機械外文翻譯文獻翻譯--現(xiàn)代設計與制造

1、<p><b>　　中文4935字</b></p><p>　　Modern Design and Manufacturing</p><p>　　一、The Computer and Manufacturing</p><p>　　The computer is bringing manufacturing into the Inf

2、ormation Age. This new tool, long a familiar one in business and management operations, is moving into the factory, and its advent is changing manufacturing as certainly as the steam engine changed it 100 years ago. <

3、/p><p>　　The basic metalworking processes are not likely to change fundamentally, but their organization and control definitely will</p><p>　　In one respect, manufacturing could be said to be comin

4、g full circle. The fist manufacturing was a cottage industry: the designer was also the manufacturer, conceiving and fabricating products one at a time. Eventually, the concept of the interchangeability of parts was deve

5、loped, production was separated into specialized functions, and identical parts were produced thousands at a time .</p><p>　　Today, although the designer and manufacturer may not become one again, the functi

6、ons are being drawn close in the movement toward an integrated manufacturing system.</p><p>　　It is perhaps ironic that, at a time when the market demands a high degree of product diversification, the necess

7、ity for increasing productivity and reducing coats is driving manufacturing toward inegration into a coherent system, a continuous process in which parts do not spent as much as 95% of production time being moved around

8、or waiting to be worked on . </p><p>　　The computer is the key to each of these twin requirements. It is the only tool that can provide the quick reflexes, the flexibility and seed, to meet a diversified mar

9、ket. And it is the only tool that enables the detailed analysis and the accessibility of accurate data necessary for the integration of the manufacturing system.</p><p>　　It may well be that, in the future,

10、the computer may be essential to a company’s survial. Many of today’s businesses will fade away to be replaced by more-productive combinations. Such more-productive combinations are superquality, superproductivity plants

11、. The goal is to design and operate a plant that would produce 100% satisfactory parts wich good productivity.</p><p>　　A sophisticated, competitive world is requiring that manufacturing begin to settle for

12、more, to become itself sophisticated. To meet competition, for example, a company will have to meet the somewhat conflicting demands for greater product diversification, higher quality, improved productivity , higher qua

13、lity, improved productivity and prices.</p><p>　　The company that seeks to meet these demands will need a sophisticated tool, one that will allow it to respond quickly to customer needs while getting the mos

14、t out of its manufacturing resources.</p><p>　　The computer is that tool.</p><p>　　Becoming a “superquality, superproductivity” plant requires the integration of an extremely complex system .T

15、his can be accomplished only when all extremely complex system. This can be accomplished only when all elements of manufacturing-design, fabrication and assembly, quality assurance, management, materials handing-are comp

16、uter integrated.</p><p>　　In product design, for example, interactive computer-aided-design(CAD) systems allow the drawing and analysis tasks to be performed in a fraction of the time allow the drawing and a

17、nalysis tasks to be performed in a fration of the time previously required and greater accuracy. And programs for prototype testing testing and evaluation further speed the design process.</p><p>　　In manufa

18、cturing planning, computer-aided process planning permits the selection, from thousands of possible sequences and schedules,of the optimum process.</p><p>　　On the shop floor, distributed intlligence in the

19、form of microprocessors controls, runs automated loading and unloading equipment, and collects data on current shopconditions.</p><p>　　But such isolated revolutions are not enough. What is nended is a total

20、ly automated system, linked by common software from front door to back.</p><p>　　Essentially, computer integration provides widely and instantaneously available, accurate information, improving communication

21、 between departments, permitting tighter control, and generally enhancing the overall quality and efficiency of the entire system.</p><p>　　Improved communication can mean, for example, designs that are more

22、 producible. The NC programmer and the tool designer have a chang to influence the product designer, and vice versa.</p><p>　　Engineering changes,can be reduced,and those that are required can be handled mor

23、e efficiently.Not only dose the computer permit them to be specicified more quickly, but it also alers subsequent users of the data to the fact that a change has been made.</p><p>　　The instantaneous updatin

24、g of production-control data permits better planning and more-effective scheduling . Expensive equipment, therefore, is used more productively, and parts move more efficiently through production, reducing work-in-process

25、 coats.</p><p>　　Product quality, too, can be improved. Not only are more-accurate designs produced, for example,but the use of design data by the quality-assurance department helps eliminate errors due to m

26、isunderstandings.</p><p>　　People are enabled to do their jobs better.By eliminating tedious calculations and paperwork—not to mention time wasted searching for information—the computer not only allows worke

