柴油發(fā)動機外文翻譯

1、<p><b>　　中文3214字</b></p><p><b>　　外文原文</b></p><p>　　The Diesel Engine</p><p>　　In 1892 Rudolf Diesel developed and obtained the German patent for the die

2、sel engine. His goal was to create an engine that was highly efficient. Much more efficient than the gasoline engine that was invented in 1876 and was not very efficient at all, especially at that point in time. There ar

3、e two main differences between a diesel engine and a gasoline engine: (1) A gasoline engine intakes a mixture of gas and air, compresses it and ignites the mixture with a spark. A diesel engine takes in jus</p>&l

4、t;p>　　The higher compression ratio of the diesel engine leads to better efficiency. Gasoline engines use either a carburetor or a fuel injection system to deliver the fuel to the cylinder. With a carburetor the fuel i

5、s mixed as it enters the intake manifold, long before it gets to the cylinders. In a fuel injection system the fuel is injected just before the intake stroke at the intake valve.</p><p>　　Diesel engines use

6、direct fuel injection (DI), that is to say the diesel fuel is injected directly into the cylinder. The diesel engine has no spark plugs. The air it takes in is compressed and the fuel is injected directly into the cylind

7、er where the heat caused by the air compression ignites the fuel. In the old days this meant that it exploded and expanded very quickly, making a noisy engine. This is why most diesel cars were IDI (indirect injection);

8、the rough behavior was fixed by injecting</p><p>　　This slows down the explosion, as the gasses have to escape from through the narrow passage into the cylinder. This gives a softer bang and a smoother engin

9、e, but the gasses have to work harder, which lowers the efficiency a little. However the newer breed of DI engines use other techniques to tame the behavior of the engine, such as two stage injection, electronic control

10、.</p><p>　　The injector on a diesel engine is its most complex component and has been the subject of a great deal of development and innovation. On any specific engine it may be located in a variety of place

11、s. The injector has to be able to withstand the temperature and pressure inside the cylinder and still deliver the fuel in a fine mist. Getting the mist circulated in the cylinder so that it is evenly distributed is also

12、 a problem, so some diesel engines employ special induction valves, pre-combustion c</p><p>　　One major difference between a gas engine and a diesel engine is in the injection process. Most car engines use p

13、ort injection or a carburetor rather than direct injection. In a car engine all of the fuel is loaded into the cylinder during the intake stroke and then compressed. The compression of the fuel/air mixture limits the com

14、pression ratio of the engine. If it compresses the air too much, the fuel/air mixture spontaneously ignites and causes knocking. A diesel compresses only air, so the c</p><p>　　In the United States and Canad

15、a, diesel engines are most commonly found in trucks and buses. In Europe, where fuel prices fluctuate around $3.00 to $4.00 per gallon, the fuel efficiency of the diesel has made it a popular choice for cars, and most Eu

16、ropean-market cars are available with a diesel or a turbo-diesel engine.</p><p>　　Compared to gasoline-powered vehicles, diesels are more fuel efficient. Diesel engines produce more torque, and they tend to

17、be more durable. They don't need an electric ignition system, which reduces their complexity. However, they also create more noise, they can be difficult to start in extremely cold weather and they sometimes require

18、more frequent routine maintenance than gasoline engines.</p><p>　　Most passenger car diesel engines have a glow plug of some type. When a diesel engine is cold, the air compression may not raise the air to a

19、 high enough temperature to ignite the fuel. The glow plug is an electric heater that glows red-hot and helps to ignite the fuel when the engine is cold so that the engine can start.</p><p>　　The amount of p

20、ower which an engine can produce is limited by how much fuel it can burn, and the amount of fuel it can burn is limited by the amount of oxygen in the cylinder. The amount of oxygen in the cylinder is limited by the amou

21、nt of air in the cylinder. So, if more power is wanted then more air is needed, how do we achieve this? Well a large engine has more air, so it can produce more power, or we can compress the air before it gets to the cyl

22、inders.This is what a super-charger does; it </p><p>　　A diesel engine has no spark plugs. Because the air is so compressed and hot at the top of the stroke, the fuel ignites right away when it is injected.

