電子類中英文翻譯

1、<p><b>　　中文翻譯：</b></p><p>　　從無線電世界到單片機(jī)世界 現(xiàn)代計(jì)算機(jī)技術(shù)的產(chǎn)業(yè)革命,將世界經(jīng)濟(jì)從資本經(jīng)濟(jì)帶入到知識(shí)經(jīng)濟(jì) 時(shí)代.在電子世界領(lǐng)域,從 20 世紀(jì)中的無線電時(shí)代也進(jìn)入到 21 世紀(jì)以計(jì) 算機(jī)技術(shù)為中心的智能化現(xiàn)代電子系統(tǒng)時(shí)代.現(xiàn)代電子系統(tǒng)的基本核心是 嵌入式計(jì)算機(jī)系統(tǒng)(簡(jiǎn)稱嵌入式系統(tǒng)),而單片機(jī)是最典型,最廣泛,最普及 的嵌入式系統(tǒng). 一 ,

2、無線電世界造就了幾代英才 在 20 世紀(jì)五六十年代,最具代表的先進(jìn)的電子技術(shù)就是無線電技術(shù), 包括無線電廣播,收音,無線通信(電報(bào)),業(yè)余無線電臺(tái),無線電定位,導(dǎo) 航等遙測(cè),遙控,遙信技術(shù).早期就是這些電子技術(shù)帶領(lǐng)著許多青少年步 入了奇妙的電子世界,無線電技術(shù)展示了當(dāng)時(shí)科技生活美妙的前景.電子 科學(xué)開始形成了一門新興學(xué)科.無線電電子學(xué),無線通信開始了電子世界 的歷程. 無線電技術(shù)不僅成為了當(dāng)時(shí)先進(jìn)科學(xué)技術(shù)的代表,而且從普及到 專業(yè)的科學(xué)

3、領(lǐng)域,吸引了廣大青少年,并使他們從中找到了無窮的樂趣. 從床頭的礦石收音機(jī)到超外差收音機(jī);從無線電發(fā)報(bào)到業(yè)余無線電臺(tái);從 電話,電鈴到無線電操縱模型.無線電技術(shù)成為當(dāng)時(shí)青少年科普,科技教 育最普及,最廣泛的內(nèi)容.至今,許多老一輩的工程師</p><p>　　半導(dǎo)體集成電路首先在基本數(shù)字邏輯電路上取得突破.大量數(shù)字邏輯 電路,如門電路,計(jì)數(shù)器,定時(shí)器,移位寄存器以及模擬開關(guān),比較器等, 為電子數(shù)字控制提供了極佳的條

4、件,使傳統(tǒng)的機(jī)械控制轉(zhuǎn)向電子控制.功 率電子器件以及傳感技術(shù)的發(fā)展使原先以無線電為中心的電子技術(shù)開始轉(zhuǎn) 向工程領(lǐng)域中的機(jī)械系統(tǒng)的數(shù)字控制,檢測(cè)領(lǐng)域中的信息采集,運(yùn)動(dòng)機(jī)械 對(duì)象的電氣伺服驅(qū)動(dòng)控制. 半導(dǎo)體及其集成電路技術(shù)將我們帶入了一個(gè)電子技術(shù)普及時(shí)代,無線 電技術(shù)成為電子技術(shù)應(yīng)用領(lǐng)域的一個(gè)部分. 進(jìn)入 20 世紀(jì) 70 年代,大規(guī)模集成電路出現(xiàn),促進(jìn)了常規(guī)的電子電路 單元的專用電子系統(tǒng)發(fā)展.許多專用電子系統(tǒng)單元變成了集成化器件,如 收音

5、機(jī),電子鐘,計(jì)算器等,在這些領(lǐng)域的電子工程師從電路,系統(tǒng)的精 心設(shè)計(jì),調(diào)試轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)槠骷x擇,外圍器件適配工作.電子技術(shù)發(fā)展了,電 子產(chǎn)品豐富了,電子工程師的難度減少了,但與此同時(shí),無線電技術(shù),電 子技術(shù)的魅力卻削弱了.半導(dǎo)體集成電路的發(fā)展使經(jīng)典電子系統(tǒng)日趨完善, 留在大規(guī)模集成電路以外的電子技術(shù)日益減少,電子技術(shù)沒有了往昔無線 電時(shí)代的無窮樂趣和全面的工程訓(xùn)練. 三 , 從經(jīng)典電子技術(shù)時(shí)代到現(xiàn)代電子技</p><p&g