27、rs to be more productive but also frees them to do what only human being can do: think creatively.</p><p>　　Computer integration may also lure new people into manufacturing. People are attracted because they

28、 want to work in a modern, technologically sophisticated enviroment.</p><p>　　In manufacturing engineering, CAD/CAM decreases tool-design,NC-programming, and planning times while speeding the response rate,

29、 which will eventually permit in-hous staff to perform work that is currently being contracted out.</p><p>　　二、Numerical Control</p><p>　　One of the most fundamental concepts in the area of adva

30、nced mannufacturing technologies is numerical control(NC). Prior to the advent of NC, all machine tools were manually operated and controlled. Among the many limitations associated with manual control machine tolls. Perh

31、aps none is more prominent than the limitation of operator skills. With manual control, the quality of the peoduct is directly related to and limited to the skills of the operator. Numerical control represents the first

32、majo</p><p>　　Numerical control means the control of machine tools and other manufacturing systems through the use of prerecorded, written symbolic instrutions. Rather than operating a machine tool, an NC te

33、chnician writes a program that issues operating a machine tool, an NC technician weites a program that issues operational instructions to the machine tool.</p><p>　　Numerical control was developed to overcom

34、e the limitation of human operators, and it has done so. Numerical control machines are more accurate than manually operated machines,they can produce parts more uniformly, they are fastre, and the long-run tooling costs

35、 are lower. The development of NC led to the development of several other innovations in manufacturing technology:</p><p>　　1.Electrical discharge machining.</p><p>　　2.Laser cutting.</p>

36、<p>　　3.Electron beam welding.</p><p>　　Numerical control has also made machine tools more versatile than their manually operated predecessors. An NC machine tool can automatically produce a wide varie

37、ty of parts, each involving an assortment of widely varied and complex machining processes. Numerical control has allowed manufacturers to undertake the production of products that would not have been feasible form an ec

38、onomic perspective using manually controlled machine tools and processes.</p><p>　　Like so many advanced technologies, NC was born in the laboratories of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. The concep

39、t of NC was developed in the early 1950s with funding provided by the U.S.Air Force.</p><p>　　The APT(Automatically Programmed Tools)language was designed at the Servomechanism laboratory of MIT in 1956. Thi

40、s is a special programming language for NC that uses statements similar to English language to define the part geometry, describe the cutting tool configuration, and specify the necessary motions. The development of the

41、APT language was a major step forward in the further development of NC technology. The original NC systems were vastly different form those used today. The machines ha</p><p>　　A major problem was the fragil

42、ity of the punched paper tape medium. It was common for the paper tape containing the programmed instructions to break or tear during a machining process. This problem was exacerbated by the fact that each successive tim

43、e a part was produced on a machine tool, the paper tape carrying the programmed instuctions had to be rerun through the reader. If it was necessary to produce 100 copies of a given part, it was also necessary to run the

44、paper tape through the reader </p><p>　　This led to the development of a special magnetic plastic tape. Whereas the paper tape carried the progtammed instructions as a series of holes punched in the tape, th

45、e plastic tape carried the instructions as a series of magnetic dots. The plastic tape was much stronger than the paper tape, which solved the problem of frequent tearing and breakage. However, it still left two other pr

46、oblems.</p><p>　　The most important of these was that it was difficult or impossible to change the instructions entered on the tape. To make even the most minor adjustments in a program of instuctions,it was

47、 necessary to interrupt machining operations and make a new tape. It was also still necessary to run the tape though the reader as many times as there were parts to be produced. Fortunately, computer technology became a

48、reality and soon solved the problems of NC asociated with punched paper and plastic tape.</p><p>　　The devslopment of a concept known as direct numerical control(DNC) solved the paper and plastic tape proble

49、ms associated with numerical control by simply eliminating tape as the medium for carrying the programmed instructions. In direct numerical control, machine tools are tied, via a data transmission link, to a host compute

50、r. Programs for operating the machine tools are stored in the host computer and fed to the machine tool as needed via the data transmission linkage. Direct numerical contro</p><p>　　The development of the mi

51、croprocessor allowed for the development of programmable logic controllers (PLCs) and microcomputers. These two technologies allowed for the development of computer of computer numerical control (CNC). Whit CNC, each mac

52、hine tool has a PLC or a microcomputer that serves the same purpose. This allows programs to be input and stord at each individual machine tool. It also allows programs to be devsloped off-line and downloaded at the indi

