機械設計專業(yè)中英文資料翻譯

1、<p>　　基于健壯性的機械設計方法</p><p>　　Abstract: The concept of robustness derived from the field of cont role Engineering and cont role theory, and the concept of robust design put for ward by Taguch and used in

2、quality engineering get into the area of mechanical engineering in recent years. In the is paper we discuss four aspects of the problem: robust design based on quality engineering; robust design based on ensitivity analy

3、sis; robust structure; structure. control synthesis robust design. Finally, the development in each aspect</p><p>　　Keyword: Strong design; Quantity engineering; An analysis; The structure control integral w

4、hole turn Lead the speech</p><p>　　摘　要: 健壯性的概念起源于控制工程的控制理論, 并習稱魯棒性。而后由于田口提出健壯設計的概念而引入質量工程, 近年來逐漸進入機械工程領域。本文從基于質量工程的健壯設計, 基于靈敏度分析的健壯設計, 健壯結構, 結構.控制一體化的健壯設計等四個方面概述了其發(fā)展, 最后提出尚待研究的機械健壯性設計的一些關鍵問題。</p><

5、p>　　關鍵詞: 健壯設計; 質量工程; 靈敏度分析; 結構控制一體化</p><p><b>　　引　言</b></p><p>　　在機械系統(tǒng)設計完成而進入制造和使用階段時, 由于一系列不確定因素的影響, 可能會出現性能上大的變化, 甚至造成產品失效, 從而導致質量不穩(wěn)定。如何使設計出的產品具有健壯性, 亦即使產品和過程具有抵抗外界干擾所引起的質量波動的能力

6、, 是目前設計方法的前沿課題。由此提出了機械健壯性設計的概念。</p><p>　　1　基于質量工程的健壯設計</p><p><b>　　1. 1　質量工程</b></p><p>　　質量工程(Q E) 是對產品開發(fā)全過程質量保證和質量控制的系統(tǒng)工程方法, 包括設計總質量工程和制造質量工程。設計質量工程主要有: 健壯性設計; 可靠性設計;

7、滿足產品全面質量指標的計算機集成化智能設計; 以健壯性、可靠性為重點的全面質量管理和質量保證技術。制造質量工程主要解決設計質量的符合性問題。</p><p>　　1. 2　健壯性設計的概念</p><p>　　所謂健壯性設計, 就是賦予產品或過程健壯性、高性能和低成本的設計。它是一種性能、質量和成本綜合的功能優(yōu)化設計方法, 是一種著眼于經濟效益, 立足于工程技術的質量設計和管理技術。這種設

8、計方法是在傳統(tǒng)的工程設計方法上發(fā)展而來的, 其發(fā)展過程為: 數學優(yōu)化→工程優(yōu)化(試驗設計) →田口方法(Tagnch imethod) →健壯設計。健壯設計能解決大規(guī)模產品設計問題。它加強了田口方法的系統(tǒng)設計, 突出了QDF (質量功能展開) 的先導作用。</p><p>　　1. 3　健壯性設計方法的改進</p><p>　　(1) 不確定因素的不同形式: 田口方法僅考慮了隨機不確定因素

9、。文獻[1 ]討論了其它形式的不確定因素, 并指出這些因素對優(yōu)化目標及質量信噪比有影響, 從而改進了S.N 表達式。</p><p>　　(2) 其它的搜索方法: 田口方法僅僅用試驗方法在整個設計空間中進行搜索, 經過一系列的正交試驗, 可以選出一組最優(yōu)的設計參數。田口方法使用的是兩參數試驗設計方法, 其改進方法: 使用二進式搜索; 在設計空間使用爬山法; 還可使用隨機搜索方法等。</p><

10、p>　　(3) 有約束條件的設計: 田口方法是在無約束條件下使用的, 如果存在約束, 可利用約束搜索方法, 將原約束轉換為概率形式。另一種方法是使用定義邊界的方法, 定一個分段函數。還可使用Monte2Carlo 法求解。文獻[2 ]指出了田口方法在處理約束及多目標問題方面的不足, 發(fā)展了田口方法, 使它可以處理約束及多目標的問題。文中使用統(tǒng)計分析ANOVA 的概念來確定優(yōu)化目標函數中各因素的重要性, 排除了不重要因素的影響, 得

