機械設(shè)計 外文翻譯6

1、<p>　　畢業(yè)設(shè)計(論文)外文資料翻譯</p><p>　　設(shè)計題目: 160噸樹脂模具成型壓機設(shè)計</p><p>　　譯文題目: 機械設(shè)計 </p><p>　　院系名稱：機電工程學院 專業(yè)班級： 機制F0809 </p><p>　　學生姓名： 周峰

2、 學 號： 200848050921 </p><p>　　指導教師： 任彩霞 教師職稱： 講師 </p><p>　　附 件： 1.外文資料翻譯譯文；2.外文原文 </p><p>　　正文：外文資料譯文 </p><

3、p><b>　　機械設(shè)計</b></p><p>　　作者：John Ernst</p><p>　　摘要：一臺機器是一種轉(zhuǎn)換傳輸機制和其他組件的組合。例如發(fā)動機，發(fā)電機，車輛，吊機，印刷機，洗衣機，和電影攝影機等。許多應用到機器的設(shè)計的原理和方法也適用于制造的物品不是真正的機器。機械設(shè)計一詞用在了更廣泛的意義，不僅僅只是包括機械的設(shè)計。運動和結(jié)構(gòu)方面及規(guī)定保留

4、和圍欄是機械設(shè)計要考慮的因素。機械工程領(lǐng)域和其他工程領(lǐng)域中的應用都需要機械設(shè)備，例如開關(guān)、凸輪、閥門、器皿、攪拌機。</p><p>　　關(guān)鍵詞：機械設(shè)計； 機械設(shè)計過程； 應用</p><p><b>　　1.設(shè)計過程</b></p><p>　　真正地開始設(shè)計，在耐久性、效率、重量、速度、成本上可能需要改進現(xiàn)有的設(shè)備，新設(shè)備之前可能需要做一

5、個函數(shù)。如計算、裝配、或維修全部或者部分和客觀由人工做。在初步設(shè)計階段,應該讓設(shè)計人員充分發(fā)揮創(chuàng)造,而不是（受制于）每一種約束。即使有許多不切實際的想法,也可以在設(shè)計早期時間,即在前面的計劃藍圖上修正。只有這樣，才不會停止創(chuàng)新的心態(tài)。通常情況下，必須提出幾套設(shè)計方案，然后進行比較。非常有可能在最后制定的計劃中，使用已經(jīng)被接受的一些想法。</p><p>　　通用形狀和少數(shù)幾個部件的尺寸變得明顯,分析就可以從開始中

6、解脫出來。這種分析可以作為它的目標“滿意”或“卓越”的性能,以及安全性和耐久性與最小重量,以及具有競爭力的成本。最佳比例和尺寸將尋找每個極加載部分,連同之間的一個平衡點的若干優(yōu)點組件，材料和它們的加工選擇。這些重要的目標達到，只有通過后，根據(jù)力學原理，如反應部隊和靜態(tài)摩擦的最佳利用，分析應力材料彈性和強度的慣性，加速度和能源的動力和撓度，材料的物理性能和潤滑和水力驅(qū)動器的流體力學。分析可以由相同的工程師安排或者在一個大公司,他們可以由一

7、個獨立的分析或研究小組。設(shè)計是一個反復和合作的過程,不論是做正式的或非正式的,分析師能有助于其他階段,而不是他自己的。產(chǎn)品設(shè)計需要大量的研究和發(fā)展。必須研究一個想法很多的概念，嘗試，然后或者使用或丟棄。雖然每一個工程的內(nèi)容的問題都是獨特的,設(shè)計者遵循類似的程序去解決問題。</p><p>　　產(chǎn)品責任訴訟的設(shè)計師和強度材料選型中要使用最優(yōu)方案。在材料的過程中，最常見的問題有五個：（a）不理解或不使用最新的申請材料