53、vidual machine tool. CNC solved the</p><p>　　三、Programmers</p><p>　　Skillful part-programmers are a vital requirement for effective utilization of NC machine tools. Upon their efficiency of thos

54、e machines and the financial payback of the significant investment in the machines themselves, the piant’s NC-support facilities, and the overhead costs involved.</p><p>　　Skillful NC part-programmers are sc

55、arce. This reflects not only the general shortage of experienced people in the meyalworking industries but also the increasing demand for programmers as industry turns more to the use of numerically controlled machines t

56、o increase the capability, versaility, and productivity of manufacturing.</p><p>　　On an industry-wide basis,the obvious answer is to create new programmers by training them-and there are a number of sources

57、 for such training. But first,what qualifications should programmers have, and what must programming trainees learn?</p><p>　　According to the National Machine Tool Builder’s Assn booklet “Selecting an Appro

58、priate NC programming Method,”the principal qualifications for manual programmers are as follows:</p><p>　　Manufacuring Experience Programmers must have a thorough understading of the capabilities of the NC

59、machines being programmed, as well as an understanding of the basic capabilities of the other machines in the shop. They must have an extensive knowledge of, and sensitivity to, metalcutting principles and practices and

60、practices, cutting capabilities of the tools, and workholding fixtures and techniques. Programmers properly trained in these manufacturing-engineering techniques can significantly </p><p>　　Spatial Visualiza

61、tion Programmers must be able to visualize parts in there dimensions, the cutting motions of the machine, and potential interferences between the cutting tool, workpiece, fixture, or the machine itself.</p><p&

62、gt;　　Mathematics A working knowledge of arithmetic, algebraic, trigonometric, and geometric operations is extremely important. A knowledge of higher mathematics, such as advanced algebra, calculus,etc, is not normally re

63、quired.</p><p>　　Attention to Details It is essential that programmers be acutely observant and meticulously accurate individuals. Programmers errors discovered during machine setup can be very expensive and

64、 time-consuming to correct.</p><p>　　“Manual programmer,” the booklet nots elsewhere, “requires the programmer to have more-detailed knowledge of the machine and contril, maching practices, and methods of co

65、mpution than dose computer-aided programming. Computer-aided programming, on the other hand, requires a knowledge of the computer programming language and the computer system in order to process that language. In general

66、, manual programmer is more tedious and demanding because of the detail involved. In a computer –aided program</p><p>　　Experts in the NC and training fields typically agree on these qualifications and requi

67、rements-adding such subsidiary details as a knowledge of blueprint reading, machinability of different metals, use of shop measuring instruments, tolerancing methods, and practices.</p><p>　　Where should you

68、 look for candidates? First of all, in your own plant-out on the shop floor. Edward F. Schloss, a Cincinnati Milacron sales vice president, puts it this way: “We’ve had excellent success with good lathe operators and goo

69、d boring-mill hands. They don’t know it, but they’ve been programming most of their working lives, and they know basic shop math and trigonometry. You can teach them programming rather handily. Conversely, though, it’s

70、fairly hard to make NC part-programmers out</p><p>　　With more-powerful computer-assist programming, the need for metalcutting knowledge on the part of programmers is reduced. Through the use of this softwa

71、re, Cincinnati Milacron has been very successful in hiring nem college graduates, includeing some with nontechnical degrees, and training them to be NC part-programming. The trainees are given hands-on machine-tool exper

72、ience in the plant before they are advanced to programming.</p><p>　　All suppliers of NC machine tools, of course, provide some sort of training in the proramming of their products, and most offer formalized

73、 training programs, Milacron’s sales department, for example, has 20 fulltime customer-training instructors. The company’s prerequisites for programmer training include the following:</p><p>　　“Participants

74、must have knowledge of general machine-shop safety procedures and be able to read detail drawings, sectional views, and NC manuscripts. ”</p><p>　　“Knowledge of plane geometry, right-angle trigonometry, and

75、fundamentals of tolerancing is required.”</p><p>　　“Knowledge of NC manual part-programming, NC machine-tool setup and operating procedures, part processing, metalcutting technology, tooling, and fixturing i

76、s also needed.”</p><p>　　Sending people with that kind of background to school will ensure that users of the NC machine will get the maximum benefit for their training dollar the cost of a week of the trinee

