外文翻譯---fms(柔性制造系統(tǒng))；定義與描述

1、<p>　　FMS: DEFINITION AND DESCRIPTION</p><p><b>　　Summary：</b></p><p>　　1. Flexible manufacturing systems are regarded as one of the most efficient methods to employ in reducing

2、 or eliminating problems in manufacturing industries.</p><p>　　2. Definitions of FMS vary depending on industry type and the user’s point of view.</p><p>　　3. FMS enables manufacturers to machin

3、e a wide of workpieces on few machines with low staffing levels, productively, reliably, and predictably.</p><p>　　4. FMS is made up of hardware elements (machine tools, movable pallets, material-handling eq

4、uipment, coordinate measuring machines, computer hardware equipment, and the like)and software elements ( NC programs, inspection programs, work-order files, and FMS software ). The sophisticated FMS software is what act

5、ually drives the system.</p><p>　　5. A true FMS can handle a wide variety of different parts, producing them one at a time in random order.</p><p>　　6. FMS is not an end in itself, but a means t

6、o an end and the natural partner to integrate to existing CAD/CAM systems and progress toward CIM.</p><p>　　Key words: FMS NC CAM CAD </p><p>　　Definitions of FMS，or Flexible Manufacturi

7、ng Systems ,are plentiful and in many respects are dependent on the ultimate user’s point of view as to what the FMS consists of and how it will be used. However, the following represent a collection of FMS definitions,

8、some traceable and some not traceable to their originating source.</p><p>　　1. United States Government: A series of automatic machine tool or items of fabrication equipment linked together with an automatic

9、 material handling system, a common hierarchical digital preprogrammed computer control, and provision for random fabrication of parts or assemblies that fall within predetermined families.</p><p>　　2. Kearn

10、ey and Trecker：A FMS is a group of NC machine tools that can randomly process a group of parts, having automated material handling and central computer control to dynamically balance resource utilization so that the syst

11、em can adapt automatically to changes in parts production, mixes, and levels of output.</p><p>　　3. FMS is a randomly loaded automated system based on group technology manufacturing linking integrated comput

12、er control and a group of machines to automatically produce and handle(move) parts for continuous serial processing.</p><p>　　4. FMS combines microelectronics and mechanical engineering to bring the economic

13、s of scale to batch work. A central on-line computer controls the machine tools，other workstations, and the transfer of components and tooling, The computer also provides monitoring and information control. This combinat

14、ion of flexibility and overall control makes possible the production of a wide range of products in small numbers.</p><p>　　5. A process under control to produce varieties of components or products within it

15、s stated capability and to a predetermined.</p><p>　　6. A technology which will help achieve leaner factories with better response times, lower unit costs, and higher quality under an improved level of manag

16、ement and capital control.</p><p>　　Regardless of how broadly or narrowly FMS is defined, several key items emerge as critical to a general definition of FMS, and repeat themselves through a cross-section of

17、 standard definitions. Words like NC machine tools, automatic material handling system, central computer controlled, randomly loaded, linked together and flexible, all serve to help define a very general description and

18、definition of FMS. </p><p>　　Flexible manufacturing systems are based on modular part producing machinery machine tools, or injection molding machines, for example, and a wide variety of ancillary support eq

19、uipment , linked and integrated together under central computer control to produce a variety of component in random order.</p><p>　　Basically, a FMS is made up of hardware and software elements. Hardware ele

20、ments are visible and tangible such as CNC machine tools, pallet queuing carousels (part parking lots), material handling equipment (robots or automatic guided vehicles), central chip removal and coolant systems, tooling

21、 system, coordinate measuring machines(CMMs), part cleaning stations, and computer hardware equipment. Software elements are invisible and intangible such as NC programs, traffic management software, tooli</p><

22、;p>　　A true FMS can handle a wide variety of dissimilar parts, producing them one at a time, in any order ,as needed (very few so-called FMSs meet this strict definition ). To adapt efficiently in this mode, a FMS mus

23、t have several types of flexibility. It needs the flexibility to adapt to varying volume requirements and changing part mixes, to accept new parts, and to accommodate design an engineering modifications. FMS also require

24、s the flexibility to cope with unforeseen and unpredictable. FMS als</p><p>　　In the long rage, FMS is the natural partner for CAM (Computer Aided Manufacturing) and CIM (Computer Integrated Manufacturing) w