11、出唯一的可行最優(yōu)解。文獻[3 ]成功地利用單調性分析技術將有約束的健壯性設計問題簡化為無約束優(yōu)化問題, 以此來減小計算量。文獻[4 ]提出一個基于單調性分析的方法, 來解決或幫助解決</p><p>　　以下問題: 找出設計變量x 的值, 使不可控的任意參數F對性能特性y= f (x, F)的影響最小, 即對不可控因子的變異的敏感性最小, 以此完成健壯設計。這種方法與田口方法相比在于它不需要統(tǒng)計試驗, 而是基于性

12、能特征函數y= f (x,F) 的單調性。</p><p>　　1. 4　基于質量工程的健壯設計</p><p>　　文獻[5, 6 ]提出了一種健壯設計的途徑: 極小化由噪聲因子(不可控因子) 和可控因子引起的變異。健壯設計的基本原理是通過使變異造成的效果最小而不必消除其產生的來源, 以此來提高產品質量。由此可把問題分為兩大類:é 類: 將噪聲因子(不可控參數) 的變異產生的對

13、性能的影響減小到最低限度。ê 類: 將可控因子(設計變量) 的變異產生的對性能的影響減小到最低限度。ChenW ei 指出田口的“參數設計”是由第é 類問題發(fā)展而來, 并提出解決é、ê 兩類健壯設計問題的過程包括以下三個主要步驟:</p><p>　　(1) 運用響應面法, 建立與所有重要的可控和噪聲因子有關的響應面模型。</p><p>　　(2)

14、 針對健壯設計問題的不同類型, 推導響應的均值和方差的函數。</p><p>　　(3) 運用相容決策支持問題(DSP) 解法, 求得健壯設計解。</p><p>　　ChenW ei 提出的這種方法具有以下優(yōu)點: 可以引入工程約束, 對多個設計目標之間的均衡有很大的靈活性; 可以用響應面模型來反映出耦合和非線性的效果, 比田口的線性模型更精確; 響應面模型可作為快速分析模塊應用于不同類型

15、的健壯設計問題中。但這種方法還有一些不足: 目標函數和約束方程是用試驗設的統(tǒng)計和特殊的二次模型來進行近似的, 對于高度非線性模型和二階模型應用仍不夠滿意; 在公式推導中用到了一些假設, 影響模型的精確性。Park inson[7～ 9 ]將工程模型的健壯性分為兩類: 可行度健壯性(確保設計約束即使在有變異的情況也能滿足) 和靈敏度健壯性(其目的是要減少設計對變異的靈敏度) , 并用一優(yōu)化問題來表達定量設計問題。數學模型為</p&g

16、t;<p>　　M in f i (x , p ) 　　　　i = 1, 2, .., q</p><p>　　s. t. g j (x , p ) ≤ bj　　j = 1, 2, .., q (1)</p><p>　　式中x 為設計變量(其值在上下限之間) 且是可控制變量;p 為不可控制參數, 如誤差等。Park inson 指出健壯設計的核心是一個優(yōu)化問題, 健壯設計的

17、一個關鍵概念是變量和參數的變異傳遞給了設計函數, 使目標和約束都產生變異。變量和參數的統(tǒng)計分布導致設計函數的統(tǒng)計分布。健壯設計的目的是減小所誘發(fā)的變</p><p>　　異。針對工程模型,討論了下列七種健壯設計方法: (1) 傳遞變異法； ( 2) 優(yōu)化后分析；(3) 參數約束；(4) 公差盒方法; (5) 隨機優(yōu)化; (6) 田口方法; (7) 相關的</p><p>　　其它方法。對于

18、每種方法的優(yōu)缺點用實例進行了比較。近期還有一些其它發(fā)展: 調節(jié)參數法; 引入變量之間的相關性; 處理非正態(tài)分布參數的方法; 其它形式的不確定性。</p><p>　　2　基于靈敏度分析的健壯設計</p><p>　　文獻[ 10 ]研究了優(yōu)化問題中參數的靈敏度, 提出了靈敏度導數的概念。從數學上講, 靈敏度導數是指目標函數和設計變量對所研究的參數求導。Jaro slaw [10 ]探討了如