6、t;　　展的矛盾,在 20 世紀(jì) 70 年代,半導(dǎo)體專家另辟蹊徑,完全按照電子系統(tǒng) 的計(jì)算機(jī)嵌入式應(yīng)用要求,將一個(gè)微型計(jì)算機(jī)的基本系統(tǒng)集成在一個(gè)芯片 上,形成了早期的單片機(jī)(Single Chip Microcomputer).單片機(jī)問世后,在 計(jì)算機(jī)領(lǐng)域中開始出現(xiàn)了通用計(jì)算機(jī)系統(tǒng)和嵌入式系統(tǒng)的兩大分支.此后, 無論是嵌入式系統(tǒng),還是通用計(jì)算機(jī)系統(tǒng)都得到了飛速的發(fā)展. 早期雖然有通用計(jì)算機(jī)改裝而成的嵌入式計(jì)算機(jī)系統(tǒng),而真正意義上 的嵌入

7、式系統(tǒng)始于單片機(jī)的出現(xiàn).因?yàn)閱纹瑱C(jī)是專門為嵌入式應(yīng)用設(shè)計(jì)的, 單片機(jī)只能實(shí)現(xiàn)嵌入式應(yīng)用.單片機(jī)能最好地滿足嵌入式應(yīng)用的環(huán)境要求, 例如,芯片級(jí)的物理空間,大規(guī)模集成電路的低價(jià)位,良好的外圍接口總 線和突出控制功能的指令系統(tǒng). 單片機(jī)有計(jì)算機(jī)系統(tǒng)內(nèi)核,嵌入到電子系統(tǒng)中,為電子系統(tǒng)智能化 奠定了基礎(chǔ).因此,當(dāng)前單片機(jī)在電子系統(tǒng)中的廣泛使用,使經(jīng)典電子系 統(tǒng)迅速過渡到智能化的現(xiàn)代電子系統(tǒng). 四 , 單片機(jī)開創(chuàng)了現(xiàn)代電子系統(tǒng)時(shí)代 1 單片機(jī)與嵌

8、入式系統(tǒng) 嵌入式系統(tǒng)源于計(jì)算機(jī)的嵌入式應(yīng)用,早期嵌入式系統(tǒng)為通用計(jì)算機(jī) 經(jīng)改裝后嵌入到對(duì)象體系中的各種電子系統(tǒng),如艦船的自動(dòng)駕駛</p><p>　　機(jī)革新了原有電子系統(tǒng),如微波爐采用單片機(jī)控制后,可方便地進(jìn)行時(shí)鐘 設(shè)置,程序記憶,功率控制;空調(diào)機(jī)采用單片機(jī)后不但遙控參數(shù)設(shè)置方便, 運(yùn)行狀態(tài)自動(dòng)變換,還可實(shí)現(xiàn)變頻控制.目前許多家用電器如 VCD,DVD 只有單片機(jī)出現(xiàn)后才可能實(shí)現(xiàn)其功能. 3 嵌入式系統(tǒng)帶動(dòng)了整個(gè)

9、電子產(chǎn)業(yè) 目前電子元器件產(chǎn)業(yè)除了微處理器,嵌入式系統(tǒng)器件外,大多是圍繞 現(xiàn)代電子系統(tǒng)配套的元器件產(chǎn)業(yè),例如滿足人機(jī)交互用的按鍵,LED/LCD 顯示驅(qū)動(dòng),LED/LCD 顯示單元,語(yǔ)音集成器件等,滿足數(shù)據(jù)采集通道要求 的數(shù)字傳感器,ADC,數(shù)據(jù)采集模塊,信號(hào)調(diào)理模塊等,滿足伺服驅(qū)動(dòng)控 制的 DAC,固體繼電器,步進(jìn)電機(jī)控制器,變頻控制單元等,滿足通信要 求的各種總線驅(qū)動(dòng)器,電平轉(zhuǎn)換器等. 世界電子元器件在嵌入式系統(tǒng)帶動(dòng)下,沿著充分滿足嵌