8、的最佳信息，（b）未能預見到，并考慮合理利用材料（盡可能設(shè)計者應進一步預測，并考慮由于使用不當造成的產(chǎn)品在近幾年中，許多產(chǎn)品責任訴訟中，產(chǎn)品的使用和傷害原告指控制造商，并贏得了決定），（c）全部或部分使用的材料的數(shù)據(jù)，數(shù)據(jù)，尤其是在長期的不確定性的性能數(shù)據(jù)是這樣，（d）質(zhì)量控制方法是不適合的和未經(jīng)證實的，（e）由一些完全不稱職的人選擇材料。通過對上述五個問題分析,可獲得這些問題沒有充足的理由存在的結(jié)論。為避免這些問題,對這些問題的研究分

9、析表明出現(xiàn)方向。盡管使用了最好的選材方法不能夠防止產(chǎn)品責任訴訟,設(shè)計人員和行業(yè)進行選材根據(jù)適當?shù)某绦?可大大降低訴訟的條件</p><p>　　從上面的討論中可以看到,人們應該選擇材料的材料性質(zhì)、特點及處理方法有全面而基本的理解。</p><p>　　最后,設(shè)計基于功能,一個樣機可以被建立。如果它是令人滿意的測試,初步設(shè)計將接受一定的修改,使它能夠以較低的成本生產(chǎn)一定的數(shù)量。在接下來的幾年

10、的生產(chǎn)和服務,設(shè)計可能要進行構(gòu)思的變化或新思想的進一步分析表明基于試驗和經(jīng)驗的主因銷售的吸引力。</p><p>　　2. 一些設(shè)計的規(guī)則</p><p>　　這一節(jié)里,我們建議，通過創(chuàng)造性的態(tài)度，分析可以引起重要性的提高，也可引起多樣性，或者功能性，經(jīng)濟性和耐用產(chǎn)品的完善和備用。</p><p>　　為了激發(fā)創(chuàng)造性思維，以下規(guī)則是設(shè)計師和分析師的建議。首六個規(guī)則是

11、特別適用于使用分析師。</p><p>　　（1）一個創(chuàng)造性的使用需要的物理性質(zhì)和控制過程；</p><p>　?。?）識別功能負荷及它們的意義；</p><p>　?。?）預期無意的負載；</p><p>　?。?）設(shè)計更有利的加載條件；</p><p>　?。?）提供良好的應力分布和剛度和最低重量；</p&g

12、t;<p>　　（6）使用基本方程比例和優(yōu)化尺寸；</p><p>　　（7）選擇材料的結(jié)合性能；</p><p>　?。?）選擇小心,股票和整體部件；</p><p>　?。?）修改功能設(shè)計以適應市場；</p><p>　?。?0）提供準確的位置和不干預各部分的裝配；</p><p>　　機械設(shè)計包括以

13、下內(nèi)容：</p><p>　　（1）介紹了設(shè)計過程,制定問題,安全的因素；</p><p>　?。?）綜述了材料的性質(zhì)，靜態(tài)和動態(tài)載荷分析（包括梁、振動和沖擊載荷）；</p><p>　?。?）綜述了應力和損傷分析基礎(chǔ)。</p><p>　?。?）介紹了fatigue-failure理論重點high-cycle疲勞設(shè)計方差方法,也就是一般用于

14、旋轉(zhuǎn)機械的設(shè)計。</p><p>　?。?）討論了徹底的磨損機理的現(xiàn)象,</p><p>　　（6）調(diào)查軸設(shè)計，利用疲勞分析技術(shù)。</p><p>　?。?）討論了流體膜和滾動元件軸承的理論和應用</p><p>　　（8）給出了一個全面地介紹了直齒圓柱齒輪的運動學，設(shè)計和應力分析，</p><p>　　并簡單介紹螺旋

15、錐，環(huán)面蝸桿傳動。</p><p>　?。?）討論彈簧設(shè)計，包括壓縮，擴展和扭轉(zhuǎn)彈簧。 </p><p>　　（10）包括電源螺釘和預緊緊固件用螺釘和緊固件的優(yōu)惠活動。（11）介紹了磁盤和鼓離合器和制動器的設(shè)計和規(guī)范。</p><p>　　一臺機器的完整的設(shè)計是一個復雜的過程。本機的設(shè)計是一項創(chuàng)造性的工作。項目工程師不僅要在工作中有創(chuàng)造力，而且還必須對機械制圖，運

