機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)制造專業(yè)畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)中英翻譯--一殘余應(yīng)力針對(duì)不同的材料車削的建模方法

1、<p>　　A method of modeling residual stress distribution in turning for different materials </p><p>　　M.H. El-Axir </p><p>　　Department of Production Engineering and Mechanical Design, Menou

2、fia University, Shebin El-Kom, Egypt </p><p>　　Received 10 July 2001; received in revised form 7 March 2002; accepted 12 March 2002 </p><p><b>　　Abstract </b></p><p>　　T

3、his paper introduces a more comprehensive experimental model which has the capability of predicting residual stress profile. The main advantage of this model over the existing models that it provides the effect of machin

4、ing parameters on maximum residual stress and determines both the location and depth of this maximum residual stress. Five different materials namely; stainless steel304, steel-37, 7001 and 2024-aluminum alloys and brass

5、 were machined by turning utilizing one of experimental des</p><p>　　1. Introduction </p><p>　　Fatigue life is an important dynamic property and it is strongly affected by the surface condition

6、produced during machining [1]. The fatigue crack, in general, nucleates at the surface of the part, and then propagates into the bulk. As the crack extends the resistant section is reduced, and when the residual section

7、can no longer withstand the applied load component fatigue occurs. Consequently, it is the state of stress at the surface, where the crack nucleates, that is of paramount importance</p><p>　　It has been show

8、n [2–4] that residual stresses may be compressive at the surface and tensile just below the surface or vice versa. Compressive residual stresses are generally improve component performance and life because they reduce se

9、rvice (working) tensile stresses and inhibit crack nucleation. On the other hand, tensile residual stresses can significantly increase service (working)stresses which can lead to premature failure of components [5–10]. S

10、igwart and Fessenmeyer [11], for example, re</p><p>　　Accordingly, It is very clear that the information concerning residual stresses profile (magnitude and direction along the depth) of the machined surface

11、 region will be valuable in the design and manufacture of parts. Therefore, it is important that the effect of the machining process parameters on the residual stress profile is determined, and subsequently, such machini

12、ng parameters may be chosen which would enhance fatigue life by inducing favorable residual stress (compressive stress). </p><p>　　The majority of the research existing in literature on the effect of machini

13、ng parameters on the residual stress profile are experimental in nature. Very few analytical models are available. Liu and Barash [14,15] explained the formation of residual stress by considering the stress strain histor

14、y that the surface layer experienced due to the movement of the cutting tool. Lin et al. [9] used finite element techniques to determine residual stress profiles in orthogonal machining. Wu and Matusmoto </p><

15、p>　　This paper introduces a more comprehensive experimental model to predict surface and subsurface residual stress profiles in turning of five different materials. With the help of this knowledge it will become possi

16、ble to optimize machining parameters such that the surface integrity of the machined component for these five different materials is maximized under service conditions. </p><p>　　2. Experimental details <

17、/p><p>　　2.1. Workpiece materials </p><p>　　Workpieces of stainless steel 304, steel37, aluminum alloy 7001, aluminum alloy 2024, and brass were utilized. These materials were selected because they

18、 have different machining characteristics and are important in industry. Moreover, both of aluminum alloys 7001 and 2024 are particularly well suited for parts and structures requiring high strength-to-weight ratios. The

19、 chemical compositions in weight percent and tensile strength are given in Table 1. The tool material employed was high-speed s</p><p>　　2.2. Workpiece preparation </p><p>　　The five different m

20、aterials were machined into ring shapes with the dimensions shown in Fig. 1a. Fig. 1b shows the tested ring mounted on its mandrel. It is probable that residual stresses are induced in the surface region of the workpiece

21、 because of the machining involved in preparation, hence it was necessary to remove these stresses by annealing the workpieces. </p><p>　　Stainless steel 304, steel 37, Al. 7001, Al. 2024 and free machining

22、brass workpieces were heated to 800, 595, 340, 340, and 260°C for 3, 6, 2, 2 and 1 h, respectively, and then cooled in air or in furnace. </p><p>　　In this investigation, the specimens were machined usi

23、ng one of the experimental designs. According to a central composed second-order rotatable design with three independent variables, the total number of experiments, N, was determined to be 20. The cutting conditions and

24、their coded are summarized in Table 2. </p><p>　　The residual stress distribution in the machined surface was determined utilizing a deflection etching technique where the residual stresses in the removal la

