施工項(xiàng)目質(zhì)量管理影響因素探討外文翻譯

1、<p><b>　　中文3225字</b></p><p>　　建筑工程質(zhì)量事故影響因素的分析探討</p><p><b>　　一、簡介</b></p><p>　　隨著中國經(jīng)濟(jì)的不斷發(fā)展，建筑業(yè)呈現(xiàn)蓬勃發(fā)展的局面，但是建筑工程質(zhì)量事故也在不斷發(fā)生，給國家和人民造成人身財產(chǎn)危害。建筑工程質(zhì)量事故的發(fā)生,往往是由多

2、種因素構(gòu)成的,其中最基本的因素有四種:人、物、自然環(huán)境和社會條件。本文對這四大因素以及它們之間的關(guān)系進(jìn)行具體的分析和探討,為下一步相應(yīng)措施的采取奠定基礎(chǔ)。</p><p>　　二、建筑工程質(zhì)量事故概念</p><p>　　建筑工程質(zhì)量事故是指在建筑工程勘察、設(shè)計、施工、監(jiān)理和使用過程中,由于當(dāng)事人的過錯,使得建筑物在安全、適用、經(jīng)濟(jì)、美觀等特性方面存在較大的缺陷,給建設(shè)單位造成人員傷亡和較

3、大財產(chǎn)損失的事件。建筑工程質(zhì)量事故的發(fā)生,往往是由多種因素構(gòu)成的,其中最基本的因素有四種:人、物、自然環(huán)境和社會條件。人的因素指的是人與人之間存在的差異,這是工程質(zhì)量優(yōu)劣最基本的因素;物的因素對工程質(zhì)量的影響更加復(fù)雜、繁多;質(zhì)量事故的發(fā)生也總與某種自然環(huán)境、施工條件、各級管理結(jié)構(gòu)狀況以及各種社會因素緊密相關(guān)。由于工程建設(shè)往往涉及到施工、建設(shè)、使用、監(jiān)督、監(jiān)理、管理等許多單位或部門,因此在分析建筑工程質(zhì)量事故時,必須對以上四大因素以及它們

4、之間的關(guān)系進(jìn)行具體的分析和探討,以便采取相應(yīng)的措施進(jìn)行處理。。</p><p>　　建筑工程質(zhì)量事故影響因素</p><p>　?。ㄒ唬┙ㄖ牧戏矫娴囊蛩?lt;/p><p>　　建筑材料是構(gòu)成建筑結(jié)構(gòu)的物質(zhì)基礎(chǔ),建筑材料的質(zhì)量好壞,決定著建筑物的質(zhì)量。但在實(shí)踐中由于使用不合格的建筑材料造成質(zhì)量事故的比比皆是。使用質(zhì)量不合格的建筑材料,會給建筑工程質(zhì)量事故的發(fā)生埋下隱患

5、。在實(shí)踐中建筑材料及制品的質(zhì)量問題主要體現(xiàn)以下方面: </p><p>　　1.使用不合格的鋼材</p><p>　　一些施工企業(yè)看重效益,不看重質(zhì)量,低價購買一些不合格的鋼材如地下小煉鐵廠、黑工廠生產(chǎn)的螺紋鋼或圓鋼,或者是從廢品回收站買來生銹鋼材,致使鋼結(jié)構(gòu)強(qiáng)度和韌度達(dá)不到要求,為建筑安全埋下隱患。 </p><p>　　2.使用的砂子雜質(zhì)含量大</p>

6、;<p>　　一些施工企業(yè)為省工錢趕進(jìn)度,一是以次充好,該用石砂時不用石砂,而用價格稍低的石粉代替或摻雜部分石粉。二是砂子不上鐵篩,連大帶小,一齊拌入混凝土中。三是砂子中泥土含量太高,不經(jīng)水洗,直接用于施工。這些做法導(dǎo)致的問題是混凝土強(qiáng)度不夠,取樣打壓后,不符合要求,容易誘發(fā)樁基偏位、基礎(chǔ)下墜、頂部開裂滲漏等問題。</p><p><b>　　建筑材料方面的因素</b><

