計算機類畢業(yè)外文翻譯---系統(tǒng)開發(fā)階段

1、<p>　　計算機類畢業(yè)外文翻譯</p><p>　　The Phase to Develop the system</p><p>　　With the society's development, the personal relationship is day by day intense. How enhances the personal relationshi

2、p, reduces the management cost, the enhancement service level and pensonal competitive ability, is every one superintendent most matter of concern. More and more superintendents thought the implementation computer scient

3、ific style management solves this question. </p><p>　　Management information systems (MIS), are information systems, typically computer based, that are used within an organization. World net described an inf

4、ormation system as” a system consisting of the network of all communication channels used with an organization”.</p><p>　　Generally speaking, MIS involved the following parts:</p><p>　　1 Conduct

5、 a Preliminary Investigation</p><p>　?。?）What is the objective of the first phase of the SDLC?</p><p>　　Attention: SDLC means Systems Development Life Cycle.</p><p>　　The objectives

6、 of phase 1, preliminary investigation, are to conduct a preliminary analysis, propose alternative solutions, describe the costs and benefits of each solution, and submit a preliminary plan with recommendations. The prob

7、lems are briefly identified and a few solutions are suggested. This phase is often called a feasibility study.</p><p>　?。?）Conduct the preliminary analysis</p><p>　　In this step, you need to fin

8、d out what the organization’s objectives are and to explore the nature and scope of the problems under study.</p><p>　　Determine the organization’s objectives: Even if a problem pertains to only a small segm

9、ent of the organization, you cannot study it in isolation. You need to find out what the overall objectives of the organization are and how groups and departments with in the organization interact. Then you need to exami

10、ne the problem in that context.</p><p>　　Determine the nature and scope of the problems: you may already have a sense of the nature and scope of a problem. However, with a fuller understanding of the goals o

11、f the organization, you can now take a closer look at the specifics. Is too much time being wasted on paperwork? On waiting for materials? On nonessential tasks? How pervasive is the problem within the organization? Outs

12、ide of it? What people are most affected? And so on. Your reading and your interviews should give you a sense of t</p><p>　?。?）Propose alternative solutions</p><p>　　In delving into the organiza

13、tion’s objectives and the specific problems, you may have already discovered some solutions. Other possible solutions may be generated by interviewing people inside the organization, clients or customers, suppliers, and

14、consultants and by studying what competitors are doing. With this data, you then have three choices. You can leave the system as is, improve it, or develop a new system.</p><p>　　Leave the system as is: ofte

15、n, especially with paper-based or no technological systems, the problem really isn’t bad enough to justify the measures and expenditures required to get rid of it.</p><p>　　Improve the system: sometimes chan

16、ging a few key elements in the system upgrading to a new computer or new software, or doing a bit of employee retraining, for example will do the trick. Modifications might be introduced over several months, if the probl

17、em is no serious.</p><p>　　Develop a new system: if the existing system is truly harmful to the organization, radical changes may be warranted. A new system would not mean just tinkering around the edges or

18、introducing some new piece of hardware or software. It could mean changes in every part and at every level.</p><p>　　（4）Describe costs and benefits</p><p>　　Whichever of the three alternatives i

19、s chose, it will have costs and benefits. In this step, you need to indicate what these are.</p><p>　　The changes or absence of changes will have a price tag, of course, and you need to indicate what it is.

20、Greater costs may result in greater benefits, which, in turn, may offer savings. The benefits may be both tangible—such as costly savings –and intangible—such as worker satisfaction. A process may be speeded up, streamli

21、ned through the elimination of unnecessary steps, or combined with other processes. Input errors or redundant output may be reduced. Systems and subsystems may be better integ</p><p>　?。?）Submit a preliminar

22、y plan </p><p>　　Now you need to wrap up all your findings in a written report, submitted to the executives(probably top managers) who are in a position to decide in which direction to proceed—make no change

23、s, change a little, or change a lot—and how much money to allow the project. You should describe the potential solutions, costs, and benefits and indicate your recommendations. If management approves the feasibility stud

24、y, then the systems analysis phase can begin.</p><p>　　2 Do a Detailed Analysis of the System</p><p>　　（1）What tools are used in the second phase of the SDLC to analyze data?</p><p>