16、動學，工程材料，材料力學，機械制造技術(shù)等方面有著深厚的基礎(chǔ)知識。任何產(chǎn)品設(shè)計的首要步驟之一，是從每個部分作出選擇材料。今天的設(shè)計師提供許多材料。產(chǎn)品的外觀，材料成本和制造成本的作用是重要的選擇。仔細評估的一個屬性。材料必須作出之前的任何計算。</p><p>　　仔細計算是很有必要的,可以保證設(shè)計的有效性。如有任何部分的失敗,這是合乎情理的,要知道在原本設(shè)計上就是有缺陷的。檢查的計算(和圖紙尺寸)是極為重要的。一

17、個小數(shù)點的錯位會毀了另一個可接受的項目。各方面的設(shè)計工作中應檢查和核對。</p><p>　　計算機是一種工具，幫助機械設(shè)計師，以減輕繁瑣的計算，并提供擴展現(xiàn)有數(shù)據(jù)的分析?；谟嬎銠C能力，互動系統(tǒng)取得了計算機輔助設(shè)計（CAD）和計算機輔助制造（CAM）的概念。心理學家如何經(jīng)常討論適應他們操作的機器的人的原因。設(shè)計人員的基本職責是努力使機器適應人。這當然不是一件容易的工作，因為肯定沒有給所有的人，其實說的所有是最優(yōu)

18、越的經(jīng)營面積和經(jīng)營過程中另一個重要的問題，項目工程師必須能夠進行其他有關(guān)人員的交流與協(xié)商。在初始階段，設(shè)計人員進行的初步設(shè)計與管理人員的交流和咨詢，并得到批準。這通常是通過口頭討論，示意圖和書面材料進行。</p><p>　　假如前面的敘述,這臺機器的設(shè)計目標是人類需要生產(chǎn)產(chǎn)品，肯定的發(fā)明、發(fā)現(xiàn)和技術(shù)知識本身并不能帶來優(yōu)勢,人類只有當他們的應用程序可以生產(chǎn)產(chǎn)品的利益。因此,應該認識到在一個特定的產(chǎn)品設(shè)計前,必須先

19、確定是否人們需要這種產(chǎn)品。</p><p>　　必須把機械設(shè)計看成是機械設(shè)計人員運用創(chuàng)新能力進行產(chǎn)品設(shè)計，系統(tǒng)的分析和制定產(chǎn)品生產(chǎn)技術(shù)的好機會。抓項目的基本知識，必須熟記一些數(shù)據(jù)和公式是更為重要的。只是服務的數(shù)據(jù)和公式是不足以完全決定一個好的設(shè)計需要。另一方面，應該認真準確地進行所有操作。例如，即使地方錯了一個小數(shù)點的位置，也可以導致錯把正確的設(shè)計。 一個好的設(shè)計人員要敢于提出新的想法，而且愿意承擔一定的風

20、險，當新的方法是不適合的，使用原來的方法。因此，設(shè)計人員必須要有耐心，因為花費的時間和努力的肯定不能保證帶來成功。一個全新的設(shè)計，請求屏幕絕對放棄許多，深知人民的方法。穩(wěn)妥許多人因為這肯定不是一件容易的事。的機械設(shè)計師應該不斷探索改進現(xiàn)有產(chǎn)品的方法，要認真選擇原來，在這個過程中的設(shè)計過程中確認的原則，并沒有統(tǒng)一后確認的新思路。</p><p>　　如今人類的生活已經(jīng)離不開了機械，它無處不在，但對于機械的制造，生產(chǎn)