7、/p><p>　　工程質(zhì)量與施工安全密不可分,相輔相成,質(zhì)量隱患往往導(dǎo)致安全事故,而不安全因素又可能為質(zhì)量事故埋下隱患。雖然相關(guān)的法律法規(guī)對施工企業(yè)對工程的施工質(zhì)量責(zé)任問題做出相應(yīng)規(guī)定,但在實(shí)踐中由于施工單位在施工過程不按程序操作,導(dǎo)致工程質(zhì)量事故頻發(fā)。施工方面的問題主要表現(xiàn)為以下幾個方面:</p><p><b>　　建設(shè)前期的工作問題</b></p>&

8、lt;p>　　建設(shè)前期的某些工作是極其重要的工作,如果不認(rèn)真按有關(guān)規(guī)定去做,很可能就決定了建筑工程質(zhì)量的先天性不足,如項(xiàng)目可行性研究、建設(shè)地點(diǎn)的選擇等。如果這些前期工作做得不好,很容易造成工程質(zhì)量事故,有時損失是十分嚴(yán)重的。</p><p><b>　　違反設(shè)計程序</b></p><p>　　從事建設(shè)工程勘察設(shè)計活動應(yīng)當(dāng)堅(jiān)持先勘察、后設(shè)計、再施工原則。但大量的

9、質(zhì)量事故調(diào)查證明,不少工程圖紙有的無設(shè)計人,無審核人,無批準(zhǔn)人,這類圖紙交付施工后,因設(shè)計考慮不周造成的質(zhì)量事故屢見不鮮。</p><p><b>　　違反施工要求</b></p><p>　　不同混凝土強(qiáng)度等級決定了它和鋼筋組合時的堅(jiān)固程度,添加的砂、石、水泥還有外加劑都必須有一定的比例才能達(dá)到設(shè)計確定的等級。但在工地上攪拌站砂、石嚴(yán)重混堆問題時有發(fā)生,在配混凝土?xí)r

10、,水泥、砂、石、水和外加劑根本不過秤。有的工地甚至根本沒有秤,現(xiàn)場的混凝土配比例牌只是擺設(shè)。這樣就大大降低混凝土的強(qiáng)度,帶來重大安全隱患。</p><p>　　工程技術(shù)人員方面的因素</p><p>　　建筑產(chǎn)品的優(yōu)劣,除了建筑材料全部合格外,最根本是人員的素質(zhì)問題。提高施工一線技能工人的職業(yè)技能和基本素質(zhì)是提高施工企業(yè)整體素質(zhì)、保證施工質(zhì)量、增強(qiáng)企業(yè)競爭力的關(guān)鍵。但在中國建筑施工領(lǐng)域,農(nóng)

11、民工已經(jīng)名副其實(shí)地成為工程建設(shè)的“主力軍”,而這支主力軍的素質(zhì)卻令人擔(dān)憂。農(nóng)民工的文化程度較低,且大部分沒有經(jīng)過任何培訓(xùn)。因此,由于缺乏質(zhì)量意識和基本的操作技能造成質(zhì)量安全事故的也比較多。另外施工技術(shù)人員數(shù)量不足也是我國建筑施工企業(yè)普遍存在的問題,這些都可能造成技術(shù)工作出現(xiàn)漏洞。 　　建筑管理人才缺乏也是不可忽略的因素。人才相對不足,尤其是高級管理人才和重要行業(yè)管理人才嚴(yán)重匾乏;人才結(jié)構(gòu)失調(diào);人才布局不合理;優(yōu)秀管理人才流失勢頭不減;

