分散制漿外文翻譯

1、<p><b>　　中文1973字</b></p><p>　　Deinking Primer</p><p><b>　　Pulping</b></p><p>　　Mika Körkkö & Ossi Laitinen</p><p>　　FIBRE AND

2、 PARTICLE ENGINEERING LABORATORY</p><p><b>　　2008</b></p><p><b>　　CONTENT</b></p><p>　　1Objectives of pulping 3</p><p>　　2Equipment used 3

3、</p><p>　　2.1Vat pulpers 4</p><p>　　2.1.1Low consistency 4</p><p>　　2.1.2High consistency 4</p><p>　　2.2Drum pulping 5</p><p>　　3References

4、7</p><p>　　1 OBJECTIVES OF PULPING</p><p>　　Objectives of pulping can be considered as defibering as well as detaching ink and other impurities of collected papers. Defibering shoul

5、d be as complete as possible i.e. only low amounts of flakes should be in the suspension for avoiding fibre losses during screening. Removal of large particles (plastic backs, cans, etc.) is normally included in a conti

6、nuous pulping process, while the removal of finer particles is performed in a coarse screening stage to avoid damages in the downstream pr</p><p>　　Detachment of ink and other impurities from collected pap

7、er should be as complete as possible for making their removal possible in screening and flotation stages. Despite having complete detachment as a goal, at the same time, large ink particles detached from fibres (dirt

8、specks) and adhesive materials (stickies) should be in a size as large as possible for efficient removal during the screening stage. Additionally, care should be taken to avoid excess ink fragmentation, because

9、 in</p><p>　　2 EQUIPMENT USED</p><p>　　Basically, two different pulper types (vat and drum type) are used. Vat pulpers are equipped with a rotor in a tank which transfers mechanical ene

10、rgy to pulp suspension. The transferred energy creates shear that defibers, detaches ink and fragments particles. High consistency vat pulpers are typically called helical pulpers due to their rotor shape. The drum pu

11、lpers comprise of a rotating vessel equipped with lifters on the inner surface of the drum that raises pulp suspension until the lifte</p><p>　　Figure 1. Pulper types available for slushing recycled fibres.2

12、</p><p>　　2.1 Vat pulpers</p><p>　　2.1.1 Low consistency</p><p>　　A consistency range of 3% to 8% is typically used in low consistency pulpers. Low consistency vat p

13、ulpers are used in a corrugated board process, but nowadays they are very rarely used in deinking. Reason that are considered to be the cause of this are high energy consumption and poor efficiency of chemicals due to l

14、arge volume of water. In addition to high energy consumption, high local shear force and rotor speed result in too efficiently fragmentation of particles and large non-fibre c</p><p>　　2.1.2 High cons

15、istency</p><p>　　To overcome the disadvantages of low consistency pulpers, machinery capable to handling high consistencies (13-18%) were developed. To enable the motion of pulp suspension, the rotor ne

16、eded to have a relatively large diameter and height as well as with a helical design the pulp motion could be improved (Figure 2). Further more, as the amount of water lowered more of the energy is transferred to the p

17、ulp.</p><p>　　Figure 2. The shape of a low consistency (left) and a high consistency pulper rotor (right).</p><p>　　The main advantages of HC pulping compared to LC pulping are: Better defiber

18、ing at a higher consistency (around 15%)</p><p>　　Lower energy consumption (between 15 and 30 kWh/t)</p><p>　　Lower pulping time</p><p>　　Lower contaminant fragmentation, which enab

19、les a more efficient removal</p><p>　　Higher deinking chemicals concentration, which improves ink detachment from fibres and fibre bleaching</p><p>　　In addition to a numbers of advantages, tw

20、o disadvantages exist. A ragger can not be used in high consistency (like in low consistency) for continuous extraction of contaminants, while pulp batches are supplied discontinuously. Nevertheless, a batch operation

21、could even be an advantage because it enables better control of pulp quality.</p><p>　　2.2 Drum pulping</p><p>　　Drum pulpers are used for recovered paper grades a having low wet strengt

22、h such as old newsprint (ONP) and old magazines (OMG). Continuous high-consistency drum pulpers are slightly inclined (typically 1°), the inclination together with a rotating motion facilities the forward mov

23、ement of the pulp. The drum consists of a slushing zone and a screening zone where pulp is collected through 6-9 mm perforation below the drum and is pumped to a dump chest. Plastics and debris are discharged a</p>

24、<p>　　The slushing zone comprises approximately two-thirds of the drum length, while the remaining part consists of the screening zone. The drum can consist of either a singular or two circles, while slushing an

25、d screening zones have separate drums. Rotations speed varies typically from 7 to 12 rpm and is adjustable. When separate drums are used the screening zone capacity can be adjusted with rotation speed, higher the rotati