19、何由一個約束優(yōu)化問題獲得靈敏度導數(靈敏度方程) 的等式,還探討了靈敏度方程可解性等問題, 最后總結了靈敏度分析的用途: 目標函數和設計變量的向外插值; 多目標優(yōu)化;預測約束狀態(tài)的變化;把大的優(yōu)化問題分解為一些子問題。</p><p>　　文獻[ 11 ]在前文的基礎上, 研究了機構系統(tǒng)的性能質量和容差靈敏度, 提出系統(tǒng)性能質量對容差靈敏度的確定方法和判定對容差最不敏感的健壯設計的通用方法。使用該方法, 可以確定

20、出受尺寸容差影響最小的健壯機構, 同時可得高性能質量的閉合形式的理想容差分布。</p><p>　　文獻[ 12 ]研究了通過極小化靈敏度來實現健壯設計。其基本思想是: 在設計階段就通過選擇適當的變量, 使產品的質量對不確定性因素的敏感性最小, 使產品具有健壯性。這種方法的另一優(yōu)點是能設計出允許更大容差的產品而同時具有較低的成本。Belegundu[11 ]首先定義了兩類變量: 設計變量b 和不確定變量x , 將

21、機械或結構的響應F 表達為</p><p>　　F = F (b, x ) (2)</p><p>　　由此推導出基于最小靈敏度的健壯性設計問題的格式。文中的方法沒有假設變量的概率分布, 但提出的兩個定理, 證明了如果不確定變量考慮成為具有概率分布的隨機變量,那么靈敏度的降低就意味著失效概率的減小。其結論為: 靈敏度越小, 安全性越高。</p><p>　　3　對健

22、壯結構的研究</p><p>　　田口在1986 年從質量工程的角度提出健壯設計這一概念以后, 機械工程領域的學者們就試圖將健壯性的概念引入機械工程領域?；拇ㄑ派萚13～ 15 ]研究了基于靈敏度分析的結構優(yōu)化設計, 提出了定性靈敏度和定性優(yōu)化設計的概念, 給出了定位優(yōu)化設計的通用算法[13 ]。爾后又將這種算法推廣到多目標優(yōu)化, 并義了三種模糊語言“小”,“標準”,“大”, 為它們配置了模糊子集, 子集中包含

23、了離散化的設計變量。</p><p>　　文獻[ 14 ]利用文獻[ 13 ]的結論, 提出一種利用已知的簡單優(yōu)化設計的結論來求解復雜問題的定性靈敏度的方法。文獻[15 ]提出了應用試驗結果和定性靈敏度來對實際的設計對象進行定性優(yōu)化設計方法, 使設計結果具有健壯性。1991 年, 文獻[ 16 ]第一次提出了健壯結構的概念, 以后又連續(xù)發(fā)表文章, 對健壯結構作了較深入的探討。他們提出的健壯結構的定義是: 不管結構

24、內部參數還是外部環(huán)境的變動, 都對結構的影響達到最小, 并提出了健壯結構設計問題的格式。文獻[ 17 ]發(fā)展了健壯結構的概念, 使其從狹義擴展到廣義, 并列舉了在廣義的健壯結構中, 一些目標函數可能的取法。還應用廣義的健壯結構概念, 進行了算例分析, 得出的結論為: 廣義健壯結構用于靜態(tài)問題中的大部分問題都很有效, 但些性能指標的效果欠佳。同時提出以后的工作重點是尋找更好的性能指標作為目標函數。</p><p>

25、　　文獻[ 18 ]將健壯結構從靜態(tài)延伸到動態(tài), 提出了廣義的動態(tài)健壯結構的概念和廣義動態(tài)健壯結構的設計方法。其要點是利用現有的有限元分析技術, 以結構自由振動的特征值作為目標函數, 對其進行靈敏度極小化分析, 從而求</p><p><b>　　出健壯性參數。</b></p><p>　　文獻[19, 20 ]討論了模糊健壯結構, 指出以前都是以靈敏度的方法來設計健