12、管理人才制度、體制和運(yùn)行機(jī)制上存在嚴(yán)重缺陷等問題在一定程度上制約了建筑業(yè)的深層次發(fā)展。</p><p><b>　　監(jiān)理方面的因素</b></p><p>　　建設(shè)工程監(jiān)理直接負(fù)責(zé)工程質(zhì)量的檢查驗(yàn)收,因此監(jiān)理工作對建筑工程質(zhì)量來說是很重要的一個環(huán)節(jié)。但目前我國監(jiān)理工作存在許多問題,在一定程度上影響了建筑工程質(zhì)量,為建筑工程質(zhì)量事故埋下了隱患。監(jiān)理方面問題突出表現(xiàn)在以下

13、幾個方面:</p><p><b>　　建設(shè)監(jiān)理制度不完善</b></p><p>　　中國現(xiàn)已出臺了《建筑法》、《工程建設(shè)監(jiān)理規(guī)定》等一系列法律、規(guī)章,基本形成了上下結(jié)合配套的建設(shè)監(jiān)理制度體系,對建設(shè)監(jiān)理的開展起到了極其重要的指導(dǎo)和規(guī)范作用。但隨著建設(shè)監(jiān)理的深入發(fā)展,有些法規(guī)顯示出不合理的成分,影響監(jiān)理事業(yè)的發(fā)展。</p><p><b

14、>　　建設(shè)監(jiān)理水平不高</b></p><p>　　現(xiàn)有的工程監(jiān)理項(xiàng)目多數(shù)為施工階段的監(jiān)理,尚需向其他階段發(fā)展。監(jiān)理服務(wù)檔次不高,絕大多數(shù)情況下停留在工程現(xiàn)場的質(zhì)量控制上,在投資控制和進(jìn)度控制方面往往發(fā)揮不了應(yīng)有的作用,這就造成有些施工單位在沒有監(jiān)督的情況下為了趕進(jìn)度不按施工規(guī)范施工,材料上偷工減料,導(dǎo)致發(fā)生建筑工程質(zhì)量事故。</p><p>　　監(jiān)理工作不到位、責(zé)任不落

15、實(shí)</p><p>　　在工程監(jiān)理工作中,部分監(jiān)理人員責(zé)任心不強(qiáng),檢查把關(guān)不嚴(yán),造成監(jiān)理人員對工程施工的監(jiān)控不力。通過調(diào)研發(fā)現(xiàn)有的總監(jiān)理師兼任許多項(xiàng)目的總監(jiān);大多數(shù)監(jiān)理人員,特別是總監(jiān)理工程師根據(jù)自己對建設(shè)監(jiān)理的認(rèn)識和工程經(jīng)驗(yàn)開展工作,隨意性很大。這些都會在一定程度上影響建筑工程質(zhì)量的監(jiān)督。</p><p>　　監(jiān)理單位技術(shù)裝備和檢查手段落后</p><p>　　落

16、后的技術(shù)裝備和檢查手段,使得一些質(zhì)量隱患不易被發(fā)現(xiàn)而發(fā)展成為質(zhì)量問題。比如,施工中使用的很多建筑材料,在用于工程施工以前,除了必須同步提供質(zhì)保材料和準(zhǔn)用材料以外,有的還要進(jìn)行實(shí)驗(yàn)室試驗(yàn),有的必須用一定的儀器設(shè)備進(jìn)行復(fù)查,由于裝備和手段原因?qū)е卤缓鲆暤牟牧腺|(zhì)量問題引發(fā)的工程質(zhì)量事故問題在住宅建設(shè)中是屢見不鮮。</p><p><b>　　法律法規(guī)方面的因素</b></p><

17、;p>　　工程建設(shè)的法律法規(guī)體系分三個層次,即基本法律、行政法規(guī)、規(guī)范標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。相關(guān)的法律法規(guī)不健全、執(zhí)行不力,是產(chǎn)生建筑工程質(zhì)量事故問題的社會原因。具體來說,包括以下幾個方面:</p><p>　　法律法規(guī)可操作性不強(qiáng)</p><p>　　《建筑法》構(gòu)筑了中國建設(shè)法律體系的基本框架,且對建筑工程質(zhì)量問題有專章闡述。但該法律也逐漸顯露出缺乏適應(yīng)性,過于原則性,可操作性不強(qiáng)等問題。如對相應(yīng)

