瀝青面層外文翻譯

1、<p>　　Bituminous Surface</p><p><b>　　瀝青面層</b></p><p>　　學(xué) 生 姓 名： 霍元彪 </p><p>　　學(xué) 生 班 級(jí)： 土木 0541 </p><p>　　所 在 學(xué) 院： 土木

2、工程學(xué)院 </p><p>　　所 學(xué) 專(zhuān) 業(yè)： 土木工程專(zhuān)業(yè) </p><p>　　專(zhuān) 業(yè) 方 向： 道 橋 方 向 </p><p>　　指 導(dǎo) 教 師： 李 橋 </p><p>　　教 師 職 稱(chēng)： 教 授

3、</p><p><b>　　瀝青面層</b></p><p>　　含骨料的瀝青是當(dāng)今最常見(jiàn)的路面。它們可用于各種道路，從最高等級(jí)多層瀝青混凝土的高速公路道很少用的薄面防塵公路。 </p><p>　　前期處理：在許多類(lèi)型瀝青路面的施工過(guò)程中，均采用涂底層或粘底層這道施工工序。

4、 </p><p>　　底層：液體瀝青材料用以滲透入基層表面，然后在其上鋪筑瀝青路面。底層把基層表面松散的粒料粘在一起，以保護(hù)免遭氣象、車(chē)輛荷施工設(shè)備的破壞，同時(shí)便于在其上鋪筑瀝青路面。</p><p>　　粘層：是一種瀝青材料，用于新舊表面與覆蓋蓋表面的混合材料之間的粘結(jié)?？稍诘讓由显阡佌硨樱硨涌捎米鳠釣r青膏或液態(tài)瀝青材料。</p>

5、<p>　　瀝青表面處理：通常是在噴灑瀝青之后立即攤鋪一層骨料，然后進(jìn)行碾壓。若只噴灑一層瀝青，然后攤鋪一層骨料，就稱(chēng)為單層表面處理。再?lài)姙⒁粚訛r青，并且再攤鋪一層細(xì)粒骨料，則路面的厚度，從而可得到兩層或三層瀝青表面處理。</p><p>　　采用瀝青表面處理，可用于面層防水以避免基層或路基變軟，并且可以防止因交通或螺旋槳沖擊波而造成路面得磨損、剝落、粉化和老化。它們尤其適用于老化了得瀝青路面，以及堅(jiān)固

6、基層上承受輕荷載得磨耗層。</p><p>　　封閉層：?jiǎn)螌颖砻嫣幚淼囊环N特殊形式，它是許多瀝青路面施工的最后一層。封閉層不能用于噴氣飛機(jī)跑道的瀝青混凝土路面上。</p><p>　　滲透型碎石路面：滲透型碎石路面與所有其他瀝青粒路面的區(qū)別在于滲透型碎石路面是在集料鋪筑在基層上之后再?lài)姙r青材料。將粗糙、有棱角的碎石鋪筑在路上，經(jīng)過(guò)壓實(shí)。然后噴灑瀝青材料滲透層，再用細(xì)石子覆蓋表面，經(jīng)過(guò)碾壓

7、、清掃、使顆粒填充于面層的空隙中。滲透型碎石尤其適用于基層。</p><p>　　實(shí)踐證明，混凝土常見(jiàn)的裂縫，大多數(shù)是不同深度的表面裂縫，其主要原因是溫度梯度造成寒冷地區(qū)的溫度驟降也容易形成裂縫。因此說(shuō)混凝土的保溫對(duì)防止表面早期裂縫尤其重要。從溫度應(yīng)力觀(guān)點(diǎn)出發(fā)，保溫應(yīng)達(dá)到下述要求：1）防止混凝土內(nèi)外溫度差及混凝土表面梯度，防止表面裂縫。2）防止混凝土超冷，應(yīng)該盡量設(shè)法使混凝土的施工期最低溫度不低于混凝土使用

