外文資料翻譯----中小企業(yè)融資難相關(guān)問題分析

1、<p>　　本 科 生 畢 業(yè) 論 文</p><p>　　外 文 資 料 翻 譯</p><p>　　專 業(yè) 財務(wù)管理（財務(wù)管理方向） </p><p>　　班 級 　　 </p><p>　　姓 名

2、 </p><p>　　指導(dǎo)教師 </p><p>　　所在學(xué)院 管理學(xué)院　 </p><p>　　附 件1.外文資料翻譯譯文;2.外文原文 </p><p>　　中小企業(yè)融資難相關(guān)問題分析</p><p>　　一、中小企業(yè)融

3、資難現(xiàn)狀</p><p>　　改革開放30 年來，我國的中小企業(yè)得到了迅速的發(fā)展，占企業(yè)總數(shù) 99％的中小企業(yè)對我們國家GDP 貢獻超過了60％，稅收超過了50％，提供了70％的進出口貿(mào)易和80％的城鎮(zhèn)就業(yè)崗位。中小企業(yè)同樣是我們國家自主創(chuàng)新的一個重要力量，66％的發(fā)明專利，82％的新產(chǎn)品開發(fā)都來自于中小企業(yè)，中小企業(yè)已經(jīng)成為繁榮經(jīng)濟、擴大就業(yè)、調(diào)整結(jié)構(gòu)、推動創(chuàng)新和形成新的產(chǎn)業(yè)的重要的力量。</p>

4、<p>　　自0 8 年國際金融危機爆發(fā)以來, 我國實施了積極的財政政策和寬松的貨幣政策, 但廣大中小企業(yè)至今沒有從積極的財政政策和適度寬松的貨幣政策當(dāng)中直接受益,例如08 年全國新增小企業(yè)貸款只有225 億，比上年只增長了1.4％，可是全國的貸款增加了14.9％，09 年頭三個月全國的信貸規(guī)?？偭吭黾恿? .8萬億，其中給中小企業(yè)貸款增加的額度只占不到5％。目前融資難、貸款難已經(jīng)成為制約中小企業(yè)發(fā)展的瓶頸, 中小企業(yè)生產(chǎn)經(jīng)

5、營面臨著嚴(yán)峻困難，據(jù)國家統(tǒng)計局和工信部統(tǒng)計到08 年底，全國中小企業(yè)中歇業(yè)停產(chǎn)或者倒閉的大約占7 .5％，城鎮(zhèn)就業(yè)更加困難，這個狀況不僅影響我國經(jīng)濟的復(fù)蘇，而且直接影響保增長、保民生、保穩(wěn)定的發(fā)展目標(biāo)。從這個意義上說，國際金融危機沖擊下的我國經(jīng)濟能否真正的走出低谷，關(guān)鍵是廣大中小企業(yè)的活力能否得到完全恢復(fù)。</p><p>　　二、中小企業(yè)融資難原因分析</p><p>　　中小企業(yè)融資難

6、、貸款難應(yīng)該說也是一個世界性的難題，從我國看，既有體制機制問題，也有中小企業(yè)自身的問題，主要有三個方面的原因：第一個，中小企業(yè)自身的問題, 中小企業(yè)一般規(guī)模小，實力弱，它的信譽不是太高。中小企業(yè)普遍誠信意識薄弱，類似的一家企業(yè)幾套報表的現(xiàn)象屢見不鮮，可能在稅務(wù)這邊報表難看一些, 少交點稅，在銀行這邊可能表好看一些，多貸點款，這樣信息是否真實可靠就成了問題。而這種做法對企業(yè)反而是很不利的，對中小企業(yè)的發(fā)展是不健康的，我們試想一下，如果幾個

7、部門把這些表全拿在一起，那首先這個企業(yè)是不誠信的，他就沒有立足之地了。我們的制造型和外向型中小企業(yè)在人才、技術(shù)、資金、市場環(huán)境等方面面對著金融危機，存在著巨大的發(fā)展壓力，它的根本原因是企業(yè)的科技含量不夠高，創(chuàng)新的能力比較弱，進入市場的門檻比較低，市場競爭的激烈也增加, 這些都不利于中小企業(yè)的發(fā)展壯大。第二個，從銀行方面來看，對于中小企業(yè)的貸款條件更加嚴(yán)格，因為我們的銀行大部分是商業(yè)銀行，它也考慮自身的風(fēng)險，自身的利潤。到2008 年末，