26、on speed higher the capacity.</p><p>　　Figure 3. A principal picture of an industrial drum pulper.3</p><p>　　In the slushing zone high consistency (14-20%) is used for defiberising pulp and deta

27、ching ink, while ink, specks and stickies fragmentation also occurs in that zone. In the screening zone dilution water is added to reject non-fiberised pulp and accept defiberised pulp through perforation. The dilution

28、water flow is typically adjusted so that accepted pulp consistency ranges from 3% to 5%. The temperature range during drum pulping process is typically between 45-60°C.</p><p>　　The interior surface of

29、 a conventional pulper slushing zone is lined with longitudinal lifter plates (Figure</p><p>　　4). As the drum rotates, wet collected paper is picked up and dropped repeatedly against the bottom of the drum.

30、 If the filling degree is higher than the space of the lifter part, pulp rolls without have to climb to the highest level of the drum. The amount of dropped pulp can be adjusted by the amount, size and design of the lif

31、ters and also with rotation speed and filling degree. The dropping creates intensive impacts, while rolling creates gentle shear to fibres. These shear and rub forces</p><p>　　In addition to conventional d

32、rum pulper, a drum having a stationary D-shaped displacement core inside its drum is quite popular (Figure 4). The displacement core creates shear forces to climbing pulp and prevents rolling. In addition, as the displ

33、acement zone fills with the pulp, the filling degree can be increased resulting in a similar dropping process as with conventional drums.</p><p>　　Figure 4. Stock flows inside a D-shape (left) and convent

34、ional drum pulper.4</p><p>　　Pulping of ONP and OMG grades is nowadays conducted with either a drum pulper or high consistency helical pulping. They both operate with sufficiently low defibering forces which

35、 do not simultaneously cause excessive fragmentation of printed ink. A comparison between the two alternatives is presented in Table 1.</p><p>　　Table 1. High consistency batch pulping vs. drum pulping – Adv

36、antages and weaknesses5</p><p>　　3REFERENCES</p><p>　　1 Fabry B., Carré B., Crémon P., "Pulping optimization: effect of pulping parameters on defibering, ink detachment and ink

37、removal", proceedings from the 6th PAPTAC Research Forum on Recycling, Magog, Quebec, 1-4 October 2001, pp. 37-44.</p><p>　　2 Ruffo, R. & Malton, S., “Energy savings in stock preparation for

38、 recycled paper”, Appita Journal,</p><p>　　61(2): 163-172(2008).</p><p>　　3 Knowpap 9.0 (2008) Deinking CD-Rom, VTT, Finland, Prowledge Oy.</p><p>　　4 Müller, W., “New drum pu

39、lper concepts - continuous, compact, flexible, efficient and innovative”, Twogether, Voih Paper Customer Magazine, Issue 9, 2000, Available from [http://www.us.voithpaper.com/media/vp_en_twogether9_07_aufloesetromme

40、l.pdf] September 4th,</p><p><b>　　2008.</b></p><p>　　5 Merza, J. & Haynes, R. D., “Batch pulping versus drum pulping: The impact on deinking performance”, proceedings

41、from the 6th Research Forum on Recycling, Magog, Quebec, 1-4 October</p><p>　　2001, pp. 45-51.</p><p><b>　　中文譯文</b></p><p><b>　　分散制漿</b></p><p>

42、　　纖維和微粒工程技術(shù)實(shí)驗(yàn)室</p><p><b>　　2008</b></p><p><b>　　目錄</b></p><p>　　1 制漿目的4</p><p>　　2 使用的設(shè)備4</p><p>　　2.1 立式碎漿機(jī)5</p><

43、;p>　　2.1.1 立式低濃碎漿機(jī)5</p><p>　　2.1.2 立式高濃碎漿機(jī)5</p><p>　　2.2 轉(zhuǎn)鼓碎漿機(jī)6</p><p><b>　　3 參考文獻(xiàn)8</b></p><p><b>　　1 制漿目的</b></p><p>

44、　　制漿的目的可以認(rèn)為是纖維分離，就像從廢紙中去除油墨和別的雜質(zhì)一樣。纖維分離應(yīng)盡可能的徹底，換言之，在漿料篩選過(guò)程中為避免纖維的損失只允許極少量的鱗片物存在。去除大的顆粒（如塑料板、罐等）通常包含在一個(gè)連續(xù)制漿過(guò)程中。而去除精細(xì)顆粒的過(guò)程在粗篩階段進(jìn)行，為的是避免在下游工序中造成纖維損壞。在大多制漿應(yīng)用中，大的非纖維材料可以在碎漿機(jī)不工作時(shí)清除。</p><p>　　為使油墨和其他雜質(zhì)在篩選和浮選階段可以被去除