21、及其發(fā)展和未來，我們卻知之甚少。經(jīng)過這學期的學習，我對機械這個專業(yè)有了更多的認識和了解。</p><p>　　從原始社會早期人類使用的諸如石斧、石刀等最簡單的工具，到杠桿、轆轤、人力腳踏車、獸力汲水車等簡單工具，發(fā)展到較復雜的水力驅(qū)動，風力驅(qū)動的水碾和風車等較為復雜的機械。18世紀英國的工業(yè)革命以后，以蒸汽機、內(nèi)燃機、電動機為動力源的機械促進了制造業(yè)、運輸業(yè)的快速發(fā)展，人類開始進入現(xiàn)代化的文明社會。20世紀電子計

22、算機的發(fā)自動控制技術(shù)、信息技術(shù)、傳染技術(shù)的有機結(jié)合，使機械進入完全現(xiàn)代化階段。機器人、數(shù)控機床、高速運載工具、重型機械及其大量先進機械設(shè)備加速了人類社會的繁榮和進步，人類可以遨游太空、登陸月球，可以探索遼闊的大海深處，可以在地面以下居住和通行所有這一切都離不開機械、機械的發(fā)展已進入智能化階段。機械已經(jīng)成為現(xiàn)代社會生產(chǎn)和服務的五大要素之一。機械的發(fā)展史也是人類文明的發(fā)展史。</p><p>　　在古代的中國機械工程

23、領(lǐng)域的發(fā)明與創(chuàng)造也是非常輝煌的，如磨制技術(shù)，金屬的冶煉技術(shù)等。而中國機械制造業(yè)主要是1949年后發(fā)展起來的。新中國建立后，我國經(jīng)濟取得的巨大成就也是和制造業(yè)的進步分不開的。經(jīng)過幾十年的奮斗，我國制造業(yè)已經(jīng)構(gòu)件了具有相當規(guī)模和水平的制造體系，當今中國已成為舉世矚目的制造大國。機械制造業(yè)總體生產(chǎn)規(guī)模不斷加大，機械制造是有100多個行業(yè)、857萬個企業(yè)（大型企業(yè)占1%）及6萬多種產(chǎn)品門類齊全的工業(yè)體系。連續(xù)6年保持我國第一大類出口商品地位，機

24、械工業(yè)生產(chǎn)能力是解放前的2600倍，居世界第5位，機床擁有量居世界第1位，汽車產(chǎn)量居世界第4位。</p><p>　　但我們?nèi)孕枨宄卣J識到我國是制造業(yè)大國，遠不是制造業(yè)強國?？傮w規(guī)模、產(chǎn)品技術(shù)附加值和人均勞動效率遠不如美國、日本等制造業(yè)強國。所以，發(fā)展我國制造業(yè)的任務任重而道遠。隨著高新技術(shù)的發(fā)展和社會需求的多樣化，工業(yè)生產(chǎn)迅速走向大規(guī)模、集成化和復雜化，從而使現(xiàn)代化工業(yè)特別是機械工業(yè)面臨新的機遇和挑戰(zhàn)，更強調(diào)

25、勞動者的創(chuàng)造性和工作效率。因此需要不斷加強我國的機械設(shè)計制造及其自動化的水平，從而促進我國機械制造業(yè)的發(fā)展。</p><p>　　附件：(外文資料原文)Mechanical Design</p><p>　　John Ernst</p><p>　　Abstract：A machine is a combination of mechanisms and othe

26、r components which transforms transmits. Examples are engines, turbines, vehicles, hoists, printing presses, washing machines, and movie cameras. Many of the principles and methods of design that apply to machines also a

27、pply to manufactured articles that are not true machines. The term "mechanical design" is used in a broader sense than "machine design" to include their design. The motion and structural aspects and t

28、he provisions for rete</p><p>　　Keywords: Mechanical Design； Mechanisms Design Process；Application</p><p>　　1. The Design Progress</p><p>　　Designing starts with a need real. Existi

29、ng apparatus may need improvements in durability, efficiency, weight, speed, or cost. New apparatus may be needed to perform a function previously</p><p>　　Done by men, such as computation, assembly, or serv