25、yer are relived and the remaining residual stresses are redistributed until a new equilibrium position is achieved. This change in shape can be measured from which residual stresses can be calculated. A layer of approxim

26、ately 15–25 μm was removed with the help of electrochemical etching. Layers were removed until the residual stress state b</p><p>　　3. Proposed model </p><p>　　The proposed model postulates that

27、 the residual stress profile as well as the depth of residual stress distribution are functions of the machining parameters. The model assumes that profile of residual stress along the depth is polynomial function of the

28、 depth. The profile can be represented as:</p><p>　　where: si is the residual stress, cni are the coefficients of the nth order polynomial term and z is the depth beneath the machined surface. </p>&l

29、t;p>　　Further, it is proposed that the coefficients of the polynomial are individual functions of the machining parameters. The relation of the coefficient to the machining parameters is</p><p>　　where Ci

30、 is the coefficient of polynomial for residual stress profile and bxi is the effect of factor (or interaction of factor) x. </p><p>　　The values of the code number of each parameter, x, can be obtained from

31、the following transformation equations.</p><p>　　where V, F and T are cutting speed, feed and tensile strength of the material, respectively. </p><p>　　The values of bxis are determined experime

32、ntally. The procedure is as follows: </p><p>　　1. Twenty specimens are cut using different combinations (Table 3) of the five levels of each parameter used in this work.。</p><p>　　2. The residua

33、l stress profiles and depth of distribution for each specimen are determined. </p><p>　　3. Polynomials of a pre-decided degree are fitted to the residual stress profiles for each specimen.</p><p&g

34、t;　　4. The coefficient (rli) of these polynomials are then used to determine the values of bxis with the help of the following expressions:</p><p>　　4. Construction of the proposed model </p><p>

35、;　　A visual inspection of the profiles obtained warranted that at least a fourth degree polynomial would be regarded as sufficient to fit the profile. Preliminary results with a fourth degree polynomial were not encourag

36、ing. Therefore, it was decided to use fifth degree polynomial to represent the residual stress profile. The coefficients (rlis) corresponding to the closest fit with fifth degree polynomial for different combinations are

37、 shown in Table 4. </p><p>　　It should be pointed out here that many attempts were carried out to deduce the best model that gives the smallest variation between the fitted polynomial and the proposed model

38、results. The best method that gives simple and reasonable coefficients was obtained when the normalized value of each experimented result was used. </p><p>　　Using the coefficient of fit polynomial equation

39、of each experiment, the values of bxis were determined. The calculated values of bxis are shown in Table 5. The bxis were used to predict cis which are the coefficients of the proposed model. The values of cis for variou

40、s cutting conditions are shown in Table 6. </p><p>　　4.1. How the proposed model is used </p><p>　　To show how the proposed model is used and also to verify the proposed model, two extra tests t

41、hat were not conducted through the 20 experiments, were made. The results of those two extra tests are shown in Fig. 4 which indicate a good agreement between the experiments data and proposed model data. This proves the

42、 validity of using the proposed model to predict the distribution of residual stress beneath the machined surface. Steps that would be followed to use the proposed model to predict the </p><p>　　4.1.1. Step

43、1 </p><p>　　Transfer the value of the three input parameters to coded value using the transformation eqs. (2)–(4). In the two extra tests, the actual and coded values are:</p><p>　　4.1.2. Step 2

44、</p><p>　　The c coefficients in the proposed model should be calculated by using the coded values of the three input parameters that were obtained in step 1 and using the bvalues that are shown in Table 5.&l

45、t;/p><p>　　For example: the coefficient Co can be obtained using the b values from Table 5 as follows:</p><p>　　The value of the c coefficients of the two extra tests are shown in Table 7.</p>

46、;<p>　　4.1.3. Step 3 </p><p>　　After obtaining the c values, eq. (5) that is a function in depth beneath surface, z, could be formed and the residual stress distribution beneath the machined surface c

47、an be determined. However, before substituting in this equation, the value of the depth beneath surface, z, must be transferred to a normalized value. </p><p>　　4.1.4. Step 4 </p><p>　　By substi

48、tuting in the s equation using any depth, z, the residual stress at this depth can be obtained. It should be pointed out here that this obtained residual stress is normalized. The latter value of residual stress has to b

49、e transferred to the actual value by the following equations. The material used in the two extra tests was Al7001 (the third relationship should be used).</p><p>　　4.1.5. Step 5 </p><p>　　The su