26、壯結構的, 但靈敏度僅僅提供了局部信息, 因此不能確定用靈敏度設計出的結構在大的范圍內具有健壯性。在具體的解法中, 使用了一個隸屬函數L</p><p>　　ij, 并用算例討論了隸屬函數的變化造成的影響。</p><p>　　4　對結構.控制一體化的健壯性研究</p><p>　　現代機械工程技術發(fā)展到今天的水平, 已不再局限于某一領域。作為結構和控制一體化的智能

27、結構, 已廣泛應用于結構的主動控制、機器人、航天、計算機硬盤等重要領域,成為新的研究熱點。所以對于結構.控制一體化的健壯化性設計的研究, 具有重要意義。長期以來, 結構和控制部分都是作為單獨的模塊來設計的, 結構經過優(yōu)化設計后, 再將最優(yōu)控制系統(tǒng)加到結構上。這樣導致的結果是無法考慮兩個系統(tǒng)的耦合, 使得系統(tǒng)參數間相互干擾, 設計出的結果可能效果很差。所以有必要將結構和控制集成后再進行設計。</p><p>　　文

28、獻[ 21 ]討論了結構和控制的集成設計, 設計的對象是一具有主動控制的結構, 約束施加于閉環(huán)系統(tǒng)的阻尼參數上。這一問題被定義為多目標優(yōu)化, 以結構重量和控制系統(tǒng)的能量作為目標函數, 以結構件的橫截面積作為設計變量。多目標優(yōu)化問題的難點在于幾乎不存在一個解使所有目標函數同時達到最優(yōu)。所以文中使用了可行最優(yōu)解的概念。求解多目標優(yōu)化問題一般的是用加權因子將各目標線性組合到一個目標中, 但這樣會導致求出的解不一定是全局最優(yōu)解。文中采用了博弈論

29、的方法來求解、使用相關權值來處理多目標間的關系, 同時進行了靈敏度分析, 以保證結果的健壯性。</p><p>　　文獻[22 ]較深入地討論了具有主動控制的結構的健壯設計問題, 指出柔性結構從本質上講是分布參數系統(tǒng)。有限元計算中的近似處理會導致參數的誤差, 并會導致模態(tài)的喪失。結構參數中也存在著相當的不確定性, 這些不確定性會明顯地影響控制系統(tǒng)的穩(wěn)定性和性能特性。因此必須確定參數擾動對系統(tǒng)性能的影響。反饋控制系

30、統(tǒng)的魯棒性成為設計中的一個重要問題。在設計過程中需考慮兩種魯棒性: 穩(wěn)定性魯棒性和性能魯棒性。</p><p>　　以往對穩(wěn)定性魯棒性的研究主要在頻域中用單值分解來完成, 而對性能魯棒性的研究則用靈敏度分析在時域進行。同時在設計過程中研究穩(wěn)定性魯棒性和性能魯棒性的文獻較少。文獻[22 ]同時考慮這兩種魯棒性, 用閉環(huán)系統(tǒng)特征值矩陣的狀態(tài)數來反映穩(wěn)定性魯棒性, 以相關靈敏度來示性能魯棒性。文中為了使系統(tǒng)達到健壯最優(yōu)

31、, 采用了多目標優(yōu)化, 目標函數有4 個: (1) 穩(wěn)定性魯棒性; (2) 性能魯棒性; (3) 結構重量; (4) 控制系統(tǒng)能量。采用協(xié)同模糊運籌</p><p>　　學求解問題的可行最優(yōu)解。</p><p><b>　　5　結束語</b></p><p>　　(1) 基于質量工程的健壯性設計, 可以稱之為“廣義”的健壯性設計方法, 主要是在

32、設計中對機械結構在制造中產生的偏差加以克服, 使產品具有抵抗制造誤差干擾的能力。提供的方法大都是以試驗設計技術為基礎的, 而且考慮的均為靜態(tài)問題, 不考慮產品在工作過程中本身的性能。今后主要工作在于提出更有效的健壯設計方法。</p><p>　　( 2) 基于靈敏度分析的健壯性設計, 可以稱之為“狹義”的健壯性設計方法, 主要是對優(yōu)化以后的結果進行分析, 使其具有健壯性。適用面較窄。</p><