10、入式應(yīng)用的現(xiàn) 代電子系統(tǒng)要求發(fā)展.這就使原來經(jīng)典電子系統(tǒng)的天地愈來愈小.電子系 統(tǒng)中的各類從業(yè)人員應(yīng)盡早轉(zhuǎn)向現(xiàn)代電子系統(tǒng)的康莊大道. 五 , 單片機(jī)將造就新一代電子精英 如果說五十年代起,無線電世界造就了幾代精英,那么當(dāng)今的單片機(jī) 世界將會(huì)造就出新一代電子精英. 1 單片機(jī)帶你進(jìn)入智能化電子領(lǐng)</p><p>　　的智能化本質(zhì)并掌握智能化設(shè)計(jì)的知識(shí).從學(xué)習(xí)單片機(jī)應(yīng)用技術(shù)入手是當(dāng) 今培養(yǎng)計(jì)算機(jī)應(yīng)用軟,硬件技術(shù)人才的

11、最佳道路之一. 3 單片機(jī)帶你進(jìn)入最具魅力的電子世界 獨(dú)具魅力的單片機(jī)能使你體會(huì)到電腦的真諦,你可以用單片機(jī)親自動(dòng) 手設(shè)計(jì)智能玩具,可以設(shè)計(jì)不同的應(yīng)用程序?qū)崿F(xiàn)不同的功能.既有硬件制 作又有軟件設(shè)計(jì),既動(dòng)腦,又動(dòng)手.初級(jí)水平可開發(fā)智能玩具,用宏指令 編程.中級(jí)水平可開發(fā)一些智能控制器,如電腦鼠,智能車,各種遙控模 型.高級(jí)水平可開發(fā)機(jī)器人,如機(jī)器人足球賽,開發(fā)工業(yè)控制單元,網(wǎng)絡(luò) 通信等,并用匯編語(yǔ)言或高級(jí)語(yǔ)言設(shè)計(jì)應(yīng)用程序.圍繞單片機(jī)及嵌入

12、式系 統(tǒng)形成的電子產(chǎn)業(yè)的未來,將會(huì)為電子愛好者提供廣闊的天地,一個(gè)比當(dāng) 年無線電世界更廣闊,更豐富,更持久,更具魅力的電子世界.投身到單 片機(jī)世界來,將使你一生受益. 單片機(jī)攻擊技術(shù) 目前,攻擊單片機(jī)主要有四種技術(shù),分別是: ( 1 ) 軟件攻擊 該技術(shù)通常使用處理器通信接口并利用協(xié)議,加密算法或這些算法 中的安全漏洞來進(jìn)行攻擊.軟件攻擊取得成功的一個(gè)典型事例是對(duì)早期A TMEL AT89C 系列單片機(jī)的攻擊.攻擊者利用了該系列單片機(jī)擦

13、 除操作時(shí)序設(shè)計(jì)上的</p><p>　　鐘瞬態(tài)跳變也許會(huì)復(fù)位保護(hù)電路而不會(huì)破壞受保護(hù)信息.電源和時(shí)鐘瞬態(tài) 跳變可以在某些處理器中影響單條指令的解碼和執(zhí)行. ( 4 ) 探針技術(shù) 該技術(shù)是直接暴露芯片內(nèi)部連線,然后觀察,操控,干擾單片機(jī)以達(dá) 到攻擊目的.為了方便起見,人們將以上四種攻擊技術(shù)分成兩類,一類是 侵入型攻擊(物理攻擊),這類攻擊需要破壞封裝,然后借助半導(dǎo)體測(cè)試 設(shè)備,顯微鏡和微定位器,在專門的實(shí)驗(yàn)室花上