8、小企業(yè)不良貸款率是11.6%，高于整個銀行業(yè)七八個百分點, 像國有的大企業(yè)，一旦出了問題，國家還會來并購重</p><p>　　三、中小企業(yè)融資難解決之道</p><p>　　( 一) 從政府角度而言</p><p>　　1、政府應(yīng)該放松管制，降低市場準(zhǔn)入壁壘，讓更多的小銀行，以服務(wù)中小企業(yè)為戰(zhàn)略定位的那些小銀行能夠蓬蓬勃勃的發(fā)展起來。現(xiàn)在我國有大概一百多家村鎮(zhèn)銀行

9、，村鎮(zhèn)銀行的成立對改善縣經(jīng)濟投資的瓶頸，包括改善中小企業(yè)和支持三農(nóng)發(fā)展將會起到非常重要的作用。對現(xiàn)有五大國有銀行, 應(yīng)鼓勵其大力發(fā)展自己有利于小企業(yè)融資的專門機構(gòu)，放松其下設(shè)分支機構(gòu)的審批環(huán)節(jié)，鼓勵它們在地、縣，甚至鄉(xiāng)，來提供更接近、更方便的金融服務(wù)。</p><p>　　2 、政府應(yīng)該幫助銀行建立一個信用體系，進一步降低他們的信息成本，在我國，央行從1998 年起就開始啟動了企業(yè)征信體系建設(shè)，由專門機構(gòu)采集、保

10、存、整理、分析、使用企業(yè)的信用信息，以防范信用風(fēng)險，保持金融市場穩(wěn)定。2006 年開始，央行又著手建立中小企業(yè)信用體系，希望把征信體系覆蓋到那些和金融機構(gòu)沒有信貸關(guān)系的中小企業(yè)。當(dāng)然，信用體系也不是只靠政府，現(xiàn)在有一些網(wǎng)絡(luò)公司，比如阿里巴巴在嘗試用網(wǎng)上交易的信息變成中小企業(yè)的信用指標(biāo)，這個信用指標(biāo)如果出來了以后，可以進一步降低銀行的信息成本。</p><p>　　3 、政府應(yīng)該多方面的對銀行進行風(fēng)險補償, 目前各

11、地出臺的利益補償機制和風(fēng)險補償基金政策，僅僅是解決中小企業(yè)融資難的一種辦法，并不能從根本上解決。例如到去年末為止，福建省小企業(yè)貸款的不良貸款率是6.71%，而整個銀行業(yè)，平均的水平是百分之二點一幾， 而風(fēng)險補償金，只是給0.8 個百分點， 只解決一小部分。因此需要多方面的對銀行進行風(fēng)險補償。例如凡是給中小企業(yè)貸款的，那么就根據(jù)銀行的貸款量，減少它的稅收，減少營業(yè)稅、所得稅; 國家可以幫助企業(yè)貼息，提高銀行風(fēng)險收益; 如果貸款形成損失，政

12、府用風(fēng)險補償基金把它補起來，這就使大企業(yè)的貸款和中小企業(yè)的貸款能夠達到比較收益率是基本平衡的。</p><p>　　4 、政府應(yīng)該積極推進多層次資本市場體系建設(shè), 以更好的滿足包括中小企業(yè)在內(nèi)的各類企業(yè)的融資需求。中小企業(yè)類型不一，所處的發(fā)展階段不盡相同，決定了中小企業(yè)的融資需求也不一樣。因此中小企業(yè)群體的差異化決定了企業(yè)融資需求的多元化，那么滿足中小企業(yè)融資需求也需要形式多樣的資金提供方式，比如銀行貸款、債券融

13、資、股權(quán)融資等等。我國2 0 0 4 年深圳交易所創(chuàng)立中小板,通過推動資本、科技、管理等要素有效的結(jié)合，中小板既培育了一批優(yōu)質(zhì)企業(yè)，也為促進產(chǎn)業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)的升級發(fā)揮了積極的作用。</p><p>　　09 年10 月，創(chuàng)業(yè)板正式啟動。創(chuàng)辦板推出將為自主創(chuàng)新的企業(yè)提供有效的監(jiān)管機制，推動一批中小企業(yè)邁上新的發(fā)展臺階。但對于更多中小企業(yè)而言還達不到上市的條件，解決這類企業(yè)股權(quán)融資、股份流轉(zhuǎn)需要一個有效的場外市場。在2006

14、 年開始，我國啟動了非上市股份公司進入證券公司掛牌交易的試點工作。此外政府應(yīng)大力推動債券市場的發(fā)展，為中小企業(yè)債券融資提供更多的便利，在發(fā)達市場國家，債券融資是企業(yè)主要的融資方式，以美國為例，2008 年，美國的公司債券發(fā)行額是同期股票發(fā)行額的5倍，與美國、歐洲等國家和地區(qū)相比，我國債券市場還有很大拓展的空間。</p><p>　　( 二) 從銀行角度而言</p><p>　　如果依靠我國