23、This is why a diesel engine is called a "Compression Ignition" engine and gasoline engines are called "Spark Ignition" engine. This also means that there are no ignition breakers, ignition coils, dist

24、ributors and ignition wires to go bad. This allows diesel engines to start no matter if it is dry or rainy and wet.</p><p>　　The key to fuel efficiency is to squeeze as much energy as possible out of a given

25、 amount of fuel by burning it as completely as possible. Diesel fuel itself has the potential to produce more power than a like quantity of gasoline. Furthermore, high compression ratios help diesels to burn their fuel m

26、ore completely than gasoline engines. And because diesels always intake a full charge of air while varying the amount of fuel, the air-fuel mixture tends to be a very lean mixture at lower power out</p><p>　

27、　Some modern diesel engines are starting to come out with electronically controlled injection pumps, but the vast majority of them out there have purely mechanical pumps. No electricity is required to make a diesel engin

28、e run, except for a simple fuel cut off solenoid so that you can hut the engine down.</p><p>　　Turbo-charging a diesel is easier than turbo-charging a gasoline engine. One problem for a gasoline engine is th

29、at if the compression ratio is too high, and the pressure in the cylinder gets too high during the inlet stroke, then the fuel/air mixture can start to burn too soon, while the piston is still on the way up. A turbo incr

30、eases the pressure in the cylinder making this problem worse. With a diesel engine, there is no fuel in the cylinder during the compression stroke, so a turbo can be us</p><p>　　The process of starting a die

31、sel engine is less affected by temperature. When a gasoline engine is started from cold it needs a lot of fuel to make it run properly. If you do short trips all the time then you'll get far below the fuel economy th

32、at you'd normally get. Since emissions are proportional to the amount of fuel consumed, you'll be producing higher pollution levels. Diesel engines are ideal for short journeys because their efficiency is almost

33、as high cold as when they are hot.</p><p>　　Diesel engines last a lot longer than gasoline engines. This is because gasoline destroys lubrication and diesel fuel doesn't. Cold start-ups are a real killer

34、 for gasoline engines because of all that extra gasoline needed to start a cold engine.</p><p>　　A compression ratio of 19:1 to 25:1 gives significant engine braking, but it also makes the engine hard to sta

35、rt. You'll need a good battery, one of very high amperage, and starter motor.</p><p>　　Glow plugs are needed. Diesel engines rely on the heat of compressed air to ignite their fuel. When the engine is co

36、ld, compression alone may not produce enough heat for the fuel to burn, so most car and truck diesels use glow plugs, electric elements that heat up the cylinder before a cold engine is started These electric heaters are

37、 switched on for anywhere from 5 to 10 seconds to make the engine easier to start. They use about 15 amps each (you have one for each cylinder). This is why you nee</p><p>　　Torque is a measure of twisting f

38、orce, and in the automotive world it translates to the ability to get a load moving.</p><p>　　This makes a diesel engine good for towing, trucks and buses, but will never be great in the 0 to 60 ranges.</

39、p><p>　　Because of their high compression ratios, diesel engines have to be built with more durable components than gasoline engines. Diesel fuel is a lubricant, and as it is sprayed into the engine during the

40、combustion cycle, it lubricates the cylinder walls. As a result, diesels are subject to less internal wear than gasoline engines, and will usually run many more miles before requiring an overhaul. It can make a car more

41、stable, but will handle and corner differentaly than a gasoline engine. It als</p><p>　　Diesel engines are nosier than gasoline engines. If you open the hood of a gasoline car with the engine running, you kn

42、ow that gasoline engines are fairly quiet. With diesel engines, there's a great deal of mechanical noise, mostly due to the engine's high compression ratios and the fuel injection systems. They are even nosier wh

43、en they are cold.</p><p>　　Diesel engines require more frequent routine maintenance than gasoline engines. On the plus side however, normal gasoline engine maintenance such as replacing the spark plugs, rot

44、or and replacing ignition wires are not necessary on a diesel engine. You don't have to worry about an Ignition module or coil going bad. It's simply because a diesel engine has no ignition system.</p><

