數(shù)據(jù)庫畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)---外文翻譯

1、<p><b>　　附 錄</b></p><p>　　附錄A: 外文資料翻譯－原文部分：</p><p>　　CUSTOMER TARGETTING</p><p>　　The earliest determinant of success in the development of a profitable card schem

2、e will lie in the quality of applicants that are attracted by the marketing effort. Not only must there be sufficient creditworthy applicants to avoid fruitless and expensive application processing, but it is critical th

3、at the overall mix of new accounts meets the standard necessary to ensure ultimate profitability. For example, the marketing initiatives may attract sufficient volume of applicants that are assessed </p><p>

4、　　This chapter considers the range of data sources available to support the development of a credit card scheme and the tools that can be applied to maximize the flow of applications from the required categories.</p&g

5、t;<p>　　Data availability</p><p>　　The data that makes up the ingredients from which marketing campaigns can be constructed can come from many diverse sources. Typically, it will fall into four catego

6、ries:</p><p>　　1 the national or regional register of voters;</p><p>　　2 the national or regional register of court judgments that records the outcome of creditor-debtor legislation;</p>

7、<p>　　3 any national or regional pooled information showing the credit history of clients of the participating lenders; and </p><p>　　4 commercially compiled data including and culled from name and addr

8、ess lists, survey results and other market analysis data, e.g. neighborhoods and lifestyle categorization through geo-demographic information systems.</p><p>　　The availability and quality of this data will

9、vary from country to country and bureau to bureau.</p><p>　　Availability is not only governed by the extent to which the responsible agency has undertaken to record it, but also by the feasibility of accessi

10、ng the data and the extent (if any) to which local consumer legislation or other considerations (e.g. religious principles) will allow it to be used. Other limitations on the use of available data may lie in the simple i

11、mpossibility or expense of accessing the information sources, perhaps because necessary consumer consent for divulgence has been with</p><p>　　The local credit information bureaux will be able to provide gui

12、dance on all of these matters, as will many local trade or professional associations or the relevant government departments. </p><p>　　Data segmentation and Analyses</p><p>　　The following rema

13、rks deal with the ways in which lawfully obtained data may then be processed and analyzed in order to maximize its value as the basis of a marketing prospect list. Examples of the types and uses of data that will play a

14、role in the credit decision area are discussed later in the chapter, within the context of application processing.</p><p>　　The key categories into which prospects may be segmented include lifestyle, propens

15、ity to purchase specific products (financial or otherwise) and levels of risk. The leading international information bureaux will be able to provide segmentation systems that are able to correlate each of these data cate

16、gories to provide meaningful prospect lists in rank order. Additionally, many bureaux will have the capability to further enhance the strength and value of the data. Through the selective purchasin</p><p>　　

17、The importance of the role and standard of this data in influencing the quality of the target population for mailings, etc. should not be underestimated. Information that is dated or inaccurate may not only lead a market

18、er and the organization into embarrassment and damage their reputations, but it will also open the credit card scheme to applicants from outside either the target sector or ,worse still, applicants outside the lender’s v

19、iew of an acceptable credit risk.</p><p>　　From this, it follows that you should seek to use an information bureau whose business principles and operating practices comply with the highest levels of both com

20、petence and integrity.</p><p>　　Developing the prospect database</p><p>　　This is the process by which the raw data streams are brought together and subjected to progressive refinement, with the

21、 output representing the refined base from which prospecting can begin in earnest. A wide experience-often across many different markets and countries-in the sourcing, handling and analysis of data inevitably improves th

22、e quality of the ideas and systems that a bureau can offer for the development of the prospect database.</p><p>　　In summary, the typical shape of the service available from the very best bureaux will suppor

23、t a process that runs as follows:</p><p>　　collect and consolidate all data to be screened for inclusion;</p><p>　　merge the various streams;</p><p>　　sort and classify the data by

24、market and credit categories;</p><p>　　screen the date using predetermined marketing and credit criteria; and</p><p>　　consolidate and output the refined list.</p><p>　　Bureaux will

25、 charge for the use of their expertise and systems. </p><p>　　Therefore, consideration should be given to the volumes of data that are to be processed and the costs involved at each stage. The most cost-effe