25、;　　The objectives of phase 2, systems analysis, are to gather data, analyze the data, and write a report. The present system is studied in depth, and new requirements are specified. Systems analysis describes what a syst

26、em is already doing and what it should do to meet the needs of users. Systems design—the next phase—specifies how the system will accommodate the objective.</p><p>　　In this second phase of the SDLC, you wil

27、l follow the course prescribed by management on the basis of your phase/feasibility report. We are assuming what you have been directed to perform phase 2—to do a careful analysis of the existing system, in order to unde

28、rstand how the new system you propose would differ. This analysis will also consider how people’s positions and tasks will have to change if the new system is put into effect. In general, it involves a detailed study of:

29、</p><p>　　The information needs of the organization and all users;</p><p>　　The actives, resources, and products or any present information systems;</p><p>　　The information systems

30、 capabilities required to need the established information needs and user needs.</p><p>　　（2）Gather data </p><p>　　In gathering data, systems analysts use a handful of tools. Most of them not te

31、m ply technical. They include written documents, interviews, questionnaires, observation, and sampling.</p><p>　　Written documents: a great deal of what you need is probably available in the form of written

32、documents, and so on. Documents are a good place to start because they tell you how things are or are supposed to be. These tools will also provide leads on people and areas to pursuer further.</p><p>　　Inte

33、rviews: interviews with managers, workers, clients, suppliers, and competitors will also give you insights. Interviews may be structured or unstructured.</p><p>　　Questionnaires: questionnaires are useful fo

34、r getting information for large groups of people when you can’t get around to interviewing everyone. Questionnaires may also yield more information if respondents can be anonymous. In addition, this tool is convenient, i

35、s inexpensive, and yields a lot of data. However, people may not return their forms, results can be ambiguous, and with anonymous questionnaires you’ll have no opportunity to follow up.</p><p>　　Observation:

36、 no doubt you’ve sat in a coffee shop or on a park bench and just alone “a person is watching”. This can be a tool for analysis, too. Through observation you can see how people interact with one another and how paper mov

37、es through an organization. Observation can be non-participant or participant. If you are a non-participant observer, and people knew they are a participant observer, you may gain more insights by experiencing the confli

38、cts and responsibilities of the people you are w</p><p>　?。?）Analyze the data </p><p>　　Once the data is gathered, you need to come to grips with it and analyze it. Many analytical tools, or mod

39、eling tools, are available. Modeling tools enables a systems analyst to present graphic representations of a system. Examples are CASE tools, data flow diagrams, systems flow charts, connectivity diagrams, grid charts, d

40、ecision tables, and object-oriented analysis.</p><p>　　For example, in analyzing the current system and preparing data flow diagrams, the systems analyst must also prepare a data dictionary, which is then us

41、ed and expanded during all remaining phases of the SDLC. A data dictionary defines all the elements that make up the data flow. Among other things, it records what each data element is by name, how long it is, are where

42、it is used, as well as any numerical values assigned to it. This information is usually entered into a data dictionary software </p><p>　　The Phase: Design the System</p><p>　?。?）At the conclusi

43、ons of the third phase of the SDLC, what should have been created?</p><p>　　The objectives of phase 3, systems design, are to do a preliminary design and then a detail and to write a report. In this third ph

44、ase of the SDLC, you will essentially create a rough draft and then a detail draft of the proposed information system.</p><p>　　（5）Do a preliminary design </p><p>　　A preliminary design describe

45、s the general foundational capabilities of proposed information system. It reviews the system requirements and then considers major components of the system. Usually several alternative systems are considered, and the co

46、sts and the benefits of each are evaluated.</p><p>　　Some tools that may be used in the preliminary design an the detail design are following:</p><p>　　CASE tools: they are software programs tha

47、t automate various activities of the SDLC in several phases. This screen is from one of their banking system tools. It shows a model for an ATM transaction. The purchaser of the CASE tool would enter details relative to

48、the particular situation. This technology is intended to speed up to the process of developing systems and to improve the quality of the resulting systems.</p><p>　　Project management software: it consists o

49、f programs used to plan, schedule, a control the people, costs, and resources required to complete a project on time.</p><p>　　3 A detail design</p><p>　　A detail design describes how a proposed