25、hich ultimately all server to bring a product from design from design to reality by the most efficient and cost-efficient means.</p><p>　　In a FMS installation, the moment-by-moment functions, actions, and d

26、ecisions are inherent within the system-operating completely without (or with very little) human intervention. These moment-by-moment activities involve not only material handling, but also inspection, part washing, tool

27、 storage, fixturing, and warehousing, in addition to downloading of NC programs and other normal machine functions.</p><p>　　Depending on a company’s specific manufacturing needs, a FMS may or may not be the

28、 answer. The graph in Fig-2 illustrates the range of application solutions available for a given set of workpiece volume and variety requirements. A FMS is set apart from any other kind of manufacturing system, such as a

29、 transfer line used in high volume automotive applications, because of its ability to accept parts or components in varying quantities, in random order. Thus, a FMS can be designed to process any pr</p><p>　

30、　By definition, a FMS can simultaneously process a variety of workpieces, using tooling and fixturing made available at the right machine, at the right time, and in the right sequence. The FMS computer functions to ident

31、ify these needs and allocates resources in the from of tooling, fixtures, material movement, and NC and inspection programs in order to fulfill predetermined work order requirements.</p><p>　　Is there an opt

32、imum size of FMS? At the present time the answer is no; size depends on users’ needs and resources. The number of NC machines in a system, for example, can be as low as one or two. This can provide a starting point for t

33、hose who wish to take advantage of FMS in a step-by-step or phased-in approach.</p><p>　　Generally, the number of processing machines or machine tools is three to ten.</p><p>　　But what about th

34、e evolution of FMS.</p><p>　　The concept of flexible manufacturing systems was born in London in the 1960s when David Williamson, a research and development engineer, came up with both the name and the conce

35、pt. At the time he was thinking in terms of a flexible machining system, and it was in a machine shop that the first FMS was installed. His concept was called System 24 because it was scheduled to operate for 24 hours a

36、day under the control of a computer, but otherwise unmanned on the 16-hour night shift. This simple co</p><p>　　Williamson planned to use NC (numerically controlled) machines to work out a series of machinin

37、g operations on a wide range of detail parts. Workpieces would be loaded manually on pallets, which would then be delivered to the machines and loaded automatically when needed. Each machine would be equipped with a maga

38、zine from which tools could be selected systematically to perform a variety of different operations. Included in this overall process were systems for removing chips and cleaning workpi</p><p>　　With the gro

39、wth in computer-controlled equipment and broader applications developing from metal forming to assembly, the concept of “flexible machining systems” was broadened to become what is known today as “flexible manufacturing

40、systems,” or FMS.</p><p>　　As the first FMS systems were installed in Europe, they followed Williamson’s concept, and users quickly discovered that the principles would be ideal for the manufacture of low-vo

41、lume, high-variety products. The addition of refinements to a FMS to detect and compensate for tool wear were then added to further aid unattended FMS operations. These first FMSs on the market had dual computers: DNC(di

42、rect numerical control) for cell control functions and a separate computer to the traffic and manage</p><p>　　Since the 1970s there has been an explosion in system controls and operational enhancements. The

43、programmable controller appeared in the late 1970s. and the personal computer emerged utilizing distributed logic control with many levels of intelligent decision making capabilities.</p><p>　　Thus, through

44、a conceptual idea originating with David Williamson, it became possible to machine a wide variety of workpieces on few machines with low manning levels productively, reliably, and predictably; this is what FMS is all abo

45、ut. In almost any manufacturing industry, FMS will pay dividends as long as it is applied in its broad sense, and not just to define a machining system.</p><p>　　The FMS has evolved rapidly and will continue

46、 to evolve because technology continues to evolve, global competition intensifies, and the concept of flexible manufacturing gains wider acceptance. The growth of flexible manufacturing is projected to increase steadily

47、in the years ahead.</p><p>　　In 1984, 56 percent of all FMSs were used for manufacturing machinery and 41 percent for manufacturing transportation components. Construction and material-handling industries wi

48、ll comprise around 12 percent of the user market in the early 1990s as their adoption of FMS increases.</p><p>　　Flexible automation is presently feasible for a few machining operations that account for a fr

49、action of the total manufacturing process. However, development efforts continue to expand the FMS’s capabilities in the areas of improved diagnostics and sensors, high speed, noncontact, on-line inspection, multifunctio