30、icing. With the objective wholly or partly</p><p>　　In the design preliminary stage, should allow to design the personnel fully to display the creativity, not each kind of restraint. Even if has had many imp

31、ractical ideas, also can in the design early time, namely in front of the plan blueprint is corrected. Only then, only then does not send to stops up the innovation the mentality. Usually, must propose several sets of de

32、sign proposals, and then perform the comparison. Has the possibility very much in the plan which finally designated, has used</p><p>　　When the general shape and a few dimensions of the several components be

33、come apparent, analysis can begin in earnest. The analysis will have as its objective satisfactory or superior performance, plus safety and durability with minimum weight, and a competitive cost. Optimum proportions and

34、dimensions will be sought for each critically loaded section, together with a balance between the strengths of the several components. Materials and their treatment will be chosen. These important objectives </p>

35、<p>　　Product liability suits designers and forced in material selection, using the best program. In the process of material, the most common problems for five (a) don't understand or not use about the latest ap

36、plication materials to the best information, (b) failed to foresee and consider the reasonable use material may (such as possible, designers should further forecast and consider due to improper use products. In recent ye

37、ars, many products liability in litigation, the use of products and hurt th</p><p>　　Through to the above five questions analysis, may obtain these questions is does not have the sufficient reason existence

38、the conclusion. May for avoid these questions to these questions research analyses the appearance indicating the direction. Although uses the best choice of material method not to be able to avoid having the product resp

39、onsibility lawsuit, designs the personnel and the industry carries on the choice of material according to the suitable procedure, may greatly reduce the lawsu</p><p>　　May see from the above discussion, the

40、choice material people should to the material nature, the characteristic and the processing method have comprehensive and the basic understanding.</p><p>　　Finally, a design based upon function, and a protot

41、ype may be built. If its tests are satisfactory, the initial design will undergo certain modifications that enable it to be manufactured in quantity at a lower cost. During subsequent years of manufacture and service, th

42、e design is likely to undergo changes as new ideas are conceived or as further analyses based upon tests and experience indicate alterations. Sales appeal.</p><p>　　2. Some Rules for Design</p><p&

43、gt;　　In this section it is suggested that, applied with a creative attitude, analyses can lead to important improvements and to the conception and perfection of alternate, perhaps more functional, economical, and durable

44、 products. </p><p>　　To stimulate creative thought, the following rules are suggested for the designer and analyst. The first six rules are particularly applicable for the analyst.</p><p>　?。?）A

45、 creative use of need of physical properties and control process.</p><p>　　(2）Recognize functional loads and their significance.</p><p>　　(3) Anticipate unintentional loads.</p><p>

46、　　(4) Devise more favorable loading conditions.</p><p>　　(5) Provide for favorable stress distribution and stiffness with minimum weight.</p><p>　　(6) Use basic equations to proportion and optim

47、ize dimensions.</p><p>　　（7）Choose materials for a combination of properties.</p><p>　?。?）Select carefully, stock and integral components.</p><p>　?。?）Modify a functional design to

48、fit the manufacturing process and reduce cost.</p><p>　?。?0）Provide for accurate location and noninterference of parts in assembly.</p><p>　　Machinery design covers the following contents.</p

49、><p>　　(1).Provides an introduction to the design process, problem formulation, and safety factors.</p><p>　　(2).Reviews the material properties and static and dynamic loading analysis, Including b

50、eam, vibration and impact loading.</p><p>　　(3) Reviews the fundamentals of stress and defection analysis.</p><p>　　(4)Introduces fatigue-failure theory with the emphasis on stress-life approach

51、es to high-cycle fatigue design, which is commonly used in the design of rotation machinery.</p><p>　　(5) Discusses thoroughly the phenomena of wear mechanisms, surface contact stresses, and surface fatigue.