45、，從廢紙中分離油墨和其他雜質(zhì)時(shí)應(yīng)盡可能的徹底、完全。盡管目的是完全去除，同時(shí)，從纖維（塵埃斑點(diǎn)）和黏著物（黏膠）中分離大的油墨顆粒應(yīng)該在篩選階段盡可能有效地去除。另外，還要避免過(guò)多的油墨破裂，因?yàn)楦∵x中油墨的去除降低并且油墨再沉淀的可能性會(huì)增加。</p><p><b>　　2 使用的設(shè)備</b></p><p>　　基本上，使用的碎漿機(jī)只有立式和轉(zhuǎn)鼓碎漿機(jī)這兩種類

46、型。立式碎漿機(jī)靠槽體內(nèi)的轉(zhuǎn)子將機(jī)械能傳送給漿料。傳送的能量產(chǎn)生的剪切作用能夠分離纖維、油墨和撕碎紙片。由于轉(zhuǎn)子的形狀，立式高濃碎漿機(jī)通常又叫作螺旋碎漿機(jī)。轉(zhuǎn)鼓碎漿機(jī)包括一個(gè)安裝在碎漿機(jī)內(nèi)表面的提升板。提升板將紙漿提升直到提升板倒轉(zhuǎn)（取決于回轉(zhuǎn)速度）此時(shí)漿料掉落。立式低濃碎漿機(jī)安裝有一個(gè)廢料捕集器以便當(dāng)立式高濃碎漿機(jī)在間歇工作方式下運(yùn)行時(shí)轉(zhuǎn)鼓碎漿機(jī)能在連續(xù)工作方式下工作（圖1）。</p><p>　　圖1 用作沖

47、漿回收纖維的碎漿機(jī)類型</p><p>　　2.1 立式碎漿機(jī)</p><p>　　2.1.1 立式低濃碎漿機(jī)</p><p>　　低濃碎漿機(jī)的工作濃度為3% ~8%。立式低濃碎漿機(jī)被用在瓦楞紙板的處理過(guò)程中，但如今也被廣泛地用在脫墨處理上。原因是由于水的體積過(guò)大造成化學(xué)藥品的處理效率低并且能耗高。除了高能耗之外，高剪力作用和轉(zhuǎn)子轉(zhuǎn)速使得碎解碎木料和大的非纖維雜

48、質(zhì)的強(qiáng)度多強(qiáng)。致使轉(zhuǎn)子磨碎并增加維護(hù)工作。</p><p>　　2.1.2 立式高濃碎漿機(jī)</p><p>　　為克服低濃碎漿機(jī)的不足，高濃碎漿機(jī)能處理高濃度（13-18%）。為使?jié){料懸浮液能流動(dòng)，轉(zhuǎn)子需要有一個(gè)相對(duì)大的直徑和高度，并設(shè)計(jì)成螺旋狀以便改善紙漿的運(yùn)動(dòng)（圖2）。此外，因?yàn)樗趾拷档停嗟哪芰勘粋魉偷郊垵{。</p><p>　　圖2 低濃碎漿機(jī)（左

49、）和高濃碎漿機(jī)（右）轉(zhuǎn)子形狀</p><p>　　與低濃碎漿機(jī)相比高濃碎漿機(jī)的主要優(yōu)點(diǎn)：</p><p>　　高濃度下更好的纖維分離能力（15%左右）</p><p>　　低能耗（15—30 kWh/t之間) </p><p><b>　　更低的成漿時(shí)間</b></p><p>　　更低的污物破碎

50、，去除污物更有效</p><p>　　更高的化學(xué)藥品集中制漿，它促使了油墨從纖維中分離</p><p>　　除了以上的優(yōu)點(diǎn)外，高濃碎漿機(jī)存在兩個(gè)缺點(diǎn)。一個(gè)缺點(diǎn)就是和低濃碎漿機(jī)一樣當(dāng)紙漿間斷供給時(shí)不能連續(xù)萃取污物。然而，間歇運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)甚至是一個(gè)優(yōu)點(diǎn)，因?yàn)樗軌蚋玫目刂萍垵{質(zhì)量。</p><p>　　2.2 轉(zhuǎn)鼓碎漿機(jī)</p><p>　　轉(zhuǎn)鼓碎漿

51、機(jī)被用來(lái)使紙張等級(jí)有一個(gè)低的濕強(qiáng)度，例如舊新聞紙（ONP）和舊雜志(OMG)。連續(xù)的高濃轉(zhuǎn)鼓碎漿機(jī)有個(gè)1度的水平傾角，這個(gè)傾角連同一個(gè)旋轉(zhuǎn)設(shè)備推動(dòng)漿料前移。轉(zhuǎn)鼓碎漿機(jī)有一個(gè)碎漿段和一個(gè)篩選段，漿料通過(guò)轉(zhuǎn)鼓碎漿機(jī)下面的直徑為6-9mm的篩孔被收集起來(lái)并被送至卸料池。粗漿和粗渣由篩選段的末端排出（圖3）。碎漿段圓筒的直徑在2.5—5m，工作長(zhǎng)度可達(dá)到50米這樣可保證漿料的正常停留時(shí)間達(dá)到20分鐘。如今，最大的工業(yè)碎漿機(jī)可達(dá)到日產(chǎn)量2000噸