14、幾小時(shí)甚至幾周時(shí)間才能 完成.所有的微探針技術(shù)都屬于侵入型攻擊.另外三種方法屬于非侵入型 攻擊,被攻擊的單片機(jī)不會(huì)被物理?yè)p壞.在某些場(chǎng)合非侵入型攻擊是特別 危險(xiǎn)的,但是因?yàn)榉乔秩胄凸羲柙O(shè)備通?？梢宰灾坪蜕?jí),因此非常 廉價(jià). 大部分非侵入型攻擊需要攻擊者具備良好的處理器知識(shí)和軟件知識(shí). 與之相反,侵入型的探針攻擊則不需要太多的初始知識(shí),而且通?？捎靡?整套相似的技術(shù)對(duì)付寬范圍的產(chǎn)品. 單片機(jī)侵入型攻擊的一般過程 侵入型攻擊的第一步是

15、揭去芯片封裝.有兩種方法可以達(dá)到這一目的: 第一種是完全溶解掉芯片封裝,暴露金屬連線.第二種是只移掉硅核上面 的塑料封裝.第一種方法需要將芯片綁定到測(cè)試夾具上,借助綁定臺(tái)來操 作.第二種</p><p>　　掉保護(hù)位的保護(hù)作用,之后,使用簡(jiǎn)單的編程器就可直接讀出程序存儲(chǔ)器 的內(nèi)容. 對(duì)于使用了防護(hù)層來保護(hù)EEPROM單元的單片機(jī)來說,使用紫外 光復(fù)位保護(hù)電路是不可行的.對(duì)于這種類型的單片機(jī),一般使用微探針技 術(shù)來

16、讀取存儲(chǔ)器內(nèi)容.在芯片封裝打開后,將芯片置于顯微鏡下就能夠很 容易的找到從存儲(chǔ)器連到電路其它部分的數(shù)據(jù)總線. 由于某種原因,芯片鎖定位在編程模式下并不鎖定對(duì)存儲(chǔ)器的訪問. 利用這一缺陷將探針放在數(shù)據(jù)線的上面就能讀到所有想要的數(shù)據(jù).在編程 模式下,重啟讀過程并連接探針到另外的數(shù)據(jù)線上就可以讀出程序和數(shù)據(jù) 存儲(chǔ)器中的所有信息. 還有一種可能的攻擊手段是借助顯微鏡和激光切割機(jī)等設(shè)備來尋找保 護(hù)熔絲,從而尋查和這部分電路相聯(lián)系的所有信號(hào)線.由于

17、設(shè)計(jì)有缺陷, 因此,只要切斷從保護(hù)熔絲到其它電路的某一根信號(hào)線,就能禁止整個(gè)保 護(hù)功能.由于某種原因,這根線離其它的線非常遠(yuǎn),所以使用激光切割機(jī) 完全可以切斷這根線而不影響臨近線.這樣,使用簡(jiǎn)單的編程器就能直接 讀出程序存儲(chǔ)器的內(nèi)容. 雖然大多數(shù)普通單片機(jī)都具有熔絲燒斷保護(hù)單片機(jī)內(nèi)代碼的功能,但 由于通用低檔的單片機(jī)并非定位于制作安全類產(chǎn)品,因此,它</p><p>　　EMC 單片機(jī) : 單片機(jī): 是臺(tái)灣義隆公

18、司的產(chǎn)品,有很大一部分與 PIC 8 位單片機(jī)兼容,且相 兼容產(chǎn)品的資源相對(duì)比 PIC 的多,價(jià)格便宜,有很多系列可選,但抗干擾較差. ATMEL 單片機(jī) 單片機(jī)(51 單片機(jī) : 單片機(jī)): ATMEl 公司的 8 位單片機(jī)有 AT89,AT90 兩個(gè)系列,AT89 系列是 8 位 Flash 單片機(jī),與 8051 系列單片機(jī)相兼容,靜態(tài)時(shí)鐘模式;AT90 系列單片機(jī)是 增強(qiáng) RISC 結(jié)構(gòu),全靜態(tài)工作方式,內(nèi)載在線可編程 Flash