50、n or quick spindle head changing machine tools, and extending flexible automation to include forming, heat treating, and assembly. This is why FMS continues to grow and prosper. It feeds</p><p>　　FMS(柔性制造系統(tǒng))

51、；定義與描述</p><p><b>　　摘要:</b></p><p>　　1.柔性制造系統(tǒng)被認(rèn)為是在減少或消除加工企業(yè)問題方面所采用的作為有效的方法之一.</p><p>　　2.FMS定義取決于企業(yè)類型和用戶的觀點.</p><p>　　3.FMS是制造商在很少的機器上無需較高的人員水平便能高效可靠地加工出各種預(yù)期

52、的工件.</p><p>　　4.FMS由硬件(機場、移動托盤、物料處理裝置,坐標(biāo)測量機、計算機硬件等等)和軟件(NC程序,檢查程序,工作清單文件,FMS軟件)組成,復(fù)雜的FMS實際上由軟件驅(qū)動著系統(tǒng).</p><p>　　5.一個真正的FMS可處理各種不同的工件,在某一個時間內(nèi)加工其中任一規(guī)格的品種.</p><p>　　6.FMS不是自身的最終目標(biāo),而是達(dá)到最終

53、目標(biāo)的工具,是集成CAD/CAM系統(tǒng)向CIM邁進(jìn)的自然伙伴.</p><p>　　關(guān)鍵詞： 柔性制造系統(tǒng) 數(shù)控技術(shù) 計算機輔助制造 計算機輔助設(shè)計 </p><p>　　FMS或柔性制造系統(tǒng)的定義很多，很多方面取決于最終用戶對于FMS的組成、如何使用的觀念。如下匯集了有來源和無來源的FMS的定義。</p><p>　　1.美國政府；一系列自動機床

54、和分項組合機床通過一個自動物料處理系統(tǒng)連接，一個可預(yù)編程的普通級計算機控制，為在已知范圍里的可變結(jié)構(gòu)的零部件提供加工條件。</p><p>　　2.Kearney and trecker；FMS是一組可任意加工一組零件的數(shù)控機床，由自動物料處理系統(tǒng)聯(lián)接和中央計算機控制，可動態(tài)平衡資源的利用，這樣系統(tǒng)可自動適應(yīng)生產(chǎn)、裝配和產(chǎn)量的變化。</p><p>　　3.FMS是一個任意負(fù)荷的自動系統(tǒng)，

55、它基于成組加工技術(shù)，將計算機集成控制技術(shù)與一組加工設(shè)備組合起來，在連續(xù)串行加工過程中自動生產(chǎn)和處理（移動）工件。</p><p>　　4.FMS融合了微電子技術(shù)和機械工程技術(shù)，為批量生產(chǎn)帶來了規(guī)模經(jīng)濟。一個在線的中央計算機控制著機床和其他工作站以及工件刀具的傳輸，該計算機還能進(jìn)行監(jiān)測和信息流控制，將全局控制和柔性組合起來，使得小批量多品種的生產(chǎn)成為可能。</p><p>　　5.可控的加工

56、過程按預(yù)先規(guī)劃的要求在其能力許可范圍內(nèi)生產(chǎn)各種元件和產(chǎn)品。</p><p>　　6. 一項旨于幫助較弱小企業(yè)在提高管理和資金運作水平的基礎(chǔ)上，獲得更佳的反應(yīng)時間、更低的單元和更高的產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量的技術(shù)。</p><p>　　無論FMS定義的寬與窄，作為一般FMS的定義的主要內(nèi)容中出現(xiàn)了一些關(guān)鍵詞，并在上述標(biāo)準(zhǔn)定義上反復(fù)出現(xiàn)過。關(guān)鍵詞如NC機床，自動物料系統(tǒng)，中央計算機控制，隨機負(fù)載，聯(lián)接和柔性，

57、所有這些有助于給FMS下總定義玉描述。</p><p>　　柔性制造系統(tǒng)是基于模型化工件的生產(chǎn)機器（例如機床、注塑機）和各種輔助設(shè)備，通過中央計算機控制將他們集成在一起，可根據(jù)隨機次序生產(chǎn)各種零件的系統(tǒng)。</p><p>　　FMS基本上由硬件和軟件部分組成。硬件部分為可視的有形實體如CNC機床、安放可交換工件的托盤（安放很多任務(wù)件）、物料處理設(shè)備（機器人或自動導(dǎo)向小車）、集中除屑和冷卻系