77、’s time, travel, and living expenses, even though the training fee is waived with the basic purchase of the machine tool. </p><p><b>　　現(xiàn)代設計與制造</b></p><p>　　一、計算機與制造業(yè)：</p><

78、p>　　計算機正在將制造業(yè)帶入信息時代。計算機長期以來在商業(yè)和管理方面得到了廣泛的應用，它正在作為一種新的工具進入到工廠中，而且它如同蒸汽機在100年前使制造業(yè)發(fā)生改變那樣，正在使制造業(yè)發(fā)生著變革。</p><p>　　盡管基本的金屬切削過程不太可能發(fā)生根本的改變，但是他們的組織形式和控制方式將發(fā)生改變。</p><p>　　從某一方面可以說，制造業(yè)正在完成一個循環(huán)。最初的制造業(yè)是家

79、庭手工業(yè)：設計者本身也是制造者，產(chǎn)品的構思與加工由同一人完成。后來，形成了零件的互換性這個概念，生產(chǎn)被依照專業(yè)功能分割開來，可以成批的生產(chǎn)數(shù)以千計的相同的零件。</p><p>　　今天，盡管設計者與制造者不可能再是同一個人，但在向集成制造系統(tǒng)前進的途中，這兩種功能已經(jīng)越來越靠近了。</p><p>　　可能具有諷刺意味的是，在市場需求高度多樣化的產(chǎn)品的時候，提高生產(chǎn)率和降低成本的必要性促

80、使著制造業(yè)朝著集成為單調關聯(lián)系統(tǒng)方向變化。這是一個連續(xù)的過程，在其中零件不需要花費多達95%的生產(chǎn)時間用在運輸和等待加工上。</p><p>　　計算機是滿足這兩項要求中任何一項的關鍵。它是能夠提供快速反應能力、柔性和滿足多樣化市場的唯一工具。而且，它是實現(xiàn)制造系統(tǒng)集成所需要的、能夠進行詳細分析和利用精確數(shù)據(jù)的唯一工具。</p><p>　　在將來計算機可能會是一個企業(yè)生存的基本條件，許多

81、現(xiàn)今的企業(yè)將會被生產(chǎn)能力更高的企業(yè)組合所取代。這些生產(chǎn)能力更高的企業(yè)組合是一些具有非常高的質量、非常高的生產(chǎn)率的工廠。目標是設計和運行一個能夠以高生產(chǎn)率的生產(chǎn)方式100%合格產(chǎn)品的工廠。</p><p>　　一個采用先進的、競爭的世界正在促使制造業(yè)開始做更高的工作，使其本身采用先進的技術。為了適應競爭，一個公司會滿足一些在某種程度上相互矛盾的要求，諸如產(chǎn)品多樣化、提高質量、增加生產(chǎn)率、降低價格。</p>

82、;<p>　　在努力這些要求的過程中，公司需要一個采用先進技術的工具，一個能夠對顧客的需求作出快速反應，而且從制造資源中獲得最大收益的工具。</p><p>　　計算機就是這個工具。</p><p>　　成為一個具有“非常高的質量、非常高的生產(chǎn)率”的工廠，需要對一個非常復雜的系統(tǒng)進行集成。這只有通過采用計算機對機械制造的所有組成部分—設計、加工、裝配、質量保證、管理和材料裝卸

83、及輸送進行集成才能完成。</p><p>　　例如，在產(chǎn)品設計期間，交互式的計算機輔助設計系統(tǒng)使得完成繪圖和分析工作所需要的時間比原來減少了幾倍，而且精確程度得到了很大的提高。此外，樣機的實驗與評價程序進一步加快了設計過程。</p><p>　　在制訂制造計劃時，計算機輔助編制工藝規(guī)程可以從數(shù)以千計的工序和加工過程中選擇最好的加工方案。</p><p>　　在車間里

84、，分布式智能以微處理器這種形式來控制機床、操縱自動裝卸料設備和收集關于當前車間狀態(tài)的信息。</p><p>　　但是這些各自獨立的改革還遠遠不夠。我們所需要的是有一個共同的軟件從始端到終端進行控制的全部自動化的系統(tǒng)。</p><p>　　一般來說，計算機集成可以提供廣泛的、及時的和精確的信息，可以改進各部門之間的交流與溝通，實施更嚴格的控制，而且通常能增強整個系統(tǒng)的全面質量和效率。<

