外文翻譯--微波對核桃殼體材料拉伸力學(xué)性質(zhì)的影響研究

1、<p>　　本科畢業(yè)設(shè)計外文資料翻譯</p><p>　　系 別： 工程技術(shù)系 </p><p>　　專 業(yè)： 機械設(shè)計制造及其自動化 </p><p>　　姓 名： </p><p>　　學(xué) 號： &l

2、t;/p><p>　　2012 年 4 月 25 日</p><p><b>　　外文資料翻譯譯文</b></p><p>　　Microwave in walnut shell materials tensile mechanical properties of impact study</p><p><b&g

3、t;　　Abstract</b></p><p>　　Taking the picking fresh walnuts as the research object, the microwave walnut break hull test, break hull rate of 87.65%; And of microwave effects on the walnut shell material

4、s tensile mechanical properties of influence, and the results showed that the microwave processing, walnut shell material elastic modulus, tensile strength and mechanical indexes and processing there were no significant

5、changes before. In addition, also in walnut shell tensile mechanical properties of the tested and won the</p><p>　　Keywords: microwave; Break hull; The whole shell tensile; Mechanical properties</p>&

6、lt;p><b>　　0 Preface</b></p><p>　　Walnut machinery of the existence of high rate of broken emerged, the kernel rate is low has been restricted walnut realize mechanization production and proces

7、sing of the important reason of our country, the development of walnut industrial caused certain influence. Therefore, explore new methods for realizing mechanization walnut emerged industrialization and export income, i

8、ncrease the economic benefit has urgent practical significance. At present, the technology for walnut mechanization emerg</p><p>　　The author on the basis of previous studies, of microwave technology functio

9、n mechanism of walnut emerged proposes that emerged walnut microwave method is feasible. This paper is to study this paper further discusses the front, to search for microwave processing technology parameters (power, tim

10、e, humidity and temperature) in walnut shell material mechanics and the influence law of nature, studied the microwave technology role walnut shell material stretching before and after the mechanical prop</p><

11、p>　　1 Walnut microwave break hull test</p><p>　　Walnut is primarily through microwave microwave break hull role in walnutmeat, its internal water molecules in alternating under the influence of electroma

12、gnetic field polarization orientation for high frequency shift, the internal walnut in short time produce very high quantity of heat form high pressure water vapor, when water vapor pressure of the pressure of walnut is

13、inflation pressure is greater than the ultimate tensile stress walnut, walnut burst. Therefore, the density of the nut shell </p><p>　　1.1 materials and equipment</p><p>　　Test is just picked of

14、f cortical JinLong 1 cotton walnut as the research object, the walnuts moisture content of 21%, to prevent water loss, will test sample in a plastic bag sealed stored in the refrigerator for refrigeration.</p><

15、;p>　　W LD 07S--08 type glanze microwave ovens, microwave role, power and temperature are time adjustable; Vernier gauges.</p><p>　　1.2 test method</p><p>　　The three factors 3 level completel

16、y combination test, each portfolio selection three shape, size close of walnut similar as repeated samples. Before the test test walnut trunnion, diameter, caliper size. The end, observation and rupture of walnut recorde

17、d.</p><p>　　1.3results and analysis</p><p>　　Walnut microwave break hull situation as is shown in table 1.</p><p>　　Table 1 walnut microwave break hull test results</p><p

18、>　　From the table that 1, 81 a walnut, only 10 star have not broken open, break hull rate reached 87. 65%, if consider alone each temperature, each power, each time break hull rate, the result in table 2.</p>&

19、lt;p>　　Table 2 single factor in walnut the influence of emerged rate</p><p>　　From the table 2, it is known that in the three factors, the temperature of high and low vapor pressure of the internal to the

20、 size of the size of the power to the internal temperature rise the speed of the water vapor; Because W LD 07S--08 type microwave equipment work characteristics, that is, to stop working after set temperature, so the len

21、gth of time can not influence within the maximum pressure steam shell, will not affect the speed of temperature rise. So time to the influence of the fact</p><p>　　2 Microwave in walnut shell materials tensi