33、;p>　　(3) 目前結構.控制一體化的健壯性研究僅僅考慮到集成后控制系統(tǒng)的魯棒性, 而對于結構參數的健壯性未做研究, 所以集成后的系統(tǒng)健壯性是一個新的且有價值的課題。</p><p>　　(4) 健壯性的概念起源于控制(魯棒性) , 后逐漸引入質量工程, 現已向機械工程滲透。機械系統(tǒng)的健壯性設計是一門嶄新的學科, 它將對設計方法的更新產生巨大的影響。尤其是在當前各學科互相滲透、互相補充的情況下, 機械的健

34、壯性和結構.控制一體化健壯設計是這一領域的前沿課題。如何建立健壯性的評價指標, 是重要的基礎研究; 如何把控制中的魯棒性和機械結構的健壯性有機地結合起來,是理論研究的重點所在。這也將對智能結構的廣泛應用起到很大的推進作用。</p><p>　　According to the machine design method of the haleness</p><p>　　Abstract:

35、 The concept of robustness derived from the field of cont role Engineering and cont role theory, and the concept of robust design put for ward by Taguch and used in quality engineering get into the area of mechanical eng

36、ineering in recent years. In this paper we discuss four aspects of the problem: robust design based on quality engineering; robust design based on ensitivity analysis; robust structure; structure. control synthesis robus

37、t design. Finally, the development in each aspect i</p><p>　　Keyword: Strong design; Quantity engineering; An analysis; The structure control integral whole turn ； Lead the speech</p><p>　　At th

38、e machine system design completes but enters the manufacturing and uses the stage, because of The influence of a series of indetermination factor, may appear the function up the big variety, very Go to make product expir

39、ed, thus cause the quantity unsteady .How make design to produce The article has the haleness, that is make the product and processes have the outside interference of holdout lead</p><p>　　Quantity of rise t

40、he ability of the motion, design the front of method to follow the topic current. Lift from here The machine concept of the strong sex design.</p><p>　　1 according to strong design of the quantity engineerin

41、g</p><p>　　1. One quantity engineering</p><p>　　The quantity engineering( the Q E) develops the whole process quality control and quantities to the product The system engineering method of the c

42、ontrol, include to design the total quantity engineering and the manufacturing quantity works Distance. Design the quantity engineering to mainly have: Strong sex design; Dependable sex design; Satisfy to produce</p&g

43、t;<p>　　The article calculator of the overall quantity index sign gather turn the intelligence design; With the haleness, credibility Sex manages for the overall quantity of the point and quality control technique

44、. Make the quantity engineering Mainly resolve to design the quantity to match the sex problem.</p><p>　　1. 2 concepts of the strong sex designs</p><p>　　So-called and strong sex design, is to

45、give the product or the process haleness, high performances And low cost design It is the function that a kind of function, quantity and costs synthesize excellent。</p><p>　　Turn to design the method, is a k

46、ind of to fix attention on in the economic performance, have a foothold in the technical quality of engineering Quantity design and management technique .This kind of design method designs the square in the traditional e

47、ngineering Development on the method since then of, it develop process is: Mathematics is excellent to turn → the engineering is excellent to turn( try Check the design) → a method( the Tagnch imethod) of farmland → stro

48、ng design.</p><p>　　The strong design can resolve the large-scale product design problem. It strengthened the farmland</p><p>　　The system design of the method, outstanding the QDF( the quantit

49、y function launch) leads to make first se.</p><p>　　1. 3 halenesses design the improvement of method</p><p>　　(1) Different form of the indetermination factor: A method of farmland considered on

50、ly random Indetermination factor. Cultural heritage[1] discussed theindetermination factor of other forms, and point A these factors to excellent turn the target and the quantity letter to compare to have the influence,

51、 thus improved S. The N expression type.</p><p>　　(2) Other manhunt method: A method of farmland uses to experiment the method only at whole The design carries on the manhunt in the space, experimenting thro

52、ugh just hand over of a series, can select Superior design parameter. What a method of farmland use is 23 the numbers experiment the design</p><p>　　Method, it improves the method: Use two enter the type man

53、hunt; At design the space usage to climb a mountain</p><p>　　Method; Can also use the random manhunt method etc..</p><p>　　(3) Control the conditional design: A method of farmland is under the c

54、ondition of have no stipulation Usage of, if the existence control, can make use of to control to search the method, will control to turn at first Change for all rate form. Another method is an usage definition the metho