8、期的穩(wěn)定溫度。3）防止老混凝土過(guò)冷，以減少新老混凝土間的約束。 混凝土的早期養(yǎng)護(hù)，主要目的在于保持適宜的溫濕條件，以達(dá)到兩個(gè)方面的效果，一方面使混凝土免受不利溫、濕度變形的侵襲，防止有害的冷縮和干縮。一方面使水泥水化作用順利進(jìn)行，以期達(dá)到設(shè)計(jì)的強(qiáng)度和抗裂能力。 適宜的溫濕度條件是相互關(guān)聯(lián)的?；炷系谋卮胧┏３Ｒ灿斜竦男Ч?。 從理論上分析，新澆混凝土中所含水分完全可以滿(mǎn)足水泥水化的要求而有余。但由于蒸發(fā)等原因

9、常引起水分損失，從而推遲或防礙水泥的水化，表面混凝土最容易而且直接受到這種不利影響。因此混凝土澆筑后的最初幾天是養(yǎng)護(hù)的關(guān)鍵時(shí)期，在施工中應(yīng)切實(shí)重視起來(lái)。</p><p>　　水泥混凝土路面的特點(diǎn)是在養(yǎng)護(hù)良好的條件下使用年限比其它路面長(zhǎng)，但一旦開(kāi)始破損，將會(huì)迅速發(fā)展。因此，必須作好預(yù)防性、經(jīng)常性養(yǎng)護(hù)。通過(guò)經(jīng)常的巡視觀(guān)察，及早發(fā)現(xiàn)缺陷，查清原因，不失時(shí)機(jī)地采取適當(dāng)?shù)拇胧?，以保持路面狀況的完好。水泥混凝土路面的經(jīng)常性養(yǎng)

10、護(hù)要做到“四勤”，即勤掃、勤灌、勤削、勤疏；“四要”，要配備必要的養(yǎng)護(hù)設(shè)備，要管好公路綠化，要配合好公路劃線(xiàn)，要協(xié)助搞好路政管理工作。</p><p>　　現(xiàn)場(chǎng)拌制瀝青混合料路面（路拌）：路拌瀝青混合料的施工就使是在路邊或跑道上將瀝青與集料直接拌合，可用普通的施工設(shè)備或移動(dòng)式攪拌機(jī)來(lái)拌合。如果混合料需求量不大并且合適的天然集料就在施工現(xiàn)場(chǎng)附近，則采用路拌瀝青混合料鋪筑公路路面較為經(jīng)濟(jì)。它們不適合于鋪筑永久性路面，

11、但可用作臨時(shí)公路的磨耗層或用作較高級(jí)公路階段性施工的第一步。</p><p>　　熱拌瀝青混凝土路面（廠(chǎng)拌）：瀝青混凝土是粗集料、細(xì)集料、礦物料合瀝青材料以一定比例在中心拌合廠(chǎng)配制而得的混合料，熱拌瀝青混凝土是在較高溫度下拌合、攤鋪并壓實(shí)的。粗集料是指10號(hào)篩以上的篩余粒料；細(xì)集料是指通過(guò)10號(hào)篩篩孔但在200號(hào)篩上余留的粒料；礦物料是通過(guò)200號(hào)篩的粉料。瀝青混凝土的粗集料比例超過(guò)35%—45%。</p&

12、gt;<p>　　片狀瀝青混凝土：是由砂、填料、瀝青膏嚴(yán)格按比例混合加熱拌合而形成的一種高質(zhì)量片狀瀝青混合料，常用作路面表層。</p><p>　　Bituminous Surface</p><p>　　Bituminous materials combined with aggregates are the most common pavement surfaces in

13、 use today .They are used on all types of roadway from multiple layers of asphalt concrete on the highest class of highway to thin, dust-control layers on seldom-used roads.</p><p>　　Cement concrete road sur

14、face is characterized by good conditions in the conservation useful life than other road long, but once started damaged, will develop rapidly. Therefore, the need to make preventive and regular maintenance. Through regul

15、ar visits to observe, early detection of errors, identify reasons, lost no time in taking appropriate measures to maintain good road conditions. Cement demands of the regular road maintenance to be "four ground,&quo

16、t; that is, ground forces, ground irrigation, </p><p>　　Second, the common plant disease and the reason analyze plant disease</p><p>　　Preliminary Treatments</p><p>　　In the constru