45、;p>　　Is a diesel engine right for you? That is something you have to decide based on your needs and driving habits. A diesel powered vehicle will not handle or be as powerful as a gasoline powered vehicle. Diesel fuel

46、 is not as readily available as gasoline. I had more than a few times where I was sweating out finding a gas station with diesel. This, however, is starting to change with the increasing number of diesel powered vehicles

47、 now on the road. I know I love my diesel and once I adjusted to it,</p><p><b>　　中文翻譯</b></p><p><b>　　柴油發(fā)動機</b></p><p>　　—─節(jié)選自about.com：Auto Repair</p>

48、<p>　　1892年，魯?shù)婪蜷_發(fā)研制出了柴油機，并取得了德國專利。His goal was to create an engine that was highly efficient.他的目標(biāo)是要創(chuàng)造一個高效率的引擎。早在1876年魯?shù)婪蚓桶l(fā)明了一個Much more efficient than the gasoline engine that was invented in 1876 and was not very

49、 efficient at all.比汽油發(fā)動機更具效率的發(fā)動機，然而在那個特定的時間，效果并不是非常明顯。Especially at that point in time.柴油發(fā)動機和汽油發(fā)動機There are two main differences between a diesel engine and a gasoline engine.主要有兩個區(qū)別：（1）A gasoline engine intakes a mixtur

50、e of gas and air, compresses it and ignites the mixture with a spark.汽油發(fā)動</p><p>　　The higher compression ratio of the diesel engine leads to better efficiency.較高的壓縮比使柴油機擁有了更好的工作效率。Gasoline engines use eithe

51、r a carburetor or a fuel injection system to deliver the fuel to the cylinder.汽油發(fā)動機使用汽化器或燃油注入系統(tǒng)，向氣缸釋放燃料。在With a carburetor the fuel is mixed as it enters the intake manifold, long before it gets to the cylinders.氣化器的作用下燃

52、料在進(jìn)入通風(fēng)口的時候就被混合，此時它還遠(yuǎn)未到達(dá)氣缸。通常情況下在一個燃料噴射系統(tǒng)中，燃料在通風(fēng)口閥門打開的之前就應(yīng)當(dāng)被注入。In a fuel injection system the fuel is injected just before the intake stroke at the intake va</p><p>　　Diesel engines use direct fuel injection

53、(DI), that is to say the diesel fuel is injected directly into the cylinder.柴油引擎采用直接燃油噴射（DI）形式，這就是說，柴油燃料是被直接注射到氣缸的。The diesel engine has no spark plugs.柴油發(fā)動機沒有火花塞。The air it takes in is compressed and the fuel is injecte

54、d directly into the cylinder where the heat caused by the air compression ignites the fuel.空氣被壓縮后產(chǎn)生的熱量將直接注射到汽缸的燃料點燃。In the old days this meant that it exploded and expanded very quickly, making a noisy engine.在過去，這意味著氣體爆

55、炸并極快的膨脹，所制造出的是一個具有巨</p><p>　　This slows down the explosion, as the gasses have to escape from through the narrow passage into the cylinder.這樣做減緩了爆炸，同時氣體不得不通過狹窄的通道進(jìn)入氣缸。This gives a softer bang and a smoother

56、engine, but the gasses have to work harder, which lowers the efficiency a little.爆炸變得溫和，發(fā)動機也變得更順暢，然而氣體不能再劇烈碰撞爆發(fā)能量，所以系統(tǒng)效率會有所降低。However the newer breed of DI engines use other techniques to tame the behavior of the engine,

57、 such as two stage injection, electronic control, and acoustic shrouds and shock absorbing engine moun</p><p>　　The injector on a diesel engine is its most complex component and has been the subject of a gre

58、at deal of development and innovation.噴油器是柴油發(fā)動機最復(fù)雜的組成部分，并一直得到極大的發(fā)展和創(chuàng)新。On any specific engine it may be located in a variety of places.對于不同的發(fā)動機，它可能位于不同的地方。The injector has to be able to withstand the temperature and press