26、ctive approach to constructing prospect databases only undertakes the lowest-cost screening process within the earlier stages. The more expensive screening processes are not employed until the mass of the data has been r

27、educed by earlier filtering.</p><p>　　It is impossible to be prescriptive about the range and levels of service that are available, but reference to one of the major bureaux operating in the region could cer

28、tainly be a good starting point. </p><p>　　Campaign Management and Analysis</p><p>　　Again, this is an area where excellent support is available from the best-of-breed bureaux. They will provide

29、 both the operational support and software capabilities to mount, monitor and analyse your marketing campaign, should you so wish. Their depth of experience and capabilities in the credit sector will often open up income

30、: cost possibilities from the solicitation exercise that would not otherwise be available to the new entrant. </p><p>　　The First Important Applications of DBMS’s</p><p>　　Data items include

31、 names and addresses of customers, accounts, loans and their balance, and the connection between customers and their accounts and loans, e.g., who has signature authority over which accounts. Queries for account balances

32、 are common, but far more common are modifications representing a single payment from or deposit to an account.</p><p>　　As with the airline reservation system, we expect that many tellers and customers (thr

33、ough ATM machines) will be querying and modifying the bank’s data at once. It is vital that simultaneous accesses to an account not cause the effect of an ATM transaction to be lost. Failures cannot be tolerated. For exa

34、mple, once the money has been ejected from an ATM machine ,the bank must record the debit, even if the power immediately fails. On the other hand, it is not permissible for the bank to record th</p><p>　　Dat

35、abase system changed significantly. Codd proposed that database system should present the user with a view of data organized as tables called relations. Behind the scenes, there might be a complex data structure that all

36、owed rapid response to a variety of queries. But unlike the user of earlier database systems, the user of a relational system would not be concerned with storage structure. Queries could be expressed in a very high level

37、 language, which greatly increased the efficiency of data</p><p>　　Client –Server Architecture</p><p>　　Many varieties of modern software use a client-server architecture, in which requests by o

38、ne process (the client ) are sent to another process (the server) for execution. Database systems are no exception, and it is common to divide the work of the components shown into a server process and one or more clien

39、t processes.</p><p>　　In the simplest client/server architecture, the entire DBMS is a server, except for the query interfaces that the user and send queries or other commands across to the server. For examp

40、le, relational systems generally use the SQL language for representing requests from the client to the server. The database server then sends the answer, in the form of a table or relation, back to client. The relationsh

41、ip between client and server can get more complex, especially when answers are extremely large.</p><p>　　附錄B: 外文資料翻譯－譯文部分：</p><p><b>　　客戶目標(biāo)：</b></p><p>　　最早判斷發(fā)展可收益卡的成功性是

42、在于受市場影響的被吸引的申請人的質(zhì)量。不僅需要有足夠信用度的申請人以避免高花費(fèi)卻無益的過程，但同時所有賬戶的綜合是否能符合保證最終獲利的需要也是決定性的。比如，市場初期可能會吸引到足夠量的客戶，但是在上半段接受的比例就遠(yuǎn)不足以分配給收益水平和越少的再無所需的達(dá)到金融目標(biāo)的計(jì)劃。</p><p>　　本章考慮了數(shù)據(jù)源的范圍能夠支持信用卡計(jì)劃的發(fā)展和可以應(yīng)用在市從各種需求種類中最大化申請數(shù)的工具。</p>

43、<p><b>　　可用數(shù)據(jù)：</b></p><p>　　構(gòu)成要素的數(shù)據(jù)能構(gòu)建市場運(yùn)動取自不同的源，他被典型的分為4段：</p><p>　　選民在國家或地區(qū)的登錄</p><p>　　國家或地區(qū)登錄到法庭判斷，可看到債權(quán)人和債務(wù)人立法的結(jié)果</p><p>　　任何國家或地區(qū)的貸款信息，顯示了客戶參與貸