58、統(tǒng)、刀具系統(tǒng)、坐標(biāo)測量機（CMMS）、工件清洗站以及計算機硬件設(shè)備。軟件是不可見的、無形內(nèi)容，如NC程序、運輸管理軟件、刀具信息、CMM編程命令文件和復(fù)雜的FMS軟件，圖-1所示的是典型FMS布局和主要組成部件。</p><p>　　一個真正意義上的FMS是可以根據(jù)任意次序在同一個時間段內(nèi)處理并生產(chǎn)出差異較大的工件（一般所謂的FMS很難達(dá)到這一嚴(yán)格定義），為了有效地適應(yīng)這一模式，一個FMS必須具備幾種柔性，它需具

59、有適應(yīng)可變批量的要求，變化工件組合，接納新工件，可允許工程設(shè)計和修改的柔性，F(xiàn)MS還要具有應(yīng)付不可預(yù)見和意外干擾的柔性，如機床誤工問題和最后時刻計劃的改變，并且能夠不斷擴大并能改進(jìn)、改變系統(tǒng)配置。通過計算機和適當(dāng)?shù)模疲停榆浖崿F(xiàn)這種柔性是可能的。</p><p>　　在很大范圍內(nèi)，ＦＭＳ是ＣＡＤ（計算機輔助設(shè)計）和ＣＡＭ（計算機輔助制造）的自然伙伴，它們通過最高效率和最經(jīng)濟的方法設(shè)計產(chǎn)品并最終加工出成品。<

60、/p><p>　　在一個ＦＭＳ裝置中，分段的功能、動作和決策都固化在操作系統(tǒng)中，完全不要（或很少要）人的干預(yù)，分段的操作不僅包括物料處理，也包括監(jiān)控、清洗部件、貯存刀具、安裝、入庫，另外還有下載ＮＣ程序和機器的其他常規(guī)功能。</p><p>　　FMS能否滿足要求取決于一個公司特定的生產(chǎn)需求。圖-2列舉了為滿足工件多品種、定批量的要求而提供的解決方案。FMS有別于任何其他制造系統(tǒng)（如應(yīng)用于高形

61、體汽車的運輸線），因為它能隨意地接受各種數(shù)量的零部件。因此，F(xiàn)MS可以設(shè)計成在容許的零部件范圍內(nèi)處理任何批量、任何規(guī)格的各類產(chǎn)品的系統(tǒng)。</p><p>　　根據(jù)定義，F(xiàn)MS可通過在適當(dāng)?shù)臋C床上適時按序地采用所需的刀具和工裝，同時處理多個工件。FMS計算機的功能就是識別這些需要，并分配刀具、工裝、搬運物料NC和監(jiān)視程序運行,以達(dá)到預(yù)期的工作指令的要求.</p><p>　　有最佳大小的FM

62、S嗎?目前的答案是沒有,大小取決于用戶的需求和資源情況,例如系統(tǒng)中NC機床數(shù)量最少只有一到二臺,這能為那些想逐步或分階段利用FMS優(yōu)勢的人們提供一個起點.</p><p>　　一般來說,處理裝置或機床為三到十臺.</p><p><b>　　摘要:</b></p><p>　　1.柔性制造系統(tǒng)被認(rèn)為是在減少或消除加工企業(yè)問題方面所采用的作為有效

63、的方法之一.</p><p>　　2.FMS定義取決于企業(yè)類型和用戶的觀點.</p><p>　　3.FMS是制造商在很少的機器上無需較高的人員水平便能高效可靠地加工出各種預(yù)期的工件.</p><p>　　4.FMS由硬件(機場、移動托盤、物料處理裝置,坐標(biāo)測量機、計算機硬件等等)和軟件(NC程序,檢查程序,工作清單文件,FMS軟件)組成,復(fù)雜的FMS實際上由軟件驅(qū)

64、動著系統(tǒng).</p><p>　　5.一個真正的FMS可處理各種不同的工件,在某一個時間內(nèi)加工其中任一規(guī)格的品種.</p><p>　　6.FMS不是自身的最終目標(biāo),而是達(dá)到最終目標(biāo)的工具,是集成CAD/CAM系統(tǒng)向CIM邁進(jìn)的自然伙伴.</p><p>　　但是柔性制造系統(tǒng)是如何產(chǎn)生的呢？</p><p>　　20世紀(jì)60年代在英國倫敦，一個