85、/p><p>　　例如，改進交流和溝通意味著會使設計具有更好的可制造性。數(shù)控編程人員和工藝裝備設計人員有機會向產(chǎn)品設計人員提出意見，反之亦然。</p><p>　　因而可以減少技術反面的變更，而對于那些必要的變更，可以更有效地進行處理。計算機不僅能夠更快地對變更之處做出詳細說明，而且還能把變更之后的數(shù)據(jù)告訴隨后的使用者。</p><p>　　利用及時更新的生產(chǎn)控制數(shù)據(jù)可

86、以制訂更好的工藝規(guī)程和更有效率的生產(chǎn)進度。因而，可以使昂貴的設備更好的利用，提高零件在生產(chǎn)過程中運送效率，減少在制品的成本。</p><p>　　產(chǎn)品質量也可以得到改進。例如，不僅可以提高設計精度，還可以使質量保證部門利用設計數(shù)據(jù)，避免由于誤解而產(chǎn)生錯誤。</p><p>　　可以使人們更好的完成他們的工作。通過避免冗長的計算和書寫工作—這還不算查找資料所浪費的時間—計算機不僅使人們更有效

87、的工作，而且還能把他們解放出來去做只有人類才能做工作：創(chuàng)造性思考。</p><p>　　計算機集成制造還會吸引新的人才進入制造業(yè)。人才被吸引過來的原因是他們希望到一個現(xiàn)代化的、技術先進的環(huán)境中工作。</p><p>　　在制造過程中，CAD/CAM減少了工藝裝備設計、數(shù)控編程和編制工藝規(guī)程所需要的時間。而且，在同時加快了響應速度，這最終將會使目前外委加工的工作由公司內部人員完成。</

88、p><p><b>　　二、數(shù)字控制</b></p><p>　　先進制造技術中的一個最基本的概念是數(shù)字控制（NC）。在數(shù)控技術出現(xiàn)之前，所有的機床都是由人工操縱和控制的。在與人工控制的機床有關的很多局限性中，操作者的技能大概是最突出的問題。采用人工控制時，產(chǎn)品的質量直接與操作者的技能有關。數(shù)字控制代表了從人工控制機床走出來的第一步。</p><p&g

89、t;　　數(shù)字控制意味著采用預先錄制的、存儲的符號指令來控制機床和其他制造系統(tǒng)。一個數(shù)控技師的工作不是去操縱機床，而是編寫能夠發(fā)出機床操作指令的程序。</p><p>　　發(fā)展數(shù)控技術是為了克服人類操作者的局限性，而且它確實完成了這項工作。數(shù)字控制的機器比人工操縱的機器的精度更高、生產(chǎn)出零件的一致性更好、生產(chǎn)速度更快、而且長期的工藝裝備成本更低。數(shù)控技術的發(fā)展導致了制造技術中其他幾項新發(fā)明的產(chǎn)生：</p>

90、;<p>　　1.電火花加工技術。</p><p><b>　　2.激光切削。</b></p><p><b>　　3.電子束焊接。</b></p><p>　　數(shù)字控制還使得機床比它們采用人工操縱的前輩們的用途更為廣泛。一臺數(shù)控機床可以自動生產(chǎn)很多種類的零件，每一個零件都可以有不同的和復雜的加工過程。數(shù)控可

91、以使生產(chǎn)廠家承擔那些對于采用人工控制的機床和工藝來說，在經(jīng)濟上是不劃算的產(chǎn)品的生產(chǎn)任務。</p><p>　　同許多先進技術一樣，數(shù)控的誕生于麻省理工學院的實驗室中。數(shù)控這個概念是50年代初在美國空軍的資助下提出來的。</p><p>　　APT（自動編程工具）語言是1956年在麻省理工學院的伺服機構實驗室中被設計出來的。這是一個專門適用于數(shù)控的編程語言，使用類似于英語的語句來定義零件的幾

92、何形狀，描述切削刀具的形狀和規(guī)定必要的運動。APT語言的研究和發(fā)展是在數(shù)控技術進一步發(fā)展過程中的一大進步。最初的數(shù)控系統(tǒng)與今天應用的數(shù)控系統(tǒng)是有很大的區(qū)別的。在那時的機床中，只有硬線邏輯電路。指令程序寫在穿孔紙帶上（它后來被塑料磁帶所取代），采用帶閱讀機將寫在紙帶或磁帶上的指令給機器翻譯出來。所有這些共同構成了機床數(shù)字控制方面的巨大進步。然而，在數(shù)控發(fā)展的這個階段中還存在著許多的問題。</p><p>　　一個主