59、ure inside the cylinder and still deliver the fuel in a fine mist.噴油器必須能夠經(jīng)受住汽缸內(nèi)的溫度和壓力，并依然可以以細(xì)霧的形式釋放燃料。Getting the mist circulated in the cylinder so that it is evenly distributed is als</p><p>　　One major di

60、fference between a gas engine and a diesel engine is in the injection process.燃?xì)獍l(fā)動機和柴油發(fā)動機的一個主要區(qū)別是在于噴射過程。Most car engines use port injection or a carburetor rather than direct injection.大多數(shù)汽車發(fā)動機使用端口噴射或汽化器噴射，而不是直接噴射。In a c

61、ar engine all of the fuel is loaded into the cylinder during the intake stroke and then compressed.在一臺轎車發(fā)動機中所有的燃料被載入汽缸，進(jìn)入通風(fēng)口后進(jìn)行壓縮處理。The compression of the fuel/air mixture limits the compression ratio of the engine.壓縮的燃料

62、/空氣混合氣限制了引擎的壓縮比。If it compresses the air too muc</p><p>　　In the United States and Canada, diesel engines are most commonly found in trucks and buses.在美國和加拿大，柴油發(fā)動機是最常見于卡車和巴士。In Europe, where fuel prices fluc

63、tuate around $3.00 to $4.00 per gallon, the fuel efficiency of the diesel has made it a popular choice for cars, and most European-market cars are available with a diesel or a turbo-diesel engine.在歐洲，燃料價格約在3.00 ~4.00歐元每加

64、侖波動，柴油機的燃油效率已使它成為很受歡迎的選擇。汽車和大多數(shù)歐洲市場的轎車，都可以配備柴油或渦輪柴油發(fā)動機。</p><p>　　Compared to gasoline-powered vehicles, diesels are more fuel efficient, and they can travel significantly farther on a tank of fuel than their

65、 gasoline counterparts.相比汽油動力車，柴油機更省油。Diesel engines produce more torque, and they tend to be more durable.柴油發(fā)動機產(chǎn)生更多的扭矩，并且作用往往更持久。They don't need an electric ignition system, which reduces their complexity.它們并不需要一個電子

66、點火系統(tǒng)，從而降低了其復(fù)雜性。However, they also create more noise, they can be difficult to start in extremely cold weather and they sometimes require more </p><p>　　Most passenger car diesel engines have a glow plug of s

67、ome type.大多數(shù)小客車的柴油引擎有一個類型不同的電熱塞。When a diesel engine is cold, the air compression may not raise the air to a high enough temperature to ignite the fuel.當(dāng)柴油機受冷，空氣壓縮可能不會使空氣到達(dá)一個足夠高的溫度而引燃燃料。The glow plug is an electric heate

68、r that glows red-hot and helps to ignite the fuel when the engine is cold so that the engine can start這個發(fā)熱塞是一個可以產(chǎn)生炙熱的電子發(fā)熱器，有助于引燃燃料，當(dāng)發(fā)動機受冷時也能使發(fā)動機啟動。</p><p>　　The amount of power which an engine can produce is

69、 limited by how much fuel it can burn, and the amount of fuel it can burn is limited by the amount of oxygen in the cylinder.發(fā)動機產(chǎn)生的動力大小受到燃料燃燒量的限制，燃料燃燒量又受到汽缸中氧氣含量的限制。So, if more power is wanted then more air is needed, ho

70、w do we achieve this?所以，如果需要更多的動力，則需要更多空氣，我們?nèi)绾巫龅竭@一點？Well a large engine has more air, so it can produce more power, or we can compress the air before it gets to the cylinders.那么一個大型發(fā)動機容納了更多的空氣，因此它能夠產(chǎn)生更多的動力，或者我們可以把空氣在進(jìn)入氣缸

71、之前就進(jìn)行壓縮。Th</p><p>　　A turbo-charger is made to spin by blowing exhaust gasses over a turbine on one end of a shaft and compresses air with a turbine at the other end of the shaft.</p><p>　　A die

72、sel engine has no spark plugs.柴油機引擎沒有火星塞。Because the air is so compressed and hot at the top of the stroke, the fuel ignites right away when it is injected.因為空氣在沖程的頂部被壓縮并釋放巨大的熱，當(dāng)燃料被注入時就馬上被點燃了。This is why a diesel engine