44、款的信用歷史也包括</p><p>　　商用編譯過的數(shù)據(jù)。還有從姓名地址名單中精選出的數(shù)據(jù)，調(diào)查結(jié)果，以及其他市場分析數(shù)據(jù)，如：通過人口統(tǒng)計(jì)信息系統(tǒng)</p><p>　　這些數(shù)據(jù)的可用信和質(zhì)量會隨著國家地區(qū)的變化而變化，可用性不僅僅在某種程度由負(fù)責(zé)的代理商接受控制，而且有處理數(shù)據(jù)的可行性決定。當(dāng)?shù)叵M(fèi)立法或其它狀況決定它是否能被使用。其他使用可用數(shù)據(jù)的限制可能存在于簡單得不可能或是處理信息

45、源的支出，可能因?yàn)楸仨氂煽蛻敉獠拍芡嘎兑呀?jīng)被禁止還未被電子儲存起來，當(dāng)?shù)匦庞每ㄐ畔⑥k公室能夠提供關(guān)于所有這些事物的指導(dǎo)信息，除此以外，許多當(dāng)?shù)氐膶I(yè)貿(mào)易協(xié)會或相關(guān)政府部門也提供。</p><p><b>　　數(shù)據(jù)段和數(shù)據(jù)分析：</b></p><p>　　下述評論處理、合法化的到數(shù)據(jù)，然后應(yīng)用并分析之以獲得基本市場期望值的最大利潤。關(guān)于類型的例子和數(shù)據(jù)的使用在判定信

46、用領(lǐng)域扮演著角色，這些將在之后的章節(jié)中同關(guān)于應(yīng)用過程的文章一起討論。</p><p>　　期望的主要種類被分成生活方式，購買特殊商品的傾向（金融或其他的），還有風(fēng)險水平。主要的國際信息局將提供能夠?qū)⒏黝悢?shù)據(jù)提供有意義的期望表以等級的順序段系統(tǒng)。另外，許多局又進(jìn)一步加強(qiáng)數(shù)據(jù)的力度和價值的能力。通過選擇性的從帶好意的市場源購買數(shù)據(jù)，然后通過覆蓋一般的事實(shí)推斷自分析常規(guī)經(jīng)過系統(tǒng)的廣泛的大量的工業(yè)信息，最好的國際的操作員

47、現(xiàn)能提供市場和信用信息以支持新加入的重要新申請人的質(zhì)量。</p><p>　　角色的重要性和數(shù)據(jù)的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)影響目標(biāo)人群的質(zhì)量，不能被輕視。陳舊的活不正確的數(shù)據(jù)可能不僅導(dǎo)致市場領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者和組織者陷入窘境和影響他們的威望，但同時可能會會從外部對申請人敞開信用卡計(jì)劃，或目標(biāo)防御區(qū)，更勝者申請人將脫離借款人能控制的范圍。</p><p>　　從中你可以知道你應(yīng)該應(yīng)用一個信息局，他的原則和操作都遵從最高水平

48、的完整性和功能性。</p><p><b>　　發(fā)展理想的數(shù)據(jù)庫：</b></p><p>　　這一過程是：未經(jīng)處理的數(shù)據(jù)流被集中然后進(jìn)行改善，他的輸出就是改善過的數(shù)據(jù)，這是我應(yīng)該盡早開發(fā)的部分。很多經(jīng)驗(yàn)——從不同市場國家中得到的——在收集處理分析數(shù)據(jù)是得到的，都證明這個理念和系統(tǒng)的價值，那就是一個信息局能夠?yàn)槔硐氲臄?shù)據(jù)庫發(fā)展提供支持。</p><

49、p>　　總之最典型的從信息局得到的服務(wù)將按如下程序：</p><p>　　收集整合所有的數(shù)據(jù)，包括將被篩選掉的</p><p><b>　　合并不同的數(shù)據(jù)流</b></p><p>　　根據(jù)市場和信用類別整理和分類數(shù)據(jù)</p><p>　　利用預(yù)定的市場和信用標(biāo)準(zhǔn)篩選數(shù)據(jù)</p><p>　

50、　整合和輸出改善的目錄</p><p>　　信息局將為使用他們的專門技術(shù)和系統(tǒng)而收取費(fèi)用，因此，應(yīng)該考慮到要處理的數(shù)據(jù)量和每個步驟所需的花費(fèi)，在較早期階段建設(shè)理想數(shù)據(jù)庫最花費(fèi)的步驟只在于低成本的篩選過程。比較昂貴的篩選過程在大量數(shù)據(jù)被先期過濾后才會使用。</p><p>　　實(shí)現(xiàn)規(guī)定可提供的服務(wù)的范圍和水平是不可能的，但參考一下當(dāng)?shù)刂饕畔⒕謱且粋€好的起點(diǎn)。</p>&l