50、rface stresses were calculated using a separate model. This was made because at workpiece surface, the residual stress is small and suddenly reaches a maximum value at 20–40 μm beneath the surface which loosen the accura

51、cy of the derived model. </p><p>　　The surface residual stress model that was used to predict the value of residual stress in the machined surface at any value of each parameter within the range used in this

52、 work is as follows:</p><p>　　Where v, f, m are the cutting speed, feed, and tensile strength of workpiece material respectively, after being transferred to the coded value using the equation. </p>&l

53、t;p>　　In the extra two tests, the surface residual stress that were obtained using eq. (6) are 30.0871 and 32.485 MPa, respectively. </p><p>　　5. General discussion and summary </p><p>　　It c

54、an generally be seen from Fig. 2 that the residual stresses at the machined surface are low (tensile) and increase rapidly to a maximum (tensile) value with an increase in depth beneath the machined surface. The tensile

55、residual stresses then decrease gradually with a further increase in depth beneath the machined surface.</p><p>　　Complete analysis of the data showed that the residual stress continued to decrease across th

56、e section become either tensile or compressive at large depths. The maximum residual stresses always occur beneath the machined surface rather than on the nearest layer to the machined surface. The underlying assumption

57、in the entire model is that residual stress produced by identical conditions is also fairly identical. The variability of the profiles could be checked with standard variance techniques, </p><p>　　Models wit

58、h the capability of predicting residual stresses in machining operations are the critical link in the development of more complex models which can enable the concept of ‘custom manufacture’ machining of stainless steel,

59、steel, aluminum alloy, brass. Once such models are known, they can be used in conjunction with other models to provide information about the residual stress profile that would be most favorable in service conditions, and

60、 the used materials can be machined to maximize fa</p><p>　　In this paper an experimental model is described which has the capability of predicting residual stresses in five different materials as result of

61、turning operations. The proposed model fitted the experimental data with a high degree of accuracy as shown in Fig. 3. It should be pointed out here that this paper concentrates only on modeling the effect of machining p

62、arameters on residual stress distribution.</p><p><b>　　譯文</b></p><p>　　一殘余應(yīng)力針對(duì)不同的材料車削的建模方法</p><p>　　M.H. El-Axir</p><p>　　生產(chǎn)技術(shù)部和機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)Menoufia大學(xué), Shebin El-Ko

63、m,埃及</p><p>　　獲得10項(xiàng)2001年7月通過(guò)日期2002年3月7日收到;接受2002年3月12日</p><p>　　摘要本文介紹了一種更全面的實(shí)驗(yàn)?zāi)Ｐ停心芰︻A(yù)測(cè)殘余應(yīng)力剖面。這個(gè)數(shù)據(jù)提供了最大殘余應(yīng)力對(duì)加工參數(shù)的影響，并確定雙方的位置和這個(gè)最高殘余應(yīng)力深度現(xiàn)有模型的主要優(yōu)勢(shì)。五種不同的材料，即，不銹鋼steel304，鋼- 37，7001，2024鋁和黃銅合金是由轉(zhuǎn)

64、動(dòng)利用實(shí)驗(yàn)設(shè)計(jì)的響應(yīng)面法的加工技術(shù)之一。這些材料的抗拉強(qiáng)度，切削速度和進(jìn)給率被認(rèn)為是三個(gè)輸入殘余應(yīng)力分布參數(shù)的影響。在加工表面的殘余應(yīng)力分布地區(qū)決心用偏轉(zhuǎn)蝕刻技術(shù)。這是這里提出的殘余應(yīng)力剖面是三個(gè)輸入的參數(shù)確定的函數(shù)。另外，有人推測(cè)說(shuō)，下表面沿深度的殘余應(yīng)力剖面是一個(gè)表面深度下多項(xiàng)式函數(shù)和這個(gè)多項(xiàng)式的系數(shù)，反過(guò)來(lái)，輸入?yún)?shù)的功能。該模型已開發(fā)并已檢查的準(zhǔn)確性。 。 2002年Elsevier科學(xué)有限公司保留所有權(quán)利。