18、的處罰措施沒有規(guī)定具體數(shù)額和幅度,完全根據(jù)執(zhí)法人員的自由裁量確定,不利于操作,客觀上增加了執(zhí)法的隨意性,要么處罰過重,要么處罰過輕,就同一行為可能出現(xiàn)異罰現(xiàn)象。</p><p><b>　　條例細(xì)則不完善</b></p><p>　　《建設(shè)工程質(zhì)量管理?xiàng)l例》比《建筑法》在質(zhì)量管理方面更加具體化,可操作性強(qiáng),明確提出了“誰設(shè)計、誰施工、誰負(fù)責(zé)”的原則。這一原則分解了質(zhì)量

19、責(zé)任,加大了質(zhì)量管理的處罰力度,但也存在備案制度細(xì)則不完善的問題。</p><p>　　驗(yàn)評標(biāo)準(zhǔn)、設(shè)計規(guī)范、施工規(guī)范、強(qiáng)制性標(biāo)準(zhǔn)等規(guī)范標(biāo)準(zhǔn),不斷更新,但官方色彩濃,執(zhí)行起來不到位,不具體,可操作性差。</p><p>　　除此之外,在整個法律法規(guī)及標(biāo)準(zhǔn)中沒有明確建筑產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量保證體系中檢測機(jī)構(gòu)、監(jiān)督機(jī)構(gòu)及認(rèn)證機(jī)構(gòu)不同的權(quán)力和義務(wù)。另外,在建筑法律實(shí)施過程中,沒有機(jī)構(gòu)針對法律的執(zhí)行情況進(jìn)行跟蹤

20、,修訂完善工作滯后。</p><p><b>　　結(jié)束語</b></p><p>　　建筑質(zhì)量事故的發(fā)生給人民安全、國家財產(chǎn)安全帶來嚴(yán)重的威脅，我們要從事故源頭上預(yù)防事故發(fā)生，減小損害，保障人身財產(chǎn)安全，這就必然要通過提高建筑材料質(zhì)量、嚴(yán)格遵守施工程序、提高工程技術(shù)人員素質(zhì)、提高監(jiān)理工作質(zhì)量、建立健全的法律制度來預(yù)防和減少建筑工程質(zhì)量事故的發(fā)生。也希望建筑施工企業(yè)、監(jiān)

21、理企業(yè)、國家政府能積極配合改善現(xiàn)有質(zhì)量管理現(xiàn)狀，預(yù)防和減少質(zhì)量事故發(fā)生。</p><p>　　Analyze the Influential Factors of Construction Engineering Quality Accident</p><p>　　1 Introduction</p><p>　　With the continuous devel

22、opment of China's economy, construction industry showed vigorous development of the situation, but the construction engineering quality accidents also keeps happening, the personal property damage to the country and

23、people. Construction engineering quality accidents, often is composed of a number of factors, one of the most basic factor has four kinds: people, things, natural environment and social conditions. In this paper, the rel

24、ationship between the four major factor</p><p>　　2 Construction Project Quality Accident </p><p>　　Construction engineering quality accident is to point to in building engineering survey, design

25、, construction, supervision and use process, due to the fault of the parties, makes the building in a safe, applicable, economic, beautiful features such as there is a larger defects, casualties and property loss to cons

26、truction unit. Construction engineering quality accidents, often is composed of a number of factors, one of the most basic factor has four kinds: people, things, natural environment and</p><p>　　3 Factors Af

27、fecting Construction Quality Accident </p><p>　　3.1 In Building Materials </p><p>　　Building materials is constitute the material basis for the building structure, the building materials quality

28、, determines the quality of the building. But in practice due to the use of substandard building materials caused quality accidents everywhere. The use of substandard building materials, to construction engineering quali