52、</p><p>　　(6) Investigates shaft design using the fatigue-analysis techniques.</p><p>　　(7) Discusses fluid-film and rolling-element bearing theory and application</p><p>　　(8) Give

53、s a thorough introduction to the kinematics, design and stress analysis of spur gears, and a simple introduction to helical, bevel, and worm gearing.</p><p>　　(9) Discusses spring design including compressio

54、n, extension and torsion springs.</p><p>　　(10) Deals with screws and fasteners including power screw and preload fasteners.</p><p>　　(11) Introduces the design and specification of disk and dru

55、m clutches and brakes.</p><p>　　The complete design of a machine is a complex process. The machine design is a creative work. Project engineer not only must have the creativity in the work, but also must in

56、aspect and so on mechanical drawing, kinematics, engineering material, materials mechanics and machine manufacture technology has the deep elementary knowledge.</p><p>　　One of the first steps in the design

57、of any product is to select the material from which each part is to be made. Numerous materials are available to today's designers. The function of the product, its appearance, the cost of the material, and the cost

58、of fabrication are important in making a selection. A careful evaluation of the properties of a. material must be made prior to any calculations.</p><p>　　Careful calculations are necessary to ensure the val

59、idity of a design. In case of any part failures, it is desirable to know what was done in originally designing the defective components. The checking of calculations (and drawing dimensions) is of utmost importance. The

60、misplacement of one decimal point can ruin an otherwise acceptable project. All aspects of design work should be checked and rechecked. </p><p>　　The computer is a tool helpful to mechanical designers to lig

61、hten tedious calculations, and provide extended analysis of available data. Interactive systems, based on computer capabilities, have made possible the concepts of computer aided design (CAD) and computer-aided manufactu

62、ring (CAM). How does the psychologist frequently discuss causes the machine which the people adapts them to operate. A design personnel’s basic responsibility is diligently causes the machine to adapt the people. This c&

63、lt;/p><p>　　If front sues, the machine design goal is the production can meet the human need the product. The invention, the discovery and technical knowledge itself certainly not necessarily can bring the adva

64、ntage to the humanity, only has when they are applied can produce on the product the benefit. Thus, should realize to carries on before the design in a specific product, must first determine whether the people do need th

65、is kind of product</p><p>　　Must regard as the machine design is the machine design personnel carries on using creative ability the product design, the system analysis and a formulation product manufacture t

66、echnology good opportunity. Grasps the project elementary knowledge to have to memorize some data and the formula is more important than. The merely service data and the formula is insufficient to the completely decision

67、 which makes in a good design needs. On the other hand, should be earnest precisely carries on all op</p><p>　　Good design personnel should dare to propose the new idea moreover is willing to undertake the c

68、ertain risk, when the new method is not suitable, use original method. Therefore, designs the personnel to have to have to have the patience, because spends the time and the endeavor certainly cannot guarantee brings suc

69、cessfully. A brand-new design, the request screen abandons absolutely many, knows very well the method for the people. Because many person of conservativeness does this certainly is no</p><p>　　Human life ca

70、n not be separated from the machinery, it is everywhere, but for the mechanical manufacturing, production, and its development and future, we know little about. After this semester, I have more knowledge and understandin

71、g of the profession of the mechanical.</p><p>　　From the primitive society of early human use such as axes, knives and other simple tools, to a simple lever, pulley, human bicycles, animal-Kip Shum car tools

72、, developed to a more complex hydraulic drive, wind-driven Shuinian and windmills morecomplex machinery. After the 18th century British Industrial Revolution, the steam engine, internal combustion engines, electric motor

73、s, mechanical power source for the rapid development of manufacturing, transport, human beings began to enter the modern </p><p>　　In ancient Chinese mechanical engineering, invention and creativity is very

74、brilliant, such as grinding technology, metal smelting technology. China's machinery manufacturing industry developed after 1949. After the founding of new China, the tremendous achievements of China’s economy are in

75、separable from the progress of the manufacturing sector. After decades of struggle, China's manufacturing components with considerable scale and level of manufacturing systems, today China have become a remar</p&g