22、le mechanical properties of influence</p><p>　　Through to the walnut microwave before and after processing the contrast test that destructive compression, microwave treatment of walnut compression significan

23、tly less destructive power, this shows that on lots of walnut break hull, for in the microwave treatment not burst of walnut and compression is the easy emerged. In addition, we also found that the microwave process, wal

24、nut high pressure water vapor by the inside of the role, the tensile deformation happen. Therefore, the microwave techno</p><p>　　2. 1 sample preparation</p><p>　　The test samples and in front o

25、f the experimental study of walnut emerged the same, with the saw in walnut along the axis direction for about 10 mm long, wide about 2 mm of walnut as specimens. Because walnut is curved shell form, had taken the length

26、 of the specimen should be as low as possible, in the direction of the small curvature of the better effect under saws. Will pass the microwave processing and without processing (control group) were made of walnut specim

27、ens, with caliper measured th</p><p>　　2. 2 equipment and methods</p><p>　　SAN S CMT 6140 microcomputer control electronic universal testing; Accuracy of 5% N 200 N sensor.</p><p>　

28、　Set for 10 mm loading rate/m in, the routine material mechanics tensile test methods. Because of the specimen is too small, to avoid gripping broke when specimens or clip slanting, gripping use tweezers when operating.

29、Record force deformation and fracture walnut of force value.</p><p>　　2. 3 results and analysis</p><p>　　Walnut shell materials tensile mechanical indexes such as test value shown in table 3.<

30、;/p><p>　　From the table 3, it is known that the microwave processing get after the modulus of elasticity as walnut 21. 82 M P a, tensile strength of 10. 043 M Pa; Before the microwave processing elastic modulu

31、s is 22. 52 M Pa, tensile strength for 9. 57 MP a. microwave effects on the walnut shell that material has a little influence on tensile mechanical properties.</p><p>　　LiangLi etc: microwave in walnut shell

32、 materials tensile mechanical properties of impact study</p><p>　　Table 3 walnut shell materials tensile mechanical property index</p><p>　　3 Walnut shell whole stretch mechanics performance is

33、determined</p><p>　　Emerged from walnut microwave experimental results that, by all the breakdown of the sample after microwave processing are from walnut suture line the breakdown of the place, and it shows

34、 in walnut suture line tensile mechanical properties and surface of different materials walnut. Therefore, the need to place relict tensile mechanical nature of the study, this needs in walnut shell the tensile test. Bec

35、ause of walnut size is differ, irregular shape, test the clip if too loose, the tensile easil</p><p>　　3. 1 equipment and methods</p><p>　　Test in SAN S CMT 6140 microcomputer control electronic

36、 universal testing machine, a self-made walnut special jig. Before the test, will walnut and surface with a fixture acetone clean, and the determination of walnut trunnion, side diameter and diameter. The two clamping fi

37、xture first in the testing machine, adjust the fixture chuck size to appropriate value will chuck after fixed, again with strength and AB glue stick to the fixture will walnut (will show the seams of the walnut, do not s

38、tick </p><p>　　3. 2 results and analysis</p><p>　　In walnut shell when the tensile, walnut seam place along the cracked. At this time, the stress in walnut suture line reaches limit, this stress

39、 value is measured by the testing machine of the most strongly and shifted walnut in circular seam for the calculation of the sectional area. Test results listed in table 4.</p><p>　　Table 4 walnut shell ten

40、sile test the test results</p><p>　　From the table 4, it is known that the seam of walnut in limit tensile stress for 1. 47 MPa, and walnut on the surface tensile stress value 9. 57 MPa compared are much sma

41、ller, this is what walnut in microwave role in the cause of the broken seam after, this limit tensile stress can be used as microwave technology parameter selection basis.</p><p>　　4 Conclusion</p>&l

42、t;p>　　Based on the test of fresh walnuts emerged, and walnut shell material and the mechanical properties of walnut shell are tested, get the following main conclusions:</p><p>　　(1) the fresh walnuts mic