50、 information system will deliver the general capabilities in the preliminary design. The detail design usually considers the following parts of the system, in this order: output requirements, and system controls and back

51、up.</p><p>　　(1) Output requirements: the first thing to determine is what you want the system to produce. In this first step, the systems analyst determines what media the appearance or format of the output

52、, such as headings, columns, and menus.</p><p>　　(2) Input requirements: once you know the output, you can determine the inputs, here, too, you must define the type of input, such as keyboard or source data

53、entry. You must determine in what form data will be input and how it will be checked for accuracy. You also need to figure out what volume of data the system can be allowed to take in.</p><p>　　(3) Storage r

54、equirements: using the data dictionary as a quite, you need to define the files and databases in the information system. How will the files be organized? What kind of storage devices will be used? How will they interface

55、 with other storage devices inside and outside of the organization? What will be the volume of database activity?</p><p>　　(4) Processing and networking requirements, what kind of computer or computers will

56、be used to handle the processing? What kind of operating system and applications software will be used? Will the computer or computers be tied to others in a network? Exactly what operations will be performed on the inpu

57、t data to achieve the desired output information? What kinds of user interface are desired?</p><p>　　(5) System controls backup: finally, you need to think about matters of security, privacy, and data accura

58、cy. You need to prevent unauthorized users from breaking into the system, for example, and snooping in private files. You need to devise auditing procedures and to set up specifications for testing the new system. Finall

59、y, you need to institute automatic ways of backing up information and storing it else where in case the system fails or is destroyed.</p><p>　　4 Develop/Acquire the System</p><p>　?。?）What gener

60、al tasks do systems analysts perform in the fourth phase of the SDLC?</p><p>　　Systems development/acquisition, the systems analysts or others in the organization acquire the software, acquire the hardware,

61、and then test the system. This phase begins once management has accepted the report containing the design and has” green lighted” the way to development. Depending on the size of the project, this phase will probably inv

62、olve substantial expenditures of money and time. However, at the end you should have a workable system.</p><p>　?。?）Acquire software </p><p>　　During the design stage, the systems analyst may ha

63、ve had to address what is called the “make-or-buy” decision; if not, that decision certainly cannot be avoided now. In the make-or-buy decision, you decide whether you have to create a program –have it custom-written—or

64、buy it. Sometimes programmers decide they can buy an existing software package and modify it rather than write it from scratch.</p><p>　　If you decide to create a new program, then the question is whether to

65、 use the organization’s own staff programmers or to hair outside contract programmers. Whichever way you go, the task could take months.</p><p>　?。?）Acquire hardware </p><p>　　Once the software

66、has been chosen, the hardware to run it must be acquired or upgraded. It’s possible you will not need to obtain any new hardware. It’s also possible that the new hardware will cost millions of dollars and involve many it

67、ems: models, and many other devices. The organization may prefer to lease rather than buy some equipment, especially since chip capability was traditionally doubled about every 18 months.</p><p>　?。?）Test th

68、e system </p><p>　　With the software and hardware acquired, you can now start testing the system in two stages: first unit testing and then system testing. If CASE tools have been used throughout the SDLC, t

69、esting is minimized because any automatically generated program code is more likely to be error free.</p><p>　　5 Implement the System </p><p>　?。?）What tasks are typically performed in the fift

70、h phase of the SDLC?</p><p>　　Whether the new information system involves a few handheld computers, and elaborate telecommunications network, or expensive mainframes, phase 5,systems implementation, with inv

71、olve some close coordination to make the system not just workable but successful, and people are tainted to use it.</p><p>　　6 Maintain the System</p><p>　?。?）What two tools are often used in th

72、e maintenance phase of the SDLC?</p><p>　　Phase 6, systems maintain, adjusts and improves the system by having system audits and periodic evaluations and by making changes based on new conditions.</p>

73、<p>　　Even with the conversion accomplished and the users trained, the system won’t just run itself. There is a sixth-and never-ending –phase in which the information system must—monitored to ensure that it is effe

74、ctive. Maintenance includes not only keeping the machinery running but also updating and upgrading the system to keep pace with new products, services, customers, government regulations, and other requirements.</p>