29、ty accidents. In practice, the quality problem of the construction materials and products mainly embodies the following aspects: </p><p>　　3.1.1 Use Unqualified Steel</p><p>　　Some construction

30、enterprise value benefit, don't care about the quality, low price to buy some unqualified steel such as underground small steel mills, the rebar or round steel, black factory or were purchased from recyclers rust ste

31、el, the strength and toughness steel structure can not meet the requirements, for the construction safety. </p><p>　　3.1.2 Use the Sand Content of Impurities </p><p>　　Some construction enterpri

32、ses to save money to catch progress, one is shoddy, the used sand without sand, with prices lower powder instead of a part or mixed stone powder. 2 it is to move not iron screen, big and small, all mixed into the concret

33、e. Three is in the sand clay content is too high, without water, directly used in the construction. These approaches lead to the problem is that the concrete strength is not enough, after sampling down, do not conform to

34、 the requirements, easy to induce </p><p>　　3.2 In Building Materials </p><p>　　Engineering quality and construction safety are inseparable, supplement each other, the quality hidden trouble oft

35、en leads to safety accidents, and unsafe factors for quality accidents. Although the relevant laws and regulations of construction enterprises in engineering construction quality responsibility accordingly, but in practi

36、ce due to the construction units in construction process is not in accordance with the program operation, frequent accidents in engineering quality. Construction prob</p><p>　　3.2.1 The Early Stage of the Co

37、nstruction Work </p><p>　　Some of the early stage of the construction work is extremely important, if not follow relevant regulations seriously, probably determines the construction quality of congenital def

38、iciencies, such as the choice of project feasibility study, construction site, etc. If these early isn't doing a good job, it is easy to cause project quality accident, sometimes loss is very serious. </p><

39、;p>　　3.2.2 In Violation of the Design Process </p><p>　　Engaged in construction engineering survey and design activities shall adhere to the principle of first after the survey, design, and construction.

40、But a lot of quality accident investigation shows that many engineering drawings have no creator, no reviewer, without approval, such drawings delivery after construction, caused by thoughtless design quality accident. &

41、lt;/p><p>　　3.2.3 In Violation of the Construction Requirements </p><p>　　Determines its different concrete strength grade and stronger than when reinforced composite, add the sand, stone, cement a

42、nd admixture must have a certain proportion to reach the level of design. But mixing station on site problem serious mixed pile of sand, stone, when mix concrete, cement, sand, stone, water, and admixtures weighing. Some

43、 sites even no scales, the scene of the concrete match ratio just decoration. Thus greatly reduce the strength of concrete, a major security risk. </p><p>　　3.3 In Engineering and Technical Personnel </p&

44、gt;<p>　　The pros and cons of building products, in addition to all qualified building materials, the quality of personnel is the most fundamental problems. A line construction skills of the workers' vocationa

45、l skills and basic quality is to improve the construction enterprise overall quality, ensure the quality of construction, the key to increase the competitiveness of enterprises. But in China the construction field, migra

46、nt workers have literally become the "main force" of the construction of the pro</p><p>　　Construction management personnel lack of factors that cannot be ignored. Relatively insufficient talents,

47、especially senior management personnel and important industry management personnel serious short; Talent structure disorder; Layout of talents is not reasonable; Outstanding management talent loss of momentum is not redu

48、ced; Management personnel system, system and operational mechanism on the problems such as serious flaws in a certain extent, restricted the construction of deep development</p><p>　　3.4 Supervision of Facto

49、rs </p><p>　　Examination and acceptance of construction project supervision is directly responsible for the engineering quality, therefore the supervision for construction engineering quality is very importa

50、nt one link. There are many problems, but at present our country supervision work to a certain extent, affected the construction quality, planted hidden danger for the construction project quality accident. Supervision i

51、ssues outstanding performance in the following aspects: </p><p>　　3.4.1 Construction Supervision System Is Not Perfect </p><p>　　China has introduced a "building law", "engineerin