51、t;p><b>　　管理和分析運(yùn)作</b></p><p>　　這是從信息局中可得到的服務(wù)中最好的部分。他們提供操作上的支持和軟件，能夠安裝這些軟件，能夠安裝監(jiān)督和分析你的市場運(yùn)作。如你所愿，他們在貸款方面的豐富經(jīng)歷和能力會帶來收益：新來者不必再低聲哀求貸款上花費(fèi)很多。</p><p>　　早期的DBMS系統(tǒng)，最重要的應(yīng)用</p><p>

52、;　　銀行系統(tǒng)，數(shù)據(jù)項(xiàng)包括顧客的姓名、地址、賬號、存款、結(jié)余、以及顧客與他們的賬號和存款之間的關(guān)系，比如誰對那些賬號有簽名權(quán)。對結(jié)余的查詢固然不少，但更多的是針對一次存款或取款所進(jìn)行的修改。</p><p>　　正如飛機(jī)訂票系統(tǒng)一樣，我希望出納員和顧客通過ATM（自動出納機(jī)）能同時查詢、更新銀行的數(shù)據(jù)。對同一賬號能同時訪問，而不影響ATM業(yè)務(wù)，這一點(diǎn)是至關(guān)重要的。錯誤是不能容忍的。例如,一旦錢從ATM中彈出，銀行

53、必須記錄這項(xiàng)支出，即使立刻掉電也不例外，正確處理這種操作員不像想象的那么簡單，可以看作是DBMS系統(tǒng)結(jié)構(gòu)的重大進(jìn)展之一。</p><p><b>　　關(guān)系數(shù)據(jù)庫系統(tǒng)：</b></p><p>　　數(shù)據(jù)庫系統(tǒng)發(fā)生了顯著的變化，CODD提出數(shù)據(jù)庫系統(tǒng)應(yīng)為用戶提供這樣一種觀點(diǎn)，即數(shù)據(jù)庫系統(tǒng)使用一種稱為“關(guān)系”的表來組織數(shù)據(jù)的。而在背后，可能有一個很復(fù)雜的數(shù)據(jù)結(jié)構(gòu)，以保證對各

54、種查詢的快速響應(yīng)，但與以前的數(shù)據(jù)庫系統(tǒng)的用戶不同，關(guān)系數(shù)據(jù)庫系統(tǒng)的用戶并不關(guān)心數(shù)據(jù)的存儲結(jié)構(gòu)，而是使查詢能用很高級的語言來實(shí)現(xiàn)，從而大大提高了數(shù)據(jù)庫開發(fā)人員的效率。關(guān)系就是表。標(biāo)的各列以屬性開始，屬性是列的入口。</p><p>　　客戶程序-服務(wù)程序體系結(jié)構(gòu)</p><p>　　許多種現(xiàn)代軟件采用與客戶程序-服務(wù)程序體系結(jié)構(gòu)，這種體系結(jié)構(gòu)中，把一個進(jìn)程（客戶程序）發(fā)出的請求送到另一個程序

55、去執(zhí)行。數(shù)據(jù)庫系統(tǒng)也不例外，通常將各種組成部分的工作分成一個服務(wù)進(jìn)程和一個或多個客戶進(jìn)程。</p><p>　　在最簡單的客戶程序/服務(wù)程序體系結(jié)構(gòu)中，除了與用戶互相配合并將查詢或其他命令傳給服務(wù)程序的查詢接口以外，整個DBMS就是一個服務(wù)程序。例如，關(guān)系系統(tǒng)通常用SQL語言來表達(dá)從客戶程序到服務(wù)程序的各種請求。然后數(shù)據(jù)庫服務(wù)程序給出回答，用表即關(guān)系的形式傳給客戶程序?？蛻舫绦蚝头?wù)程序之間的關(guān)系可能會更復(fù)雜，尤