75、<p><b>　　附件二 英漢翻譯</b></p><p><b>　　系統(tǒng)開發(fā)階段</b></p><p>　　隨著社會的發(fā)展，個人關(guān)系管理在日常生活中起的左右顯而易見，怎樣增強個人管理管理能力 ，減少管理成本，加強服務(wù)水平和個人的競爭力是困擾每一個主管的重要問題之一。越來越多的主管人員應(yīng)用應(yīng)用計算來解決實際問題。</p&

76、gt;<p>　　管理信息系統(tǒng)（MIS）是一個信息系統(tǒng)，以計算機為基礎(chǔ)，有組織的應(yīng)用在一起，世界互聯(lián)網(wǎng)扮演這信息系統(tǒng)的角色，并把信息組合在一起，信息交換和交流被廣泛的應(yīng)用到組織中。</p><p>　　一般來說，信息管理系統(tǒng)發(fā)展有一下幾個階段。</p><p><b>　　1 初步調(diào)查</b></p><p>　　目標(biāo)的第一階段，

77、初步調(diào)查，是進行初步的分析，提出解決方案，描述了成本和效益的每一個解決方案，并提交一份初步計劃與建議。問題是簡單地確定和一些解決辦法的建議。這一階段往往是所謂的可行性研究。</p><p><b>　　（1）進行初步分析</b></p><p>　　在這個步驟中，您需要了解該組織的目標(biāo)，并探索的性質(zhì)和范圍的問題進行研究。 </p><p>　　

78、確定組織的目標(biāo)：即使一個問題涉及到只有一小部分的組織，你不能研究它的孤立。你需要找出的總體目標(biāo)組織以及如何組織和部門，在該組織的互動中探索答案。然后，你需要研究的問題在這方面。</p><p>　　確定的性質(zhì)和范圍的問題：您可能對已經(jīng)對組織的意識或者性質(zhì)有這一定范圍的認(rèn)識。然而，要更充分地了解本組織的目標(biāo)，現(xiàn)在您可以仔細(xì)看看細(xì)節(jié)。是太多的時間被浪費在文件？在等待材料？對不重要的任務(wù)？如何普遍存在的問題是在本組織內(nèi)

79、？還是在組織以外的呢？哪些人受影響最嚴(yán)重？等等。您的閱讀，您的訪談應(yīng)該給你一種定性的結(jié)論。</p><p>　　（2）建議的替代解決方案</p><p>　　在深入該組織的目標(biāo)和具體問題，你可能已經(jīng)發(fā)現(xiàn)了一些解決辦法。其他可能的解決辦法可能產(chǎn)生與與內(nèi)部人員調(diào)查的組織，客戶和客戶，供應(yīng)商和顧問之間。學(xué)習(xí)競爭對手正在做的事情。綜合這一數(shù)據(jù)，然后有三個選擇。你可以決定現(xiàn)該系統(tǒng)是改善，或開發(fā)一種新

80、的系統(tǒng) 拋棄系統(tǒng)的原因是：經(jīng)常，尤其是在以直直為基礎(chǔ)的或者根本沒有技術(shù)系統(tǒng)，這個問題確實是不壞的理由使得你有足夠的措施和經(jīng)濟支出來擺脫它。</p><p>　　提高系統(tǒng)：有時變化的幾個關(guān)鍵要素可以使得系統(tǒng)升級，可以應(yīng)用新的計算機或新軟件，或做一些雇員再培訓(xùn)，例如將這樣做的伎倆。如果這個問題沒有嚴(yán)重的，修改可能會推出數(shù)月。</p><p>　　制定一項新的制度：如果現(xiàn)行的制度是真正有害的組

81、織，徹底改變可能是有道理的。一個新的系統(tǒng)并不意味著只是修修補補的研發(fā)或引進一些新的硬件或軟件。這可能意味著變革的每一個部門和每一級。 </p><p>　　（3）描述的成本和效益 </p><p>　　哪三個辦法是選擇，它將具有成本和效益。在這個步驟中，您需要說明這些是什么。 </p><p>　　改變或沒有變化將有一個價格標(biāo)簽，當(dāng)然，你需要說明它是什么。更大的成本