52、。</p><p>　　碎漿段大約占了碎漿機(jī)長(zhǎng)度的2/3，剩下的部分為篩選段。轉(zhuǎn)鼓碎漿機(jī)有一個(gè)或兩個(gè)轉(zhuǎn)鼓，碎漿段和篩選段有各自的轉(zhuǎn)鼓?；剞D(zhuǎn)速度在—12轉(zhuǎn)/分并且速度可以調(diào)節(jié)。當(dāng)使用不同的轉(zhuǎn)鼓時(shí)，篩選段的容量可以用旋轉(zhuǎn)速度來(lái)調(diào)節(jié)，轉(zhuǎn)速越高，容量越大。</p><p>　　圖3 工業(yè)用轉(zhuǎn)鼓碎漿機(jī)</p><p>　　在碎漿段高的工作濃度（14--20%）分離纖維和去除

53、油墨，然而油墨、塵斑和黏著物仍然會(huì)在該段中存在。在篩選段添加稀釋水稀釋漿料使稀釋后的漿料順利通過(guò)篩孔。調(diào)節(jié)稀釋水的流速以便獲得濃度在3%--5%的漿料，碎漿過(guò)程的溫度范圍在45--60℃。</p><p>　　傳統(tǒng)碎漿機(jī)碎漿段的內(nèi)表面布滿了縱向的提升板（圖4）。圓筒轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)時(shí)筒內(nèi)的廢紙被提升板帶到頂部掉下來(lái)，與圓筒底部相互碰撞。如果粗漿比提升板的間隔大，漿料就不用被提升到頂部就會(huì)掉落下來(lái)。粗漿掉落的數(shù)量可由提升板的數(shù)

54、量、尺寸、設(shè)計(jì)以及轉(zhuǎn)速和粗漿大小來(lái)調(diào)節(jié)。粗漿掉落產(chǎn)生碰撞沖擊，碰撞對(duì)纖維產(chǎn)生柔和的剪力作用。這種剪力和摩擦使粗漿碎解并脫墨。</p><p>　　除了傳統(tǒng)的轉(zhuǎn)鼓碎漿機(jī)，一種在圓筒內(nèi)部有一個(gè)靜止的D形置換芯軸的碎漿機(jī)十分流行（圖4）。置換芯軸會(huì)產(chǎn)生切變應(yīng)力來(lái)提升粗漿并防止?jié)L動(dòng)。此外，因?yàn)橹脫Q芯軸區(qū)充滿了漿料，粗漿能被提升并產(chǎn)生和傳統(tǒng)碎漿機(jī)一樣的掉落過(guò)程。</p><p>　　圖4 D型（

55、左）和傳統(tǒng)碎漿機(jī)內(nèi)漿料的流動(dòng)</p><p>　　如今，用轉(zhuǎn)鼓碎漿機(jī)或高濃間歇碎漿機(jī)來(lái)處理廢舊新聞紙和廢舊雜志紙。它們都能在很低的纖維分離力下運(yùn)行，低的纖維分離力不會(huì)對(duì)印刷油墨造成過(guò)分碎漿。兩個(gè)方案的對(duì)比見表1。</p><p>　　表1 高濃間歇碎漿機(jī)與轉(zhuǎn)鼓碎漿機(jī)的對(duì)比—優(yōu)點(diǎn)和缺點(diǎn)</p><p><b>　　3 參考文獻(xiàn)</b><

56、/p><p>　　[1] Fabry B., Carré B., Crémon P., "Pulping optimization: effect of pulping parameters on defibering, ink detachment and ink removal", proceedings from the 6th PAPTAC Research F

57、orum on Recycling, Magog, Quebec, 1-4 October 2001, pp. 37-44.</p><p>　　[2] Ruffo, R. & Malton, S., “Energy savings in stock preparation for recycled paper”, Appita Journal,61(2): 163-172(2008).</

58、p><p>　　[3] Knowpap 9.0 (2008) Deinking CD-Rom, VTT, Finland, Prowledge Oy.</p><p>　　[4] Müller, W., “New drum pulper concepts - continuous, compact, flexible, efficient and innovative”, Twoge

59、ther, Voih Paper Customer Magazine,Issue9,2000, Available from[http://www.us.voithpaper.com/media/vp_en_twogether9_07_aufloesetrommel.pdf] September 4th,2008.</p><p>　　[5] Merza, J. & Haynes, R. D.,