65、</p><p>　　簡(jiǎn)介疲勞壽命是一個(gè)重要的動(dòng)力性能，而且在加工過(guò)程中的強(qiáng)烈[1]產(chǎn)生的表面狀況的影響。疲勞裂紋，在一般情況下，在形核部件的表面，然后大量傳播。由于抗裂紋擴(kuò)展部分減少，剩余部分時(shí)不能再承受載荷的構(gòu)件的疲勞發(fā)生。因此，它是在表面應(yīng)力狀態(tài)，那里的裂紋形核，這是非常重要的。這種狀態(tài)是由于壓力和載荷的殘余應(yīng)力（或自應(yīng)力）在加工過(guò)程中產(chǎn)生的。殘余應(yīng)力是各種機(jī)械和熱事件，這在表面區(qū)在加工過(guò)程中發(fā)生的結(jié)果。

66、它通常發(fā)現(xiàn)的殘余應(yīng)力的絕對(duì)值接近表面高減小，在深度加工下的表面不斷增加，最終消失。殘余應(yīng)力，可拉??伸或壓縮和??強(qiáng)調(diào)層可能淺或深，經(jīng)切割條件，工作材料，刀具幾何形狀而定。它已被證明[2-4]的殘余應(yīng)力可能只是表面以下，反之亦然壓在表面和拉伸。壓縮殘余應(yīng)力的普遍提高組件的性能和壽命，因?yàn)樗鼈儨p少了服務(wù)（工作）拉應(yīng)力，抑制裂紋形核。另一方面，殘余拉應(yīng)力可以顯著提高服務(wù)（工作）強(qiáng)調(diào)，可導(dǎo)致[5-10]元器件過(guò)早失效。 例如，報(bào)

67、告說(shuō)，原來(lái)的42CrMo4鋼試樣進(jìn)行疲勞試驗(yàn)呈現(xiàn)高強(qiáng)度殘余應(yīng)力（高達(dá)600:800兆帕）顯示，接近30％的疲勞極限降低。 [12]報(bào)道，采用AISI 4340鋼淬火后flycu</p><p>　　因此，這是非常清楚的信息有關(guān)的殘余應(yīng)力（沿深度的大小和方向）的資料的加工表面區(qū)域?qū)⒃谠O(shè)計(jì)和制造的零部件價(jià)值。因此，重要的是，對(duì)加工過(guò)程的殘余應(yīng)力剖面參數(shù)的影響是確定的，隨后，這些加工參數(shù)，可以選擇將有利于提高

68、誘導(dǎo)殘余應(yīng)力（壓應(yīng)力）的疲勞壽命。 現(xiàn)有的關(guān)于對(duì)加工殘余應(yīng)力剖面參數(shù)的影響的研究大部分是實(shí)驗(yàn)性質(zhì)的。很少有分析模型可用。 [14,15]解釋，考慮應(yīng)力應(yīng)變歷史經(jīng)驗(yàn)的表面層由于刀具運(yùn)動(dòng)的殘余應(yīng)力的形成等。 [9]利用有限元技術(shù)，以確定加工殘余應(yīng)力分布正交。吳和Matusmoto [16]也利用有限元素來(lái)決定因素，影響加工淬硬鋼的殘余應(yīng)力的形成。 Devarajan等。 [17]構(gòu)建了表面的殘余應(yīng)

69、力預(yù)測(cè)的實(shí)驗(yàn)?zāi)Ｐ?。雖然表面殘余應(yīng)力是最重要的加工過(guò)程，次表層殘余應(yīng)力至少同樣重要。 本文介紹了一種更全面的實(shí)驗(yàn)?zāi)Ｐ皖A(yù)測(cè)五種不同材料車削表面的殘余應(yīng)力分布和地下。隨著這方面的知識(shí)幫助它會(huì)成為加工參數(shù)進(jìn)行優(yōu)化，這樣的為這五個(gè)不同的材料加工零件表面完整性的服務(wù)條件下最大化。 2。實(shí)驗(yàn)細(xì)節(jié) 2.1。工件材料 不銹鋼304，steel37，鋁合金7001鋁合金2024和黃銅工件利用的情況。<

70、/p><p>　　2.2。工件準(zhǔn)備 這五個(gè)不同的材料加工成戒指形狀與圖所示的尺寸。 1A條。圖。 1b顯示了它的測(cè)試環(huán)芯軸上。這是可能的殘余應(yīng)力在籌備工作中，由于加工工件表面區(qū)域引起的，因此有必要消除這些應(yīng)力退火的工件。 304不銹鋼，鋼37，鋁。 7001鋁。 2024年，無(wú)需加工黃銅工件被加熱到800，595，340，340，260 °