17、ction of many types of bituminous pavements, a prime coat or tack coat is employed as part of the construction procedure.</p><p>　　Prime Coat: Liquid bituminous material applied to penetrate the surface of a

18、 base on which a bituminous pavement is to be placed. The prime coat is applied to bond together loose particles on the surface to receive the bituminous pavement.</p><p>　　Tack Coat: A bituminous material a

19、pplied to provide bond between a new or old surface and the mixture with which it is being covered. It may be used in addition to a prime coat and may applied as a hot asphalt cement or as a liquid bituminous material. &

20、lt;/p><p>　　Bituminous Surface Treatment</p><p>　　A bituminous surface treatment is generally constructed by making an application of bituminous material, immediately followed by the application of

21、 covering mineral aggregate. The surface is then rolled. If a single application of bituminous material is made, followed by a single application of aggregate, it may be called a single surface treatment. The thickness o

22、f this type of surface may be increased by the application of additional bituminous material and additional spreads of successively f</p><p>　　Bituminous surface treatments are used to waterproof the surface

23、 in order to prevent softening of the base and subgrade, and to prevent abrasion, raveling, dusting, and disintegration of the surface by traffic or propeller blast. They are especially adapted for surfacing worn or aged

24、 bituminous pavements, and on strong bases as a wearing surface for light loads. </p><p>　　Seal Coat: A special type of single surface treatment is a seal coat, which is used as a final layer in the construc

25、tion of many bituminous pavements. Seal coats should never be used on bituminous concrete airfield pavements which will be subjected to jet aircraft traffic. </p><p>　　In the construction of the concrete, fo

26、r turnover rate to raise template , demand concrete form removal as soon as possible that build newly often. Should consider the time of form removal appropriatly when concrete temperature is higher than the temperature,

27、 so as not to cause the superficial early crack of concrete. Build the early form removal newly, cause the stress of drawing greatly on the surface , present the phenomenon that " temperature is assaulted ". In

28、 initial stage of the concrete </p><p>　　Add muscle influence to large volume temperature stress of concrete very light , because large volume concrete include muscle to be rate very much low. Just influence

29、 general armored concrete . On terms that temperature is not very high and the stress is less than surrendering terminally, every performance of the steel is steady, and have nothing to do with stress state , time and te

30、mperature. Line bloated coefficient of steel and concrete line bloated coefficient difference very light, take pla</p><p>　　Penetration Macadam </p><p>　　Penetration macadam pavement differs fro

31、m all other bituminous in that the bitumen is added to the aggregate after the latter is in place on the base. Coarse, angular, crushed rock is spread and rolled, sprayed with a penetrating coat of bituminous materials ,

32、 and covered with a smaller stone chip rolled and broomed to fill the voids in the surface . Penetration macadam is well adapted for use as a base course.</p><p>　　Mixed-in-place Bituminous Pavements (Road M

33、ix)</p><p>　　Mixed-in-place bituminous pavements are constructed by mixing bitumen with aggregate directly on the toad or runway. Mixing may be accomplished by the use of ordinary construction equipment or b

34、y traveling mixers. Mixed-in-place pavements provide an economical means of obtaining a satisfactory surface for roads when the required amount of pavement is small and when suitable natural aggregates are on or near the

35、 side. They are not considered suitable for permanent type pavement, but may be used a</p><p>　　Hot-Mix Bituminous Concrete Pavements (Plant Mix)</p><p>　　Bituminous concrete is an intimate mixt

36、ure of concrete of coarse aggregate, fine aggregate, mineral filler, and bituminous material, proportioned and mixed at a central mixing plant. Hot-mix bituminous concrete is mixed, spread, and compacted at elevated temp

37、erature. Coarse aggregate is material retained on the NO.10 sieve; fine aggregate is that passing the NO.10 sieve and retained on the NO.200; and mineral filler is material finer than NO.200 sieve. Bituminous concrete co

38、ntains more than 35 t</p><p>　　Sheet Asphalt</p><p>　　A hot plant mixture of sand, filler, and asphalt cement carefully proportioned and controlled to produce a sand-type mixture of high quality