43、rowave process after the break hull rate can amount to 87. 65%, in the microwave technology parameters, temperature and power is the time factor to influence emerged rate.</p><p>　　(2) test after the microwa

44、ve processing of walnut elastic modulus is 21. 82 MPa, tensile strength of 10. 043 M Pa, both with the processing there were no significant changes before that microwave role in walnut shell material has a little influen

45、ce on tensile mechanical properties.</p><p>　　(3) test in the seam of walnut limit tensile stress value is 1. 41 MPa, and walnut shell material limit tensile stress value is much more than a small, for choos

46、ing suitable for microwave technology parameters of walnut emerged provides reference basis.</p><p>　　References:</p><p>　　[1] ShiJianXin, Michael essien moving army. Walnut kernel machinery at

47、home and abroad and emerged from the present situation and the problem study [J]. J xinjiang agricultural mechanization, 2001 (6) : 29 32.</p><p>　　[2] Michael essien moving army. Walnut kernel methods and t

48、est emerged take [D]. Urumqi: xinjiang agricultural university, 2002.</p><p>　　[3]DongYuan DE, ShiJianXin, QiaoYuanYuan. Walnut different way of emerged emerged take effect benevolence [J]. Journal of agricu

49、ltural products processing, 2007 (9) : 4 5, 9.</p><p>　　[4] ShiJianXin, ZhaoHaiJun, Michael essien moving army. Based on the finite element analysis technology of walnut shell [J]. Journal of agricultural en

50、gineering, 2005, 21 (1) : 185 188.</p><p>　　[5] WuZiYue. Cotton walnut shell take benevolence of mechanical [J]. Journal of agricultural engineering, 1995, 11 (4) : 164 169.</p><p>　　[6] YangRui

51、, yan. Laser and walnut interaction is the mechanics and finite element analysis [J]. Agriculture machine research, 2008 (4) :.</p><p>　　[7] LiXiaoXia. Buckwheat shell mechanical properties and microwave pro

52、cess test emerged [D]. TaiGu: shanxi agricultural university, 2008.</p><p>　　[8] ZhangLi. Chestnut microwave device mechanism and processing technology research [D]. Hefei: hefei university of technology, 20

53、04.</p><p>　　[9] Yang fu Ephraim, takami m, ZhuNiu. Use the microwave can related to the new technology of garments shell to new method [J]. Food science and technology, 2006 (9) : 80 83.</p><p>

54、;<b>　　外文原文</b></p><p>　　微波對核桃殼體材料拉伸力學(xué)性質(zhì)的影響研究</p><p><b>　　摘 要</b></p><p>　　以剛采摘的新鮮核桃為研究對象，進(jìn)行了微波核桃破殼試驗，破殼率達(dá)到87.5%，同時，研究了微波作用對核桃殼體材料拉伸力學(xué)性質(zhì)的影響，結(jié)果表明：微波處理后，核桃殼體材料

55、彈性模量、抗拉強度等力學(xué)性質(zhì)指標(biāo)與處理前比較無明顯變化。另外，還對核桃整殼拉伸力學(xué)性質(zhì)指標(biāo)與處理前比較無明顯變化。另外，還對核桃整殼拉伸力學(xué)性質(zhì)進(jìn)行了測定獲得了核桃殼縫合線處的拉伸強度極限值為1.47MPa，為確定核桃微波破殼所需的膨脹壓力提供了參考依據(jù)。</p><p>　　關(guān)鍵詞：微波；破殼；整殼拉伸；力學(xué)性質(zhì)</p><p><b>　　0 前 言</b>&

56、lt;/p><p>　　核桃機械破殼存在的破碎率高、整仁率低等問題一直是制約核桃實現(xiàn)機械化生產(chǎn)加工的重要原因, 對我國核桃產(chǎn)業(yè)的發(fā)展造成了一定影響。因此，探索新的機械化核桃破殼方法對于實現(xiàn)產(chǎn)業(yè)化、出口創(chuàng)匯、增加經(jīng)濟效益等具有迫切的現(xiàn)實意義。目前，國內(nèi)外對于核桃機械化破殼技術(shù)的研究主要集中在定間隙擠壓破殼、打擊破殼等方法及應(yīng)用有限元等方法進(jìn)行相關(guān)破殼機械的設(shè)計方面，但仍存在破碎率高、整仁率低等問題。另外，將新興技術(shù)應(yīng)用