71、C的3，6，2，2和1小時(shí)，分別，然后在空氣中或在爐冷卻。 在本次調(diào)查中，標(biāo)本，加工利用的實(shí)驗(yàn)設(shè)計(jì)之一。據(jù)中央組成二階三個(gè)獨(dú)立變量，實(shí)驗(yàn)，總數(shù)N，可旋轉(zhuǎn)設(shè)計(jì)被確定為20。切削條件及其編碼列于表2。 在加工表面殘余應(yīng)力分布，確定利用蝕刻技術(shù)在偏轉(zhuǎn)的殘余應(yīng)力是重溫拆除，其余層殘余應(yīng)力重新分配，直到達(dá)到新的平衡位置。這種形狀的變化可以測(cè)量從中可以計(jì)算出殘余應(yīng)力。阿約15-25微米層去除的電化學(xué)腐蝕的幫助。層被拆除的

72、殘余應(yīng)力狀態(tài)，直到成為可以忽略不計(jì)。所得為按表3 20種不同組合的殘余應(yīng)力分布如圖所示。 2。 3。建議模式 該模型假設(shè)，殘余應(yīng)力剖面以及殘余應(yīng)力分布的深度加工參數(shù)的功能。該模型假定沿深度的殘余應(yīng)力剖面的深度是多項(xiàng)式函數(shù)。配置文件可以表示為：</p><p>　　其中：Si為殘余應(yīng)力，巴西全國(guó)工業(yè)聯(lián)合會(huì)是n階多項(xiàng)式項(xiàng)的系數(shù)，z是下方的加工表面的深度。此外，建議，該多項(xiàng)式的系

73、數(shù)是個(gè)別功能的加工參數(shù)。該系數(shù)關(guān)系到加工參數(shù)</p><p>　　在次是殘余應(yīng)力剖面多項(xiàng)式系數(shù)和bxi是因素的影響（或因子的相互作用）十對(duì)每個(gè)參數(shù)的代碼，它的取值，第十，可從下面的變換方程。</p><p>　　其中V，F(xiàn)和T是裁料速度，飼料和拉伸強(qiáng)度分別。對(duì)bxis實(shí)驗(yàn)確定的值。該過(guò)程如下：1。二十標(biāo)本切斷使用不同的組合（見表3）在此項(xiàng)工作中使用的每個(gè)參數(shù)的五個(gè)層次。<

74、/p><p>　　2。殘余應(yīng)力分布和每個(gè)樣本分布深度確定。3。一個(gè)預(yù)先決定多項(xiàng)式是安裝在每個(gè)試樣的殘余應(yīng)力分布。4。系數(shù)（的RLI）這些多項(xiàng)式用來(lái)確定與下列用語(yǔ)的幫助bxis的值：</p><p>　　該模型的構(gòu)建一個(gè)目視檢查的型材得到保證，至少有四分之一多項(xiàng)式將有足夠的證據(jù)認(rèn)為適合個(gè)人資料。與第四次多項(xiàng)式的初步結(jié)果并不令人鼓舞。因此，決定使用第五次多項(xiàng)式來(lái)表示的殘余應(yīng)力剖面。系數(shù)（rl

75、is）對(duì)應(yīng)于不同的組合與最近五次多項(xiàng)式擬合見表4。應(yīng)當(dāng)指出，在這里進(jìn)行了許多嘗試，推導(dǎo)出最佳的模型，給出了多項(xiàng)式之間的擬合模型結(jié)果和建議最小的變化。最好的方法，讓簡(jiǎn)單合理系數(shù)時(shí)，得到各實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果采用標(biāo)準(zhǔn)值。利用適合每個(gè)實(shí)驗(yàn)多項(xiàng)式方程系數(shù)，bxis值進(jìn)行了測(cè)定。對(duì)bxis的計(jì)算值見表5。該bxis被用來(lái)預(yù)測(cè)獨(dú)聯(lián)體是該模型的系數(shù)。對(duì)于不同的切削條件獨(dú)聯(lián)體值列于表6。4.1。該模型是如何使用為了說(shuō)明如何使用該模型，也驗(yàn)證了提出的模