52、g construction supervision regulations" and a series of laws and regulations, basic formed in combination with the construction supervision system of form a complete set, up and down about the development of constru

53、ction supervision plays a very important role in guidance and specifications. But with the further development of construction supervision, some regulations show the unreasonable composition, influence the development of

54、 supervision en</p><p>　　3.4.2 Construction Supervision Level Is Not High </p><p>　　Most existing engineering supervision project supervision for construction stage, still needs to other stages

55、of development. Supervision service level is not high, the vast majority of cases, stop at the scene of the engineering quality control, investment control and schedule control often play the proper role, this can make s

56、ome construction units in the absence of supervision in order to catch up is not in accordance with the construction specification, material to cut corners on, led to the</p><p>　　3.4.3 Not In Place, Respons

57、ibility Implementation Supervision Work </p><p>　　In engineering supervision work, part of the supervision of personnel is not strong sense of responsibility, check the lax, cause lack of monitoring of engin

58、eering construction supervision personnel. Through the survey found some total engineering consultant of many project director; Most supervisors, especially general supervision engineer according to their own understandi

59、ng of construction supervision and engineering experience to carry out the work, conceptions. These are to some extent, aff</p><p>　　3.4.4 The Backward Technology and Equipment Supervisor of Supervisor Manag

60、ement Unit And Inspection </p><p>　　The backward technology and equipment and the inspection method, makes some potential quality is not easy to be found and developed into quality problems. A lot of buildin

61、g materials used in construction, for example, before used in engineering construction, in addition to providing quality assurance must be synchronous material and apply mutatis mutandis to material, some even for labora

62、tory test, there must be some equipment in the process of reviewing neglected due to equipment and instrument</p><p>　　3.5 Aspects of Laws and Regulations </p><p>　　Construction of laws and regu

63、lations system of three levels, namely the basic laws, administrative regulations and standards. Relevant laws and regulations is not sound, weak enforcement, is the architectural engineering quality accident social caus

64、e of the problem. In particular, including the following aspects: </p><p>　　3.5.1 Operability Is Not Strong Laws and Regulations </p><p>　　"Building law" construct the basic framework

65、of the construction of Chinese legal system, and there are discussed in this paper, the problems of construction engineering quality. But the law also gradually show a lack of adaptability, too principle, operability is

66、not strong. As punishment for the corresponding measures not provided specific amount and amplitude, completely according to the law enforcement discretion to determine, is not conducive to the operation, objectively inc

67、reases the arbi</p><p>　　3.5.2 Imperfect Regulations Rules </p><p>　　The construction project quality management regulations more specific than in the aspect of quality management principles, th

68、e maneuverability is strong, clearly put forward the "who design, construction, who is responsible for" principle. This principle to decompose the quality responsibility, we intensified the efforts on quality m

69、anagement of punishment, but there is also the record of the imperfection of the system. </p><p>　　3.5.3 Test Evaluation Standards, Design Specifications, Construction Specifications, Such As Mandatory Stand

70、ard Specification Standards, Constantly Updated, But the Official Color Thick, Execution Does Not Reach the Designated Position, Not Specific, Operability Is Poor. </p><p>　　In addition, no clear in the laws

71、 and regulations and standard construction products in the quality assurance system testing institutions, supervision institutions and authentication institutions of different power and obligation. In addition, in the pr

72、ocess of building law enforcement, no agencies on the implementation of the legal track, revising perfect work lag. </p><p>　　4 The Conclusion </p><p>　　Construction quality accident happened to

73、 the people's safety, bring serious threat state property security, we want to prevent the accident from the accident source, reduce the damage, to ensure the safety of personal property, it must by improve the quali

74、ty of construction materials, strictly abide by the construction procedures, improve the quality of the engineering and technical personnel, improve the quality of supervision, establishing and perfecting the legal syste

75、m to prevent and reduce</p><p><b>　　Source:</b></p><p>　　http://www.doc88.com/p-1728770674520.html</p><p><b>　　Source:</b></p><p>　　http://www.d