57、于堅果破殼的研究也是方興未艾，如楊銳等對核桃受激光輻照行為進(jìn)行了數(shù)值分析與模擬，探索了激光技術(shù)脫殼機理；李曉霞探索了蕎麥微波脫殼方法； 張莉、楊芙蓮等利用微波技術(shù)實現(xiàn)了對板栗的脫殼。作者在前人研究的基礎(chǔ)上，對微波技術(shù)進(jìn)行核桃破殼的作用機理進(jìn)行了初探，證明核桃微波破殼方法是可行的。本文是對前面研究的進(jìn)一步深入探討，為探求微波加工工藝參數(shù)(功率、時間、濕度和溫度)對核桃及殼體材料力學(xué)性質(zhì)的影響規(guī)律，試驗研究了微波技術(shù)作用前后核桃殼體材料拉伸

58、力學(xué)性質(zhì)的差異，并測定了核桃殼縫合線處的拉伸強度極限值，為確定核桃微波破殼所需的膨脹壓力并為進(jìn)一步指導(dǎo)微波技術(shù)參數(shù)的選擇提供參考依據(jù)。</p><p>　　1 核桃微波破殼試驗</p><p>　　核桃微波破殼主要是通過微波作用于核桃仁時，其內(nèi)部水分子在交變電磁場作用下極化取向作高頻轉(zhuǎn)變，致使核桃殼內(nèi)部在短時間內(nèi)產(chǎn)生很高的熱量形成高壓水汽，當(dāng)高壓水汽對核桃殼的壓力即膨脹壓力大于核桃殼的

59、拉伸極限應(yīng)力時，核桃殼發(fā)生破裂。因此，果殼的致密結(jié)構(gòu)是其內(nèi)部形成高壓的重要保證；核桃仁所含的水分是內(nèi)部產(chǎn)生高壓水汽的物質(zhì)基礎(chǔ)；微波的技術(shù)參數(shù)(功率、時間和溫度等)則是核桃殼能夠破裂的外在動力。因此，有必要對核桃微波破殼所需的技術(shù)參數(shù)進(jìn)行試驗研究。</p><p>　　1.1 材料與儀器</p><p>　　試驗選用采摘后剛褪去外皮的晉龍1號棉核桃為研究對象，核桃仁含水率達(dá) 21% ， 為

60、防止水分散失，將試驗樣本用塑料袋密封置于冰箱內(nèi)藏，WLD07S-08 型格蘭仕微波爐，微波作用溫度、功率和時間均可調(diào)；游標(biāo)卡尺。</p><p><b>　　1.2 試驗方法</b></p><p>　　采用3因素3水平完全組合試驗，每個組合選取3個形狀相似、大小相近的核桃作為重復(fù)樣本，試驗前測試核桃的軸徑、橫徑、測徑大小。試驗結(jié)束時，觀測核桃殼破裂情況并進(jìn)行記錄。

61、</p><p>　　1.3 結(jié)果與分析</p><p>　　核桃微波破殼情況如表 1所示。</p><p>　　表 1 核桃微波破殼試驗結(jié)果</p><p>　　由表 1可知，81顆核桃中只有10顆未破開，破殼率達(dá)到 87. 65% ，若單獨考慮每個溫度、每個功率、每個時間的破殼率，其結(jié)果見表 2。</p><p&g

62、t;　　表 2 單因素對核桃破殼率的影響</p><p>　　由表 2可知, 在這 3個因素中，溫度的高低決定殼體內(nèi)的水蒸汽壓力的大小；功率的大小決定殼體內(nèi)水蒸汽溫度上升的快慢；由于WLD07S-08型微波設(shè)備的工作特點，即達(dá)到設(shè)定溫度后就停止工作，故時間的長短不能影響殼體內(nèi)水蒸汽的最大壓力，也不影響溫度上升的快慢，所以時間因素對破殼率的08型微波設(shè)備的工作特點，即達(dá)到設(shè)定溫度后就停止影響相對較小，與前期研究結(jié)