82、可能會導(dǎo)致更大的利益，這反過來，可以提供儲蓄。的好處可能是有形資產(chǎn)，如昂貴的儲蓄和無形資產(chǎn)，如工人的滿意度。一個進程可能會加快，精簡通過消除不必要的步驟，或結(jié)合其它進程。輸入錯誤或多余的產(chǎn)量可能會減少。系統(tǒng)和分系統(tǒng)可以更好地整合。用戶可能會滿意系統(tǒng)。客戶或供應(yīng)商可以更有效地互動的系統(tǒng)。安全可能會得到改善。費用可能會降低。 </p><p>　　（4）提交一份初步計劃 現(xiàn)在你需要完成所有的結(jié)果在一份書面報告，提交

83、給主管（也許高層管理人員）誰能夠決定在哪個方向著手，不改變，改變一點點，或改變了很多，和多少錢，使該項目。你應(yīng)該描述可能的解決方案，成本和效益，表明您的建議。如果管理層批準(zhǔn)的可行性研究，然后系統(tǒng)的分析階段就可以開始</p><p><b>　　2詳細(xì)的分析系統(tǒng) </b></p><p>　　(1) 什么工具的使用，第二階段的系統(tǒng)發(fā)展生命周期分析數(shù)據(jù)？ </p&g

84、t;<p>　　這些目標(biāo)的第二階段，系統(tǒng)的分析，是收集數(shù)據(jù)，分析數(shù)據(jù)，并寫了一份報告。本系統(tǒng)的深入研究，新要求的具體規(guī)定。系統(tǒng)的分析說明什么是系統(tǒng)已做什么它應(yīng)該做的，以滿足用戶的需求。系統(tǒng)設(shè)計，下一階段，具體如何系統(tǒng)將容納目標(biāo)。 </p><p>　　在這第二階段的系統(tǒng)發(fā)展生命周期，您將按照所訂明當(dāng)然管理的基礎(chǔ)上，您的階段/可行性研究報告。我們假設(shè)你已經(jīng)指示進行第2階段，做認(rèn)真分析現(xiàn)有的系統(tǒng)，以便了

85、解新的系統(tǒng)你提議將有所不同。這種分析也將考慮如何人民的立場和任務(wù)將不得不改變，如果新系統(tǒng)付諸實施。一般來說，它涉及詳細(xì)的研究： </p><p>　　對信息的需求的組織和所有用戶; 的活躍，資源，產(chǎn)品或任何本信息系統(tǒng); </p><p>　　信息系統(tǒng)的能力，需要建立必要的信息需求和用戶的需求。 </p><p><b>　　(2) 收集數(shù)據(jù) </b&

86、gt;</p><p>　　在收集數(shù)據(jù)，系統(tǒng)分析員使用少數(shù)工具。他們大多數(shù)沒有系統(tǒng)鋪設(shè)技術(shù)。它們包括書面文件，訪談，問卷調(diào)查，觀察和取樣。 </p><p>　　書面文件：大量您所需要的可能是現(xiàn)有形式的書面文件，等等。文件是一個良好的開端，因為它們告訴你的東西或理應(yīng)是。這些工具也將提供線索的人和領(lǐng)域進一步追求。 </p><p>　　訪談：訪談管理人員，工人，客戶，

87、供應(yīng)商，和競爭對手也將讓你的見解。訪談可能是結(jié)構(gòu)或非結(jié)構(gòu)化的。 </p><p>　　調(diào)查問卷：問卷調(diào)查是有用的獲取信息的大型群體的人當(dāng)你不能給周圍每個人的面試。問卷調(diào)查也可能產(chǎn)生更多的信息，如果受訪者可以匿名。此外，這個工具很方便，價格低廉，并產(chǎn)生大量的數(shù)據(jù)。然而，人們可能不會傳回其形式，結(jié)果可含糊不清，并與匿名的問卷調(diào)查您有沒有機會跟進。 </p><p>　　觀察：毫無疑問，您坐在一