65、叫大衛(wèi)·威廉姆斯的創(chuàng)新研究工程師提出了柔性制造系統(tǒng)的概念和想法。當(dāng)時他是一家機械商店里構(gòu)思柔性制造系統(tǒng)，后來這家商店成為了第一臺FMS機器的誕生地。他計劃讓機器在電腦的控制下每天24小時運作，因此給他的想法起來個名字叫系統(tǒng)-24。但是那臺機器在沒有人操作的情況下只運行了16個小時。全部交由電腦控制機床刀具的運行并且結(jié)合了每天連續(xù)運作24小時（或者16小時無人監(jiān)控作業(yè)）的想法就是FMS的起源。</p><p&

66、gt;　　威廉姆斯準(zhǔn)備用數(shù)控機床制定出較寬范圍內(nèi)的一系列機器運作方式。用人工的方式把工件裝載到托盤上，然后有機器運走并保存，當(dāng)需要時再自動由機器裝載并運輸。每一臺機器都必須配備貯存庫以便于在執(zhí)行不同的操作時能夠從中系列化地懸著不同的刀具進(jìn)行工作。其中清潔工件和除屑系統(tǒng)也包含整個過程中。這種系統(tǒng)綜合了較低人工操作性和電腦控制的全面性。</p><p>　　隨著數(shù)控裝置的廣泛運用和實施，人們對他的理解也更加集中。現(xiàn)如

67、今人們對“柔性機械系統(tǒng)”的概念已經(jīng)更加廣泛的理解為“柔性制造系統(tǒng)”或者說是FMS。</p><p>　　伴隨著第一臺FMS系統(tǒng)在歐洲的安裝，威廉姆斯想法的繼承者和使用者很快就發(fā)現(xiàn)FMS的原理將會成為制造廠生產(chǎn)體積小、款式多樣化產(chǎn)品的理想系統(tǒng)。為了使無人FMS系統(tǒng)的發(fā)展人們系統(tǒng)上做了很有價值的改進(jìn)，那就是添加了偵測和補償?shù)毒吣p的裝置。第一批裝有FMS系統(tǒng)的機器都裝有兩個電腦控制，一個是DNC（直接數(shù)字控制）用來控

68、制單元功能，另一個是獨立的檢測運輸和管理信息系統(tǒng)的電腦。</p><p>　　自從20世紀(jì)70年代以來FMS就在增強從操作性能和系統(tǒng)控制上發(fā)生了劇變。到了70年代末就出現(xiàn)了可編程控制的操縱器，同時隨著個人電腦的出現(xiàn)人們可以利用分散邏輯制造多層次的智能決策能力。</p><p>　　因此通過大衛(wèi)·威廉姆斯這種概念性的想法，使得這種低人工操作要求、可靠地、可預(yù)見地可以以少量機器加工較

69、寬范圍的工件的機器成為了可能。這就是FMS的產(chǎn)生。幾乎在所有的機械制造行業(yè)，F(xiàn)MS的收益不僅僅在于定義了一種機械系統(tǒng)同時也是應(yīng)用了一種較寬范圍的判斷力。</p><p>　　由于柔性制造的觀念得到了較寬范圍的接受、全球范圍的競爭的加劇,FMS正在快速的發(fā)展同時還會持續(xù)發(fā)展下去。柔性制造在頭幾年里得到了穩(wěn)定的快速的成長。</p><p>　　在1984年，56%的FMS機器用于機械制造，同時

70、41%的用于運輸零件。隨著FMS的增長，在20世紀(jì)90年代，建筑業(yè)和手工制造業(yè)也占據(jù)了12%的FMS機器使用市場。</p><p>　　柔性自動化技術(shù)是目前少部分制造過程中以機械控制運作原理的可行方案?，F(xiàn)在，其發(fā)展成果已經(jīng)擴展到FMS能力所及的多方面領(lǐng)域，如改善診斷系統(tǒng)和傳感器、在線檢測、多功能、快速、無連接、快速軸頭改變刀具。同時柔性自動化技術(shù)已經(jīng)擴展到包括生產(chǎn)、熱處理和組裝等領(lǐng)域。這就是FMS發(fā)展和成功的原因