15、銀行業(yè)的現(xiàn)有金融產(chǎn)品和對中小企業(yè)貸款的相關(guān)規(guī)定，要想解決中小企業(yè)融資難問題是不可能的，我們改變不了中小企業(yè)的現(xiàn)狀，那么我們就改變我們銀行的信貸方式，金融創(chuàng)新迫在眉睫。目前銀行業(yè)正在通過組織架構(gòu)創(chuàng)新，風(fēng)險管理技術(shù)創(chuàng)新，擔(dān)保抵押創(chuàng)新，和產(chǎn)品創(chuàng)新等多種途徑改變中小企業(yè)融資難的現(xiàn)狀。</p><p>　　1、擔(dān)保抵押創(chuàng)新。抵押品不足是中小企業(yè)最大軟肋, 他們不可能買一堆房子然后準(zhǔn)備做擔(dān)保，這是不現(xiàn)實的，對于高新企業(yè)而言核

16、心的資產(chǎn)應(yīng)該是他們的知識產(chǎn)權(quán)， 專利權(quán)和一個在技術(shù)、在市場上創(chuàng)新的團隊，是最重要的資產(chǎn)，可以使他們每年高速增長，但是資金就像血液一樣支撐其發(fā)展，這幾塊都需要資金，而抵押物不足，銀行不給放貸。目前全國很多省份的中小銀行都開展了面向中小企業(yè)的金融創(chuàng)新實驗，如江蘇農(nóng)信社廣泛推廣倉單質(zhì)押，通過庫存產(chǎn)品作為抵押取得貸款；天津濱海農(nóng)村商業(yè)銀行積極開展企業(yè)股權(quán)質(zhì)押貸款; 北京銀行新近推出知識產(chǎn)權(quán)作為質(zhì)押從銀行獲得貸款。</p><

17、p>　　2、信用評級創(chuàng)新。大銀行做業(yè)務(wù)的時候，通?？促Y產(chǎn)負債表、損益表、現(xiàn)金流量表，中小企業(yè)有的連這三表都沒有，銀行信息成本很高，導(dǎo)致惜貸, 浙江泰隆商業(yè)銀行進行創(chuàng)新, 他們就看水表、電表、海關(guān)報關(guān)表，大量降低成本，使得小額貸款還能夠有錢可賺。又如深圳發(fā)展銀行, 他們通過關(guān)注企業(yè)交易對手的信用，關(guān)注企業(yè)的真實性， 選擇了一種新的對企業(yè)的信用評級方式。在對企業(yè)的信用評級方法里邊，對企業(yè)自身的信用評級權(quán)重只有15％，更加關(guān)注交易對手和

18、交易的真實性。大部分企業(yè)都是在貿(mào)易鏈中，在供應(yīng)鏈中生存的，它一定有上游的原材料供應(yīng)和下游的產(chǎn)品或者是半成品的服務(wù)或者是運輸或者是物流的管理，那么在這個過程當(dāng)都能夠檢索到企業(yè)的信用記錄，用這些東西就可以比較容易的選擇到好的重信用的有真實貿(mào)易背景的這些企業(yè)，向其提供足夠好的服務(wù)，調(diào)動各種各樣的金融工具，在企業(yè)發(fā)展的過程中，深發(fā)展也創(chuàng)造了利潤。　</p><p>　　3、業(yè)務(wù)流程創(chuàng)新。我國商業(yè)銀行大都是官辦的銀行，習(xí)慣

19、在房子里坐等客戶，一筆貸款要審批一個月、三個月，這樣一種管理、這樣一種審批效果是不可能適應(yīng)中小企業(yè)金融服務(wù)，也不可能來改善中小企業(yè)的融資困難。銀行一方面要降低門檻，另一方面必須簡化程序、減少環(huán)節(jié)，建立高效的審批機制, 這樣才能適應(yīng)小企業(yè)對信貸資金短、平、快的要求。中國銀行四月底推出了信貸工廠。就是把銀行當(dāng)作工廠，中小企業(yè)是原材料，進入流水線后經(jīng)過營銷、銷售、業(yè)務(wù)申報、審批、支用、客戶維護和貸后管理，獲得貸款。而銀行也不是一個人從頭到尾完