63、果一致。</p><p>　　2 微波對核桃殼體材料拉伸力學(xué)性質(zhì)的影響</p><p>　　通過對核桃微波處理前后壓縮破壞力的對比試驗得知，微波處理后核桃的壓縮破壞力明顯減少，這說明在進(jìn)行大量核桃破殼時，對于在微波處理后未發(fā)生破裂的核桃再進(jìn)行壓縮破殼是比較容易的。另外，我們還發(fā)現(xiàn)微波作用過程中，核桃殼受到內(nèi)部高壓水汽的作用，發(fā)生了拉伸變形。因此，研究微波技術(shù)對核桃殼體材料拉伸力學(xué)性質(zhì)的

64、影響， 可為進(jìn)一步揭示核桃微波破殼的作用機理提供依據(jù)。作者對微波作用前后殼體材料的彈性模量及抗拉強度進(jìn)行了對比試驗研究。</p><p>　　試驗所用樣本與前面核桃破殼試驗研究中相同，用鋸條在核桃上沿軸線方向獲取長約10mm，寬約 2 mm的核桃殼作為試件。因為核桃是曲殼形的，所取試件的長度應(yīng)盡量小，在曲率越小的方位鋸下的效果越好。將經(jīng)過微波處理和未經(jīng)處理(對照組)的核桃均制成試件，用游標(biāo)卡尺測取其長度、寬度和厚

65、度。</p><p>　　2.2 設(shè)備及方法</p><p>　　SANS-CMT 6140微機控制電子萬能試驗，精度達(dá)5%N的200N傳感器。設(shè)定加載速率為10mm/min，采用常規(guī)材料力學(xué)拉伸試驗方法進(jìn)行。由于試件太小，為避免夾持時弄斷試件或夾歪，夾持時使用鑷子操作。記錄力變形曲線以及核桃殼發(fā)生破裂時的力值。</p><p>　　2.3 結(jié)果與分析</

66、p><p>　　由表3可知，得到微波處理后核桃殼的彈性模量為21.82M P a，抗拉強度為10. 043 MPa；微波處理前彈性模量為22. 52MPa，抗拉強度為9.57MPa。說明微波作用對核桃殼體材料的拉伸力學(xué)性質(zhì)影響不大。</p><p>　　表 3 核桃殼體材料拉伸力學(xué)性質(zhì)指標(biāo)值</p><p>　　3核桃整殼拉伸力學(xué)性能的測定</p>&l

67、t;p>　　從核桃微波破殼試驗結(jié)果看出，所有經(jīng)微波處理后破裂的試樣均是從核桃縫合線處破裂的，這說明核桃縫合線處的拉伸力學(xué)性質(zhì)與核桃殼表面材料的有所不同。因此，需要對縫合線處的拉伸力學(xué)性質(zhì)進(jìn)行研究，這就需要對核桃整殼進(jìn)行拉伸試驗。由于核桃大小不一，形狀不規(guī)則，試驗時若將其夾得太松，則拉伸時容易滑脫；若夾得太緊，則易出現(xiàn)夾裂現(xiàn)象，所以試驗難度較大。為此，我們專門設(shè)計了一套可調(diào)節(jié)尺寸的殼形核桃夾頭來進(jìn)行核桃整殼的拉伸試驗研究。</

68、p><p>　　3.1 設(shè)備與方法</p><p>　　試驗在 SANSCMT6140微機控制電子萬能試驗機上進(jìn)行，采用自制的核桃專用夾具。 試驗前，將核桃和夾具表面用丙酮清洗干凈，并測定核桃的軸徑、側(cè)徑和橫徑，將兩個夾具先裝夾在試驗機上，調(diào)節(jié)夾具夾頭尺寸至合適值后將夾頭固定，再用強力AB膠將核桃粘到夾具上(將核桃的接縫露出,不可粘上膠)，盡量保證兩個夾具的中心在一條線上，且使核桃的縫合線與