73、is called a "Compression Ignition" engine and gasoline engines are called "Spark Ignition" engine.這就是為什么柴油機是一種被稱為“壓縮點火”的發(fā)動機，而汽油發(fā)動機則被稱為“火花點火引擎”。This also means that there are no ignition breakers, igni

74、tion coils, distributors and ignition wires to go bad.這也意味著不存在點火開關(guān)，點火線圈，點火導(dǎo)</p><p>　　The key to fuel efficiency is to squeeze as much energy as possible out of a given amount of fuel by burning it as complet

75、ely as possible.燃油效率問題的關(guān)鍵是將給定數(shù)量的燃油盡可能的完全燃燒并從中獲得更多的能量。Diesel fuel itself has the potential to produce more power than a like quantity of gasoline.柴油燃料本身也具有比同數(shù)量的汽油產(chǎn)生更多動力的潛能。Furthermore, high compression ratios help diesels

76、 to burn their fuel more completely than gasoline engines.此外，在高壓縮比的幫助下，柴油機燃料的燃燒比汽油發(fā)動機更徹底。And because diesels always intake a full charge of air while varying </p><p>　　Some modern diesel engines are starting

77、 to come out with electronically controlled injection pumps, but the vast majority of them out there have purely mechanical pumps.一些現(xiàn)代的具有電控噴射泵的柴油引擎逐步進(jìn)入市場，但其中絕大多數(shù)所配備的都是純粹的機械泵。No electricity is required to make a diesel en

78、gine run, except for a simple fuel cut off solenoid so that you can hut the engine down.柴油發(fā)動機需要無電力運行，除了一個簡單的燃油切斷電磁閥，該電磁閥可以使引擎馬上停止工作。</p><p>　　Turbo-charging a diesel is easier than turbo-charging a gasoline

79、engine.用渦輪增壓器給柴油發(fā)動機增壓顯然比給汽油機增壓容易得多。為汽油發(fā)動機增壓One problem for a gasoline engine is that if the compression ratio is too high, and the pressure in the cylinder gets too high during the inlet stroke, then the fuel/air mixture

80、 can start to burn too soon, while the piston is still on the way up.其中的一個問題是，如果壓縮比太高，汽缸中的壓力在進(jìn)氣沖程的過程中就會太高，那么，燃料/空氣混合物會在活塞上沖的途中立刻燃燒。A turbo increases the pressure in the cylinder making this problem worse.渦輪增加了氣缸壓力，使</

81、p><p>　　The process of starting a diesel engine is less affected by temperature.柴油機在啟動的過程中很少會受到溫度的影響。When a gasoline engine is started from cold it needs a lot of fuel to make it run properly.而汽油發(fā)動機在受冷的狀況下啟動時，則

82、需要大量的燃料，使之正常運行。If you do short trips all the time then you'll get far below the fuel economy that you'd normally get.如果你總是做短途旅行，那么你將獲得遠(yuǎn)低于正常水平的燃油經(jīng)濟(jì)效益。Since emissions are proportional to the amount of fuel consumed

83、, you'll be producing higher pollution levels.由于排放量和燃油消耗量成正比，這樣就會產(chǎn)生較高的污染水平。Diesel engi</p><p>　　Diesel engines last a lot longer than gasoline engines.柴油發(fā)動機比汽油發(fā)動機使用壽命更持久。This is because gasoline destroys

84、 lubrication and diesel fuel doesn't.這是因為汽油含有破壞潤滑油的成分而柴油燃料卻不會。Cold start-ups are a real killer for gasoline engines because of all that extra gasoline needed to start a cold engine.冷啟動則是汽油發(fā)動機的致命傷，因為所有多余的汽油都要用來燃燒產(chǎn)生熱量，

85、以此來克服在寒冷的狀況下汽油發(fā)動機熱能不足的問題。</p><p>　　A compression ratio of 19:1 to 25:1 gives significant engine braking, but it also makes the engine hard to start.壓縮比為19：1到25：1對于發(fā)動機的制動非常重要，但同時也使發(fā)動機難以啟動。這個時候You'll need