88、個咖啡館或公園的長椅和公正獨立“的人都在注視著” 。這可能是一種工具，用于分析，太。通過觀察你可以看到人們?nèi)绾位樱舜艘约叭绾螌⑽募ㄟ^一個組織。可以觀察非參與人或參與者。如果你是一個非參與觀察，人們知道他們是參加觀察員，您可能會獲得更多的見解所經(jīng)歷的沖突和責(zé)任人您正在使用。 </p><p><b>　　(3) 數(shù)據(jù)分析 </b></p><p>　　一旦數(shù)據(jù)收集

89、，您需要來對付它，分析它。許多分析工具，或建模工具，可用。建模工具，使系統(tǒng)分析員提出申述的圖形系統(tǒng)。例子有案例工具，數(shù)據(jù)流程圖，系統(tǒng)流程圖，連接圖，網(wǎng)格圖，決策表，以及面向?qū)ο蟮姆治觥?</p><p>　　例如，在分析了目前的制度和準(zhǔn)備數(shù)據(jù)流程圖，系統(tǒng)分析員也必須準(zhǔn)備一份數(shù)據(jù)字典，然后使用和擴大在所有剩余階段的系統(tǒng)發(fā)展生命周期。數(shù)據(jù)字典定義的所有要素構(gòu)成的數(shù)據(jù)流。除其他外，它記錄每一個數(shù)據(jù)元素的名稱，多久，它的

90、使用，以及什么數(shù)值分配給它。這種信息通常是進入了一個數(shù)據(jù)字典的軟件程序。</p><p><b>　　3 系統(tǒng)設(shè)計 </b></p><p>　　(1) 在結(jié)論中的第三階段系統(tǒng)發(fā)展生命周期，應(yīng)該已經(jīng)建立？ </p><p>　　該目標(biāo)的第3階段，系統(tǒng)設(shè)計，正在做初步設(shè)計，然后詳細(xì)地寫了一份報告。在這第三階段的系統(tǒng)發(fā)展生命周期，你會基本上是建立一

91、個粗略的草案，然后詳細(xì)的草案提出的信息系統(tǒng)。 </p><p><b>　　(2) 初步設(shè)計 </b></p><p>　　初步設(shè)計的一般描述的基本能力，信息系統(tǒng)的建議。它審查的系統(tǒng)要求，然后認(rèn)為主要組成部分，該系統(tǒng)。通常幾個替代系統(tǒng)的考慮，成本和帶來的好處每個評價。 </p><p>　　一些工具，可用于初步設(shè)計詳細(xì)設(shè)計如下： </p&

92、gt;<p>　　CASE工具：它們是軟件程序自動化，各種活動的系統(tǒng)發(fā)展生命周期的幾個階段。此畫面是由他們的一個銀行系統(tǒng)的工具。它表明一種模式自動取款機交易。購買的CASE工具將進入相對詳細(xì)的特殊情況。這項技術(shù)是為了加快這一進程的發(fā)展系統(tǒng)和質(zhì)量的提高所產(chǎn)生的系統(tǒng)。 </p><p>　　項目管理軟件：它使用的程序規(guī)劃，計劃，控制人民，成本和資源才能完成一個項目的時間。 </p><

93、;p><b>　　(3) 詳細(xì)設(shè)計 </b></p><p>　　詳細(xì)介紹了如何設(shè)計擬議信息系統(tǒng)將提供的一般能力的初步設(shè)計。在詳細(xì)設(shè)計通常認(rèn)為以下部分的系統(tǒng)，在此命令：輸出的要求，系統(tǒng)控制和備份。 </p><p>　?。?）輸出的要求：首先要確定是你想要的系統(tǒng)產(chǎn)生。在這第一步，系統(tǒng)分析員判斷媒體的外觀或格式的輸出，如標(biāo)題，欄目，和菜單。 </p>

94、<p>　?。?）輸入的要求：一旦你知道的輸出，您可以判斷的投入，在這里，也必須定義類型的輸入，如鍵盤或來源的數(shù)據(jù)輸入。你必須確定采取何種形式的數(shù)據(jù)將輸入以及它如何將檢查的準(zhǔn)確性。您還需要找出的數(shù)據(jù)量的系統(tǒng)可以被允許采取英寸 </p><p>　?。?）存儲要求：利用數(shù)據(jù)字典作為一個相當(dāng)，你需要確定檔案和數(shù)據(jù)庫中的信息系統(tǒng)。將如何組織的檔案？什么樣的存儲設(shè)備將被用來？他們將如何與其他存儲設(shè)備的內(nèi)部和外

