zhì)量和簧下質(zhì)量<

51、/b></p><p>　　彈簧：簧上質(zhì)量和簧下質(zhì)量</p><p>　　簧上質(zhì)量是汽車支撐在彈簧以上的質(zhì)量，簧下質(zhì)量大概的定義為路面和懸架之間的質(zhì)量。車輛行駛時彈簧的剛度影響簧上質(zhì)量的響應。低剛度汽車，像奧拓轎車(林肯城市轎車)，可以緩解撞擊，和提供一個非常好的行駛平順性。但是這樣的車容易在制動和加速時俯沖或下蹲，在轉彎時搖擺或側傾。剛剛度汽車，如如運動轎車(馬自瑪雅塔)，他緩解崎

52、嶇道路的沖擊較差，但是他能做很小的車身運動，這意味著他能很積極的行駛，甚至過彎。</p><p>　　所以，彈簧本身看起來是很簡單的裝置，可設計和實施卻需要平衡乘坐舒適性和可操縱性，這是很復雜的。使得事情更復雜的是，只有彈簧不能提供完美的駕駛平順性，為什么呢？因為彈簧在吸收能量上非常出色，可在消退能量上不是很好，另一結構，被稱為減振器可以做到這點。</p><p><b>　　減

53、振器</b></p><p>　　如果沒有減振器，彈簧將以不可控制的速度延長和釋放碰撞時吸收的能量。彈簧將以其自然頻率繼續(xù)跳動直到所有最初的能量被耗盡。一個只有彈簧的懸架會產(chǎn)生非常跳動的行駛性，并依據(jù)地形的不同，成為不可控制的汽車。</p><p>　　減振器內(nèi)部或者說是緩沖器，是一個阻尼的過程控制使彈簧不動的裝置。減振器通過將懸架運動產(chǎn)生的動能轉化為可被液壓油消退的熱能，使振

54、動的頻率和振幅減小。想要知道他是如何工作的，最好的方法是進入減振器內(nèi)部看看他的結構和功能。</p><p>　　減振器基本上為一個位于車架和車輪之間的油泵。他的上部分連接在車架上（如簧上質(zhì)量），下部分連接在半軸上，靠近車輪（如簧下質(zhì)量）。一種最常見的減振器，雙筒式液力減振器，他的上部連接在活塞桿上，活塞桿反過來接在活塞上，活塞反向位于充滿液壓油的筒內(nèi)。筒的內(nèi)部為工作腔，外層為儲油腔。儲油腔儲存多余的液壓油。<

55、;/p><p>　　當汽車在顛簸路面是行行走，導致彈簧卷曲和伸展，彈簧能量通過上部轉移到減振器，向下傳到活塞桿再到活塞。通過節(jié)流口油液隨著活塞的上下移動鎦流進工作腔。因為節(jié)流口相對很小，只有很少的油液在大的液壓下通過。這就使得活塞減慢，反過來使彈簧減慢。</p><p>　　減振器有兩個工作行程，壓縮形成和伸展行程。壓縮行程發(fā)生在活塞想下運動時，壓縮油液進入活塞下腔。伸展行程發(fā)生在活塞向作腔上

56、部移動時壓縮活塞上部的油液。典型的轎車和輕型卡車的延伸行程比壓縮行程阻力大。基于這點，壓縮行程控制汽車的簧下質(zhì)量，而延伸行程控制較重的簧上質(zhì)量。</p><p>　　所有現(xiàn)代的減振器都是速度敏感，懸架動的越快減振器提供的阻力越大。這使減振器能夠適應各種路況和控制行駛中的汽車會產(chǎn)生的任何不希望的移動，其中包括跳動,左搖右擺,制動俯沖和加速度蹲下。</p><p><b>　　橫向穩(wěn)

57、定桿</b></p><p><b>　　橫向穩(wěn)定桿</b></p><p>　　橫向穩(wěn)定桿與減振器一起使用，給行駛的汽車提供額外的穩(wěn)定性。他是一個金屬質(zhì)地的桿，橫跨整個車軸并且有效的連接了兩邊的懸架。</p><p>　　當一邊車輪的懸架上下跳動，橫向穩(wěn)定桿將移動轉移到另一側車輪。這就使得行駛平順性更好和減小了車身搖晃。尤其是，他