86、a good battery, one of very high amperage, and starter motor.你就需要一個好的電池，擁有較高的電容和起動馬力。</p><p>　　電熱塞是必須的。Diesel engines rely on the heat of compressed air to ignite their fuel.柴油引擎依賴空氣壓縮產(chǎn)生熱量點燃他們的燃料。When the en

87、gine is cold, compression alone may not produce enough heat for the fuel to burn, so most car and truck diesels use glow plugs, electric elements that heat up the cylinder before a cold engine is started These electric h

88、eaters are switched on for anywhere from 5 to 10 seconds to make the engine easier to start.當(dāng)發(fā)動機受冷，僅壓縮空氣可能不能產(chǎn)生足夠的熱量燃燒燃料，因此大多數(shù)汽車和卡車使用的柴油電熱塞，在受冷的引擎發(fā)動前電力因素就可以加熱汽缸。這些電力加熱器可</p><p>　　Torque is a measure of twisti

89、ng force, and in the automotive world it translates to the ability to get a load moving.扭矩是衡量扭力大小的尺度，并在汽車自動化領(lǐng)域被看作是衡量負(fù)載運行能力的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。This makes a diesel engine good for towing, trucks and buses, but will never be great in the 0

90、 to 60 ranges.這使得柴油機適用于拖車，卡車和公共汽車，但在0至60的范圍內(nèi)卻不適合。</p><p>　　Because of their high compression ratios, diesel engines have to be built with more durable components than gasoline engines.由于其高壓縮比，柴油機需要比汽油發(fā)動機采用更耐

91、用的部件。Diesel fuel is a lubricant, and as it is sprayed into the engine during the combustion cycle, it lubricates the cylinder walls.柴油燃料是一種潤滑劑，它在一個燃燒周期中噴入發(fā)動機，并同時潤滑著氣缸壁。As a result, diesels are subject to less internal we

92、ar than gasoline engines, and will usually run many more miles before requiring an overhaul.因此，柴油機比汽油引擎受到較少的內(nèi)部的磨損，通常情況下柴油機在大修前可以運行更多</p><p>　　Diesel engines are nosier than gasoline engines.柴油發(fā)動機比汽油發(fā)動機有更大的噪音

93、。If you open the hood of a gasoline car with the engine running, you know that gasoline engines are fairly quiet.如果你在汽油動力車發(fā)動時打開引擎蓋，你就會知道汽油發(fā)動機相當(dāng)?shù)陌察o。With diesel engines, there's a great deal of mechanical noise, mostly

94、 due to the engine's high compression ratios and the fuel injection systems.而柴油發(fā)動機則有大量的機械噪聲，這主要是由于發(fā)動機的高壓縮比和燃油噴射系統(tǒng)。They are even nosier when they are cold.它們甚至在受冷時也會發(fā)出噪音。</p><p>　　Diesel engines require m

95、ore frequent routine maintenance than gasoline engines.柴油發(fā)動機比汽油發(fā)動機需要更頻繁的常規(guī)養(yǎng)護(hù)。然而More frequent oil changes generally required at 3,000 miles and more frequent fuel filter and air filter changes.On the plus side however, no

96、rmal gasoline engine maintenance such as replacing the spark plugs, distributor cap and rotor and replacing ignition wires are not necessary on a diesel engine.要加以說明的是，一般汽油發(fā)動機的維修工程，如更換火花塞，轉(zhuǎn)子和更換點火電線對柴油機來說不是必要的。You don'

97、;t have to worry about an Ignition modul</p><p>　　Is a diesel engine right for you?柴油機適合你嗎？That is something you have to decide based on your needs and driving habits.這是你必須根據(jù)自己的需求和駕駛習(xí)慣所決定。A diesel powered ve

98、hicle will not handle or be as powerful as a gasoline powered vehicle.柴油動力的車輛在操縱和動力提供方面和汽油動力車有很大不同。They are slow off the line, even with a turbo-charger.Diesel fuel is not as readily available as gasoline.柴油燃料不像汽油那樣被普遍利用