93、要問題是穿孔紙帶的易壞性。在機械加工過程中，載有編程指令信息的紙帶斷裂和被撕壞是常見的事情。在機床上每加工一個零件，都需要將載有編程指令的紙帶放入閱讀機中重新運行一次。因此，這個問題變得很嚴重。如果需要制造100個某種零件，則應該將紙帶分別通過閱讀機100次。易塤壞的紙帶顯然不能承受嚴酷的車間壞境和這種重復使用。</p><p>　　這就導致了一種專門的塑料磁帶的研制。在紙帶上通過采用一系列的小孔來載有編程指令，

94、而在塑料帶上通過采用一系列的磁點來載有編程指令。塑料帶的強度比紙帶的強度要高很多，這可以解決常見的撕壞和斷裂問題。然而，它仍然存在著兩個問題。</p><p>　　其中最重要的一個問題是，對輸入到帶中的指令進行修改是非常困難的，或者是根本不可能的。即使對指令程序進行最微小的調整，也必須中斷加工，制作一條新帶。而且?guī)ㄟ^閱讀機的次數(shù)還必須與需要加工的零件的個數(shù)相同。幸運的是，計算機技術的應用實際應用很快解決了數(shù)控技

95、術中與穿孔紙帶和塑料帶有關的問題。</p><p>　　在形成了直接數(shù)字控制（DNC）這個概念之后，可以不再采用紙帶或塑料帶作為編程指令的載體，這樣就解決了與之有關的問題。在直接數(shù)字控制中，幾臺機床通過數(shù)據(jù)傳輸線路連接到一臺主計算機上。操縱這些機床所需要的程序都存儲在這臺主計算機中。當需要時，通過數(shù)據(jù)傳輸線路提供給每臺機床。直接數(shù)字控制是在穿孔紙帶和塑料帶基礎上的一大進步。然而，它也有著同其他依賴于主計算機的技術

96、一樣的局限性。當計算機出現(xiàn)故障時，由其控制的所有機床都將停止工作。這個問題促使了計算機數(shù)字控制技術的產(chǎn)生。</p><p>　　微處理器的發(fā)展為可編程邏輯控制器和微型計算機的發(fā)展做好了準備。這兩種技術為計算機數(shù)控（CNC）的發(fā)展打下了基礎。采用CNC技術后，每臺機床上都有一個可編程邏輯控制器或者微機對其進行數(shù)字控制。這可以使得程序被輸入和存儲在每臺機床內部。它還可以在機床以外編制程序，并將其下載到每臺機床中。計算

97、機數(shù)控解決了主計算機發(fā)生故障所帶來的問題，但是它產(chǎn)生了另一個被稱為數(shù)據(jù)管理的問題。同一個程序可能要分別裝入十個相互之間沒有通訊聯(lián)系的微機中。這個問題目前正在解決之中，它是通過采用局部網(wǎng)絡將各個微機連接起來，以利于更好地進行數(shù)據(jù)管理。</p><p><b>　　三、編程人員</b></p><p>　　熟練的零件編程人員是有效地利用數(shù)控機床的基本要求。他們的工作決定了

98、這些機床的工作效率和在機床本身，工廠的數(shù)控輔助設備和管理費用等方面的投資所能得到的經(jīng)濟回報。</p><p>　　目前，熟練地零件加工數(shù)控編程人員非常短缺。這不僅表明了在機械加工業(yè)普遍缺少有經(jīng)驗的人員，而且也表明隨著越來越多地通過應用數(shù)控機床來增加生產(chǎn)能力、通用性和生產(chǎn)率，對編程人員的需求也日益增多。</p><p>　　就一個行業(yè)而言，明顯的答案是通過培訓來培養(yǎng)新的編程人員，而且可以通過

99、許多途徑進行這種培訓。首先應該確定編程人員應該具備什么條件和參加培訓的編程人員應該學習什么？</p><p>　　根據(jù)全國機床制造廠商協(xié)會編寫的《選擇適當?shù)臄?shù)控編程方法》這本小冊子，手工編程人員主要應該具備下列各項條件：</p><p>　　機械制造經(jīng)驗 編程人員對其要進行編程的數(shù)控機床的性能應該有透徹的了解，還要了解車間中其他車床的基本性能。他們還應該在金屬切削原理和實踐、刀具的切削能力