20、成所有環(huán)節(jié)，而是派出7組工人，每人把住流水線上的一個環(huán)節(jié)，批量生產(chǎn)。通過這樣的方式簡化審批的流程。通過這種流程安排使其對于中小企業(yè)信貸審批的周期從過去2、3 個月，縮短到現(xiàn)在的3、5 天。</p><p>　　4、加強人員培訓(xùn)。在機制建設(shè)以后就要有一批人能夠做這件事情，而且把它做得很好，這就要加強員工的培訓(xùn)，進一步加強對中小企業(yè)、微小企業(yè)貸款以及高新技術(shù)的中小企業(yè)的貸款工作的培訓(xùn)和交流的力度，加大整個產(chǎn)品應(yīng)變研發(fā)

21、的力度，用新的激勵約束的辦法來培養(yǎng)一支專業(yè)的隊伍和新的服務(wù)文化。</p><p>　　(三) 從企業(yè)角度而言</p><p>　　1、企業(yè)應(yīng)加強管理、提高素質(zhì)。要正確認識當(dāng)前形勢，正視風(fēng)險，樹立靠管理求效益、謀發(fā)展的觀念, 要更加注重技術(shù)改造、科技創(chuàng)新，注重新產(chǎn)品研發(fā)、質(zhì)量改進和品牌建設(shè)，不斷拓展新產(chǎn)品，提高產(chǎn)品附加值，以內(nèi)在質(zhì)量的提高，贏得市場。努力節(jié)能降耗、降本增效、增收節(jié)支。加大市場

22、開拓能力，降低“產(chǎn)成品、應(yīng)收賬款”兩項資金占用，加快資金周轉(zhuǎn)。通過轉(zhuǎn)變發(fā)展方式，不是單靠產(chǎn)量的擴張，而是靠質(zhì)的提高實現(xiàn)工業(yè)增加值的較快增長。</p><p>　　2、企業(yè)應(yīng)加強誠信體系建設(shè)，建立規(guī)范透明的管理制度，建立真實可信的財務(wù)報表，積累企業(yè)的信用制度。</p><p>　　綜上所述, 中小企業(yè)的融資是一個全球性的難題，也是一項系統(tǒng)工程，需要各方的共同努力，也更需要中小企業(yè)自身的管理進

23、步，這件事情不管它的前進道路上有多大的困難，只要我們大家共同努力，為破解中小企業(yè)的融資難題貢獻自己的智慧和力量，轉(zhuǎn)變觀念，進行大膽創(chuàng)新，找到解決中小企業(yè)融資難的正確途徑, 那么在這一條道路上面我們就會越走越寬廣，我們的前景也會越來越美好。</p><p>　　Sme financing problems related to the analysis</p><p>　　First， sm

24、all and medium-sized enterprise financing status</p><p>　　Reform and opening up, China for 30 years of small and medium-sized enterprises obtained a rapid development of enterprise, 99% of the small and medi

25、um-sized enterprises of our country more than 60% GDP contribution, tax over 50%, provides 70% of import and export trade and 80% of urban jobs. Small and medium-sized enterprises in our country is also an important powe

26、r of independent innovation, 66% of invention patent, 82% of new product development of small and medium-sized enterprises, from sm</p><p>　　From 80 years since the outbreak of the international financial cr

27、isis, the implementation of the positive fiscal policy and looser monetary policy, but no small and medium-sized enterprises from the proactive fiscal policy and moderate looser monetary policy benefit directly, for inst

28、ance, of the new 2008 225 million small loan only, more than the previous year, but rose 1.4% only the loans increased 14.9%, 09 year three months of national total credit increased 4 8 trillion, including loans to</p

29、><p>　　Second, the sme financing reason analysis</p><p>　　Sme loans and financing is a cosmopolitan should say, see, both from China, and mechanism of medium and small-sized enterprises, there are

30、three main reasons: first, the medium and small-sized enterprises, small and medium-sized enterprises generally small, weak strength, it's not too much credit. Small and medium-sized enterprises generally weak awaren

31、ess of honesty, similar to a few of the common phenomenon, may report on tax on some, less ugly statements in Banks, this intersection, some may </p><p>　　Third, the sme financing difficulty in solving the p

32、roblem</p><p>　　from the Angle of the government</p><p>　　1, the government should relax market access control, reducing barriers, let more </p><p>　　smaller Banks, small and medium

33、-sized enterprises in service for the strategic positioning of those small Banks to bitter fleabane bitter fleabane. Dynamic development Now China is probably more than a hundred villages and towns of the bank, bank esta

34、blished to improve the bottleneck of the economic investment county, including improving agriculture development of small and medium-sized enterprises and support will play a very important role. For existing five state-

35、owned Banks, should be encour</p><p>　　2, the government should help Banks to establish a credit system, further reducing </p><p>　　their information cost, in our country, the central bank since