19、 的單片機(jī),也叫 AVR 單片機(jī). PHLIPIS 51PLC 系列單片機(jī) 系列單片機(jī)(51 單片機(jī) : 單片機(jī)): PHILIPS 公司的單片機(jī)是基于 80C51 內(nèi)核的單片機(jī),嵌入了掉電檢 測(cè),模擬以及片內(nèi) RC 振蕩器等功能,這使 51LPC 在高集成度,低成本,低 功耗的應(yīng)用設(shè)計(jì)中可以滿足多方面的性能要求. HOLTEK 單片機(jī) : 單片機(jī): 臺(tái)灣盛揚(yáng)半導(dǎo)體的單片機(jī),價(jià)格便宜,種類較多,但抗干擾較差,適用于消 費(fèi)類產(chǎn)品. TI

20、公司單片機(jī) 公司單片機(jī)(51 單片機(jī) : 單片機(jī)): 德州儀器提供了 TMS3</p><p><b>　　英文翻譯：</b></p><p>　　From the world of radio in the world to a single chip</p><p>　　Modern computer technology, industr

21、ial revolution, the world economy from the capital into the economy to knowledge economy. Field in the electronic world, from the 20th century into the era of radio to computer technology in the 21st century as the cente

22、r of the intelligent modern era of electronic systems. The basic core of modern electronic systems are embedded computer systems (referred to as embedded systems), while the microcontroller is the most typical and most e

23、xtensive and most popular</p><p>　　First, radio has created generations of excellence in the world</p><p>　　Fifties and sixties in the 20th century, the most representative of the advanced elect

24、ronic technology is wireless technology, including radio broadcasting, radio, wireless communications (telegraph), Amateur Radio, radio positioning, navigation and other telemetry, remote control, remote technology. Earl

25、y that these electronic technology led many young people into the wonderful digital world, radio show was a wonderful life, the prospects for science and technology. Electronics began to form a </p><p>　　Sec

26、ond, from the popularity of the radio era to era of electronic technology</p><p>　　The early radio technology to promote the development of electronic technology, most notably electronic vacuum tube technolo

27、gy to semiconductor electronic</p><p>　　technology. Semiconductor technology to realize the active device miniaturization and low cost, so more popular with radio technology and innovation, and to greatly br

28、oaden the number of non-radio-control areas. The development of semiconductor technology lead to the production of integrated circuit, forming the modern electronic technology leap from discrete electronics into the era

29、of era of integrated circuits. Electronic design engineers no longer use the discrete electronic components desig</p><p>　　the shrinking of electronic technology, electronic technology is not the old days of

30、 radio fun times and comprehensive engineering training.</p><p>　　Third, from the classic era of electronic technology to modern electronic technology of the times</p><p>　　80 years into the 20t

31、h century, the century of economic change is the most important revolution in the computer. The computer revolution in the most important sign is the birth of the computer embedded applications. Modern computer numerical

32、 requirements should be born. A long period of time, is to develop the massive computer numerical duty. But the computer shows the logic operation, processing, control, attracting experts in the field of electronic contr

33、ol, they want development to meet the c</p><p>　　Although the early general-purpose computer converted the embedded computer systems, and real embedded system began in the emergence of SCM. Because the micro

34、controller is designed specifically for embedded applications, the MCU can only achieve embedded applications. MCU embedded applications that best meet environmental requirements, for example, chip-level physical space,

35、large-scale integrated circuits low-cost, good peripheral interface bus and outstanding control of instruction. A computer</p><p>　　4, single chip to create the modern era of electronic systems</p>&l

36、t;p>　　A microcontroller and embedded systems Embedded computer systems from embedded applications, embedded systems for early general-purpose computer adapted to the object system embedded in a variety of electronic s

37、ystems, such as the ship's autopilot, engine monitoring systems. Embedded system is primarily a computer system, followed by it being embedded into the object system, objects in the object system to achieve required

38、data collection, processing, status display, the output control functions</p><p>　　2 MCU modern electronic systems consisting of electronic systems will become mainstream</p><p>　　MCU is a devic