76、型，這兩個(gè)沒有通過(guò)實(shí)驗(yàn)進(jìn)行額外的測(cè)試20，發(fā)了言。這兩個(gè)額外的測(cè)試，結(jié)果顯示在圖。 4這表明實(shí)驗(yàn)數(shù)據(jù)之間的數(shù)據(jù)模型，并提出很好的協(xié)議。這證明了使用該模型來(lái)預(yù)測(cè)殘余應(yīng)力分布的加工表面下的有效性。步驟之后將使用該模型來(lái)預(yù)測(cè)下加工表面于表4-6所示的殘余應(yīng)力分布。4.1.1。第1步轉(zhuǎn)讓的三個(gè)輸入?yún)?shù)使用轉(zhuǎn)換式于編碼值。 （2） - （4）。在這兩個(gè)額外的測(cè)試，實(shí)際和編</p><p>　　在該

77、模型的c系數(shù)應(yīng)計(jì)算通過(guò)使用三個(gè)輸入在步驟1中獲取參數(shù)的編碼值，并使用了在表5所示bvalues??。</p><p>　　例如：系數(shù)有限公司可使用從表5中的b值如下：</p><p>　　在這兩個(gè)額外的測(cè)試值的C系數(shù)列于表7。</p><p>　　4.1.3。第3步在獲得C值，均衡器。 （5）這是一個(gè)在表面下深度函數(shù)坐標(biāo)，可以形成和下方的加工表面殘余應(yīng)力

78、分布才能確定。然而，在這個(gè)等式中代，下表面的深度值和Z，必須轉(zhuǎn)移到一個(gè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)值。4.1.4。第4步通過(guò)在方程代使用任何深度，z時(shí)，在這個(gè)深度的殘余應(yīng)力可以得到。應(yīng)當(dāng)指出，這里獲得的殘余應(yīng)力，這是正?；?。后者的殘余應(yīng)力值已被轉(zhuǎn)移到由以下方程實(shí)際值。在這兩個(gè)額外的測(cè)試所使用的材料是Al7001（第三個(gè)關(guān)系應(yīng)使用）。</p><p>　　4.1.5。第5步表面應(yīng)力的計(jì)算使用一個(gè)單獨(dú)的模型。這是因?yàn)樵诠ぜ砻嬷瞥桑?/p>

79、殘余應(yīng)力小，突然下達(dá)到在20-40微米的表面最高值，放松對(duì)衍生模型的準(zhǔn)確性。表面殘余應(yīng)力模型，被用來(lái)在每個(gè)參數(shù)值的任何預(yù)測(cè)，在加工表面的殘余應(yīng)力值在這項(xiàng)工作中使用的范圍如下：</p><p>　　其中v，f，m是切割速度，飼料和工件材料的抗拉強(qiáng)度分別，后被轉(zhuǎn)移到編碼值使用公式。在加時(shí)賽中兩次測(cè)試，其表面的殘余應(yīng)力得到了利用方程。 （6）30.0871和32.485MPa時(shí)。5。一般性討論和總

80、結(jié) 它通?？梢詮膱D。 2，殘余應(yīng)力在加工表面低（拉伸），提高迅速，在深度加工表面之下增加至最高（張力）值。拉伸殘余應(yīng)力，然后逐漸下降，在深度加工表面之下的進(jìn)一步增加。</p><p>　　完整的數(shù)據(jù)分析表明，殘余應(yīng)力在繼續(xù)減少或拉或壓在大深度成為一節(jié)。最大殘余應(yīng)力總是出現(xiàn)下面的加工表面，而不是在最近層的加工表面。在整個(gè)模型的基本假設(shè)是，殘余應(yīng)力相同的條件下生產(chǎn)也相當(dāng)一致。該配置文件的變化可能與標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差

81、進(jìn)行檢查技術(shù)，但是對(duì)于這個(gè)文件，被視為一種視覺檢查就足夠了。 與能力模型預(yù)測(cè)殘余應(yīng)力在加工操作中的更復(fù)雜的模型發(fā)展的關(guān)鍵環(huán)節(jié)，可以使的'定制生產(chǎn)的不銹鋼，鋼，鋁合金，黃銅加工的概念。一旦這種模型是已知的，它們可以被用來(lái)與其他機(jī)型結(jié)合，提供有關(guān)的殘余應(yīng)力剖面，將在條件最有利的信息服務(wù)，以及使用的材料可以加工最大限度的疲勞壽命。  在該文件中描述的實(shí)驗(yàn)?zāi)Ｐ?，它有能力預(yù)測(cè)殘余應(yīng)力在五個(gè)不同的材料作為車削操作