36、 1998 enterprise credit system construction was started by the specialized agencies, collection and storage, sorting, analysis, and use of enterprise credit information, to guard against credit risks, maintain stable fin

37、ancial markets. In 2006, the central bank and small and medium-sized enterprise credit system to establish the credit system, hope to cover those and financial institutions have no credit relations of small and medium-&l

38、t;/p><p>　　3, the government should various of bank risk compensation, the local interest risk compensation mechanism and policy, just compensation fund is to solve the sme financing way, and cannot be fundamen

39、tally solved. As to the end, fujian province of bad loans is small loans 6.71%, but the average level of banking, is a two percent, while a few risk compensation, just to 0.8 percent, only a small part. So many of bank r

40、isk compensation. As all of the loans to small and medium-sized enterprises, then</p><p>　　4, the government should actively promote the multi-level capital market system, in order to better satisfy all kind

41、s of small and medium-sized enterprises include the financing needs of enterprise. Different types of small and medium-sized enterprises, the development stage is endless and same, determines the sme financing needs is n

42、ot the same. So small and medium-sized enterprise groups of differentiation determines the diversified financing needs, then satisfy sme financing demand also needs</p><p>　　In October 2009, gem officially l

43、aunched. Founded board will provide for independent innovation, promoting effective supervision mechanism of small and medium-sized enterprises in the new development stage. But for more than for small and medium-sized e

44、nterprises are listed to solve this kind of condition, enterprise's equity financing, stock transfer to a valid the over-the-counter market. In 2006, China launched fei joint-stock company listing for trading of secu

45、rities companies entering the p</p><p>　　from the bank Angle</p><p>　　If rely on the existing in banking financial products and sme loans, to solve the difficulty in financing smes is impossible

46、, we cannot change the present situation of small and medium-sized enterprises, so we would change our bank credit, financial innovation is imminent. Currently banking is through the organization innovation, risk managem

47、ent technical innovation, innovation, and security collateral product innovation so as to change the status of financing for smes.</p><p>　　1，guarantee mortgage innovation. Collateral shortage is small and m

48、edium-sized enterprise biggest soft rib, they could not buy a heap of the house and then prepare for security, it is not realistic to high-tech enterprise, as the core of assets should be their intellectual property righ

49、ts, the patent right and one on the market in technology, creative team, is the most important asset, can make their annual growth, but the capital like the blood to support its development, as well as several pie</p&

50、gt;<p>　　2，credit rating innovation. Big Banks do business of time, usually see a balance sheet, an income statement and a cash flow statement, small and medium-sized enterprises have even these three tables are n

51、ot high, the bank information costs, zhejiang tyrone arisen, commercial Banks, they look for innovative water meter, customs declaration form, large, reduce cost, still can make small loans to earn enough money. Like she

52、nzhen development bank, by focusing on their opponent's credit transaction, </p><p>　　3, business process innovation. Our country commercial bank, the bank is mostly official in the house, wait for a loa

53、n to customers approval for a month, three months, such a kind of management, such an examination result is impossible to small and medium-sized enterprise financial services, it is impossible to improve the financing di

54、fficulties of small and medium-sized enterprises. Banks to reduce threshold, the other is to simplify the process, reduce link, establish examination mechanism, so</p><p>　　4, strengthening the training of p

55、ersonnel. After construction in mechanism to have a group of people to do it, and do it well, it is to strengthen the training of the staff, further strengthen the sme, small business loans and high-tech smes job trainin

56、g and the loan of communication, increasing the entire product r&d efforts, with the strain of new incentive and restraint measures to cultivate a professional team and the new service.</p><p>　　(c) from

57、 the Angle of enterprises</p><p>　　1, enterprises should strengthen management, improve quality. To correctly understand the situation, face, establish the risk by management effectiveness and development id

58、ea, must pay more attention to technical innovation, technological innovation, pay attention to the new product development, improve quality and brand construction and development of new products, improve the product qua

59、lity improvement, and win the market. Reducing energy consumption, to increase, increasing earnings. Increas</p><p>　　2, the enterprises should strengthen the construction of credit system, establish the sta

60、ndard of management system, establish the transparent reliable financial statements, the accumulation of enterprise credit system.</p><p>　　To sum up, the sme financing is a global problem, but also a system

61、atic engineering, which requires concerted effort, also needs the medium and small-sized enterprises management, this thing whether it advances the way how difficult, as long as we joint effort, to break the financing di

62、fficulties of small and medium-sized enterprises contribute their wisdom and strength, change the idea, bold innovation, finding solutions to sme financing in the right way, then we will be on a road more walk mor</p&