39、e-level computer systems, it can be embedded into any object system to achieve intelligent control. Small to micro-machinery, such as watches,</p><p>　　hearing aids. Low-cost integrated device-level, low-to

40、a few dollars, ten dollars, enough to spread to many civilian SCM appliances, electronic toys to go. SCM constitutes a modern electronic systems has in-depth to the households, are changing our lives, such as home audio,

41、 televisions, washing machines, microwave ovens, telephones, security systems, and air conditioners. SCM innovation the original electronic systems, such as microwave ovens use SCM, it can easily set the clock, the progr

42、am me</p><p>　　5, SCM will create a new generation of electronic elite</p><p>　　If the 50's, radio has created several generations of the world elite, then today's SCM will create a new

43、generation of e-world elite. A single chip with you to the intelligent electronics If we as a dead classic electronic system electronic system, then the intelligent modern electronic systems is a "life" of the

44、electronic system. Application System of hardware, electronic systems, "body", microcontroller applications, the application</p><p>　　gives it "life." For example, in the design of intell

45、igent machines monitor display, it can boot the system self-test results show, not to enter the work shows a variety of stand-by state, equipment run-time display running processes, work can be displayed after the end of

46、 the current results, self results, raw data, reports and other various processing. Unattended, it can run automatically given a variety of functions. Intelligent electronic systems for the endless realm, often without a

47、ddition</p><p>　　MCU Attacks</p><p>　　Currently, there are four single chip attack technique, namely: (1) software attack The technology is commonly used processor communication interface and us

48、e protocol, encryption algorithm or the algorithm of security vulnerabilities to attack. The success of software attack is a typical example of the early ATMEL AT89C MCU attacks. Attacker single chip erase operation of t

49、he timing design flaw, erase the encryption used by ourselves locked in place, the next stop on-chip program memory data era</p><p>　　intrusion type attack (physical attack), such attack requires destruction

50、 of package, then use semiconductor test equipment, microscopes and micro-positioning device, in a special laboratory spend hours or even weeks to complete. All of the micro-probe techniques are invasive type attack. The

51、 other three methods are non-invasive type attack, attack the MCU will not be physical damage. In some cases, non-invasive-type attacks are particularly dangerous, but because of non-invasive type attacks ca</p>&

52、lt;p>　　MCU general process of invasion-type attack</p><p>　　Invasive type of attack is thrown off its first chip package. There are two ways to achieve this goal: the first one is completely dissolved out

53、 chip package, exposed metal connections. The second is only removed to the top of the plastic package silicon core. The first method is the need to bind to the test fixture on the chip, using bind Taiwan to operate. The

54、 second method requires the attacker in addition to a certain degree of knowledge and necessary skills, but also the wisdom and patience</p><p>　　use of different parts of the chip is exposed to ultraviolet

55、light and observe the results under the simple search mode. Operation applied opaque paper cover to protect the program memory chips are not erased by ultraviolet light. Will protect the fuse exposed under UV light 5 to

56、10 minutes to destroy the protection bit of the protective effect, use a simple programmer can directly read the contents of program memory. The use of the protective layer to protect the MCU EEPROM cell, using ultravio&

57、lt;/p><p>　　have become easier.</p><p>　　About common single chip</p><p>　　STC microcontroller STC's mainly based on the 8051 microcontroller core is a new generation of enhanced M

58、CU, the instruction code is fully compatible with the traditional 8051, 8 to 12 times faster, with ADC, 4 Road, PWM, dual serial ports, a global unique ID, encryption of good, strong anti-interference. PIC Microcontrolle

59、r: MICROCHIP's products is its prominent feature is a small, low power consumption, reduced instruction set, interference, reliability, strong analog interface, the code of co</p><p>　　Texas Instruments

60、MSP430 provides the TMS370 and two series of general-purpose microcontroller. TMS370 MCU is the 8-bit CMOS MCU with a variety of storage mode, a variety of external interface mode, suitable for real-time control of compl

61、ex situations; MSP430 MCU is a low power, high functionality integrated 16-bit low-power microcontroller, especially for applications that require low power consumption occasions Taiwan Sonix's single, mostly 8-bit m