55、d of the boundary, settle a Divide a function. Can also use the Monte2 Carlo method to solve. Cultural heritage[2] pointed out a method of farmland at handle to control and many target problem square</p><p>

56、;　　Shortage of face, developped a method of farmland, make it be able to handle to control and many target of Problem.The usage in text statisticses the analytical ANOVA concept to certain excellent turn the target The i

57、mportance of each factor in the function, expeled the influence of the of no account factor, get only An of can go the superior solution.</p><p>　　Cultural heritage[3] make use of monotonous sex analysis te

58、chnique and will have the haleness of the stipulation successfully Sex design problem simplification for have no control excellent turn the problem, let up the amount of calculation with this. Text</p><p>　　

59、Dedicate[4] put forward an according to analytical method of monotone, solve or help to solve Following problem: Find out the design changes the value of measure the x, make can't control arbitrarily the parameter F

60、to</p><p>　　The function characteristic y= the f(x, F) influence is minimum, namely to can't control the variation of factor of</p><p>　　The sensitivity is minimum, completing the strong des

61、ign with this. This kind of method and farmland methods compare Lie in it and don't need to statistics to experiment, but according to the function characteristic function y= f( x,F) Of monotonous sex.</p><

62、;p>　　1. 4 according to strong design of the quantity engineering</p><p>　　Cultural heritage[5,6] put forward a kind of path of strong design: Turn smallest from the voice of Factor( can't control the

63、factor) and can control the variation that factor cause. the strong design The origin reason is a result that passes to make variation result in minimum but need not remove what it produce Source, raise the product quant

64、ity with this. Can is divided into the two major type to the problem from here:</p><p>　　Is output the variation of a factor (can't control the parameter) to function</p><p>　　Of influence l

65、et up the lowest limit: Will be able to control the variation of the factor(the design changes the quantity) output to function ofThe influence lets up the lowest limit.</p><p>　　The ChenWei point out that o

66、scular" the parameter design" of farmland is from the é problem hair The exhibition is since then, and put forward process that resolves two strong design problems of include with</p><p>　　Nex

67、t three and main step:</p><p>　　(1) The usage responds to face the method, establishment and all important can control and voice ，because of</p><p>　　The son is relevant of respond to and face m

68、odel.</p><p>　　(2) Aim at the different type of strong design problem, deduce to respond to of all be worth And function that square differ.</p><p>　　(3) Make use of the compatible decision supp

69、ort problem( DSP) solution method, beg the haleness to establish Account the solution.</p><p>　　This kind of method that the ChenWei put forward has the following advantage: Can lead into the work The dista

70、nce control, designing the well balanced between target to have to many very greatly vivid; Can Use to respond to face the model to reflect to match and not line result, compare the line of the farmland Sex model is more

71、 accurate; Responding to face model can be the fast nalytical mold piece apply in not In the strong design problem of the of the same kind type.But this kind of method ha</p><p>　　The function peace treaty t

72、ie the square distance is to use to experiment the covariance of design and special two times model Carry on look like of, for the height not the line model and two rank models the application is still not enough Be sati

73、sfied with; Deduce in the formula convenient arrived some assumptions, accurate sex of the influence model. The Park inson[7-9] is divided into the haleness of the engineering model two type: Can the degree of the line H

74、aleness and work properly A halen</p><p>　　M in f i (x , p ) i = 1, 2, .., q</p><p>　　s. t. The g j( x, p) ≤ bj j=1,2,.., q (1)</p><p>　　The x in type changes the quantity( it

75、is worth between the top and bottom limit) for the design and is to control to change the quantity; P for can't the control parameter, if error margin etc.. The Park in son points out that the core of strong design i

76、s an excellent turn the problem, strong The variation that a key concept design is to change the quantity and parameters deliver to the design letter Number, make the target peace treaty tie produce all variation. The co

77、variance that changes the</p><p>　　Aim at the engineering model, the Park inson discussed following seven kinds of strong design squareses</p><p>　　Method: (1) Deliver the variation method( M et

78、hod of T ransm it ted V ariat ion, M TV ) ; ( 2) Excellent turn analytical behind( Po st Op t imality A nalysis- POA ) ; (3) The parameter control( Paramet ric Const rains- PC) ; (4) Mr. A method( To lerance Box App roac