69、該中心線垂直。待膠完全干透后再進(jìn)行核桃整殼拉伸力學(xué)性能測試，試驗結(jié)束時將核桃斷面的形狀測繪出來并記錄最大力值。</p><p>　　3.2 結(jié)果與分析</p><p>　　在進(jìn)行核桃整殼拉伸時，核桃沿縫合線處裂開。此時，核桃縫合線處的應(yīng)力達(dá)到極限值，該應(yīng)力值是通過試驗機上測出的最大力與裂開后核桃縫合線處的環(huán)形截面積計算得到的，測試結(jié)果列于表4。</p><p>　

70、　表4 核桃整殼拉伸試驗測試結(jié)果</p><p>　　由表4可知，核桃縫合線處的極限拉伸應(yīng)力為1.47MPa，與核桃表面材料的拉伸應(yīng)力值9.57MPa相比要小得多，這正是核桃在微波作用后于縫合線處破裂的原因，此極限拉伸應(yīng)力可作為微波技術(shù)參數(shù)的選擇依據(jù)。</p><p><b>　　4 結(jié)論</b></p><p>　　作者通過對新鮮核桃進(jìn)行

71、微波破殼試驗，并對核桃殼體材料及核桃整殼的力學(xué)性能進(jìn)行了試驗研究，得到以下主要結(jié)論：</p><p>　　(1)新鮮核桃經(jīng)微波處理后的破殼率可達(dá)87.65%，在微波技術(shù)參數(shù)中，溫度和功率較時間因素對破殼率影響大。</p><p>　　(2)試驗測得微波處理后核桃殼的彈性模量為21.82MP a，抗拉強度為10.043MPa， 二者與處理前比較無明顯變化，說明微波作用對核桃殼體材料的拉伸力學(xué)

72、性質(zhì)影響不大。</p><p>　　(3)試驗測得核桃縫合線處的極限拉伸應(yīng)力值為1.41MPa，與核桃殼體材料極限拉伸應(yīng)力值相比小得多，為選擇適合的核桃微波破殼技術(shù)參數(shù)提供了參考依據(jù)。</p><p><b>　　參考文獻(xiàn)</b></p><p>　　[ 1] 史建新, 辛動軍. 國內(nèi)外核桃破殼取仁機械的現(xiàn)狀及問題探討 [ J] . 新疆農(nóng)機化

73、, 2001( 6) : 29 32.</p><p>　　[ 2] 辛動軍.核桃破殼取仁方法及試驗研究[ D ].烏魯木齊:新疆農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué), 2002.</p><p>　　[ 3]董遠(yuǎn)德, 史建新, 喬園園. 核桃不同破殼方式的破殼取仁效果 [ J] . 農(nóng)產(chǎn)品加工學(xué)刊,2007( 9) : 4 5, 9.</p><p>　　[ 4]史建新, 趙海軍, 辛動軍.

74、 基于有限元分析的核桃脫殼技術(shù)研究 [ J]. 農(nóng)業(yè) 工程學(xué)報,2005, 21 ( 1) : 185 188.</p><p>　　[ 5]吳子岳. 綿核桃剝殼取仁機械的研究 [ J].農(nóng)業(yè)工程學(xué)報, 1995, 11 ( 4): 164 169.</p><p>　　[ 6]楊銳, 陳紅. 激光與核桃相互作用的力學(xué)推導(dǎo)及有限元分析[ J] .農(nóng)機化研究, 2008( 4) : 5

75、2 54.</p><p>　　[ 7]李曉霞. 蕎麥殼力學(xué)性能 與微波破殼工藝試驗研究 [ D ] . 太谷: 山西農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué), 2008.</p><p>　　[ 8]張莉. 板栗微波脫殼機理 及加工工藝研究[ D ] . 合肥: 合肥工業(yè)大學(xué), 2004.</p><p>　　[ 9]楊芙蓮, 梁萍, 朱妞. 利用 微波能使板栗脫殼去衣的新工藝新方 法研究 [