79、h- TBA ) ; (5) Random excellent turn (Stochast icOp tm izat ion - SO ) ; (6) A method of farmland; (7) Related Other method. Use for the merit and shortcoming of each method the solid example carried on comparison.</p

80、><p>　　Have some other developments in the near future: Regulate the parameter method; Lead to go in to become Relativity; Processing not the positive distributes the method of the parameter; The indeterminati

81、on of other formsSex.</p><p>　　2 according to an analytical strong design</p><p>　　Cultural heritage[10] studied excellent turn the problem in the intelligent degree of the parameter, put forwar

82、d to work properly A concept that leads the number. Speak from mathematics, the intelligent degree lead the number to mean the target function and The design changes the quantity to beg to lead to the parameter study. Th

83、e Jaro slaw[10] inquiried into how from A control excellent turn the equation that the problem acquires the intelligent degree to lead the number( a square distance), St</p><p>　　The use of The target functi

84、on and designs change the outwardly put of the quantity value; Many targets are excellent to turn;Predict the variety of control the appearance; Greatly excellent turn the problem decomposition as some sub- problems.<

85、/p><p>　　Cultural heritage[11] fore the foundation of the text up, studied the function quality of the organization system Quantity and permit the bad intelligent degree, put forward the system function quantit

86、y to permit bad assurance of the intelligent degree Method and judge in general use method to permit the bad least impressionable and strong design. Usage That method, can make sure that be subjected to the strong organ

87、ization that the size permits bad influence least, at the same time Can acquire</p><p>　　Belegundu[11] defined first two the types change the quantity: The design changes to measure the b and not indeed</

88、p><p>　　Change to measure the x certainly, respond to machine or structures expression of F is</p><p>　　F = F (b, x ) (2)</p><p>　　Deduce from here to design the format of problem acco

89、rding to the haleness of the minimum and intelligent degree. Text The medium method did not suppose to change the quantity all the rate distribute, but two axiomses that put forward, certificate</p><p>　　Un

90、derstand if the indetermination changes the quantity consideration to become have all the rate distribute of change the quantity random,</p><p>　　The so intelligent degree lowers and then mean the expiration

91、 all the rate let up.Its conclusion is: Work properly</p><p>　　The degree of is more small, the safety is more high.</p><p>　　3 rightnesses of strong and structural researches</p><p&g

92、t;　　The farmland puts forward the strong design from the angle of the quantity engineering in 1986 thisConcept later, the scholars of the mechanical engineering realm try the concept of the haleness Lead into the mechani

93、cal engineering realm. The livings etc.[13-15] studied is excellent to turn according to an analytical structure</p><p>　　Design, put forward certainly intelligent degree of sex and certainly sex is excellen

94、t to turn the concept of design, give settleIs excellent to turn the in general use calculate way of design[13].Expand this kind of calculate way again thereafter many eyes</p><p>　　The mark is excellent to

95、turn, and defined three kinds of misty languages" small"," the no rmal", " Large", installed the misty son to gather for them, the son concentration included long-lost turn of The design cha

96、nges the quantity.</p><p>　　Cultural heritage[14] makes use of the cultural heritage[13] conclusion, put forward a kind of make use of to have already know of Simple excellent turn the conclusion of design t

97、o solve the complicated problem certainly sex the square of the intelligent degree Method. Cultural heritage[15] puts forward the application to experiment the result and certainly intelligent degree of sex come to actua

98、l Of design object carry on certainly sex is excellent to turn to design the method, making design as</p><p>　　The definition of the strong structure of is: In spite of internal parameter still an exterior e

99、nvironment of structure Of fluctuation, all attain to the influence of the structure minimum, and put forward the strong structure design The format of the problem.</p><p>　　Cultural heritage[17] developped

100、the concept of the strong structure, making it expand to from the narrow sense Broad sense, was juxtaposed to raise in the strong structure of the broad sense, some target functions are possible Take the method. Still th

101、e strong structure concept of the applied broad sense, carried on to calculate an analysis, get Of conclusion is: The strong structure of broad sense uses for big and parts of problems within the static state problem all