95、部的組織？這將是量的數(shù)據(jù)庫活動？ </p><p>　?。?）加工和聯(lián)網(wǎng)的要求，什么樣的電腦或電腦將被用來處理處理？什么樣的操作系統(tǒng)和應(yīng)用軟件將被使用？將計算機或計算機連接到其他網(wǎng)絡(luò)？正是行動將會繼續(xù)履行對輸入的數(shù)據(jù)，以實現(xiàn)理想的輸出信息？什么樣的用戶界面，是理想的？ </p><p>　　（5）系統(tǒng)控制備份：最后，您需要考慮安全問題，隱私權(quán)和數(shù)據(jù)的準(zhǔn)確性。你必須防止未經(jīng)授權(quán)的用戶進入該系

96、統(tǒng)，例如，在和窺視私人檔案。你需要制定的審計程序，并建立規(guī)范的測試新系統(tǒng)。最后，你需要學(xué)會如何自動備份的信息存儲和其他地方的情況下，系統(tǒng)發(fā)生故障或銷毀。</p><p>　　4 建立/獲取系統(tǒng) </p><p>　　(1) 一般做系統(tǒng)分析員在第四階段的系統(tǒng)發(fā)展生命周期履行什么任務(wù)？ </p><p>　　系統(tǒng)開發(fā)/購置，系統(tǒng)分析師或其他組織中獲得的軟件，獲取硬件，然

97、后測試系統(tǒng)。這一階段開始后的管理已經(jīng)接受了一份報告，設(shè)計和“綠色照明”的方式發(fā)展。根據(jù)工程規(guī)模，這一階段可能會涉及大量支出的金錢和時間。然而，在最終你應(yīng)該有一個可行的制度。 </p><p><b>　　(2) 獲取軟件 </b></p><p>　　在設(shè)計階段，系統(tǒng)分析員可能有解決所謂的“成功或購買”的決定;如果沒有的話，這一決定肯定無法避免了。在作出或購買的決定，

98、你決定是否要建立一個程序，它定制的書面或購買。有些時候，程序員決定，他們可以購買現(xiàn)有的軟件包，并修改它，而不是把它寫從零開始。 </p><p>　　如果您決定要建立一個新的計劃，那么問題是，是否使用該組織的程序員自己的工作人員或合同以外的頭發(fā)程序員。無論你去，工作可能要持續(xù)好幾個月。 </p><p><b>　　(3) 獲取硬件 </b></p>&

99、lt;p>　　一旦該軟件已被選定，硬件運行它必須收購或升級。很可能您將不必取得任何新的硬件。也有可能是新的硬件將耗資數(shù)百萬美元，涉及許多項目：模型，以及許多其他設(shè)備。該組織可能更愿意租賃而不是購買一些設(shè)備，尤其是因為芯片的能力是傳統(tǒng)的一倍每18個月。 </p><p><b>　　(4) 測試系統(tǒng) </b></p><p>　　隨著軟件和硬件的收購，您現(xiàn)在就可以

100、開始測試該系統(tǒng)在兩個階段：第一單元測試和系統(tǒng)測試。如果CASE工具已用于整個系統(tǒng)發(fā)展生命周期，測試最小化，因為任何自動生成程序代碼更可能是錯誤。 </p><p><b>　　5 實施該系統(tǒng) </b></p><p>　　什么任務(wù)通常是表現(xiàn)在第五階段的系統(tǒng)發(fā)展生命周期？ </p><p>　　無論新的信息系統(tǒng)涉及到一些掌上電腦，并制定電信網(wǎng)絡(luò)，

101、或昂貴的大型主機，第五階段，系統(tǒng)實施，并涉及一些密切協(xié)調(diào)，使該系統(tǒng)不僅可行的，但成功的，人們玷污使用它。</p><p>　　6 .第六階段：維護系統(tǒng)*哪兩個工具經(jīng)常被用來在維護階段的系統(tǒng)發(fā)展生命周期？ 系統(tǒng)維護，調(diào)整，提高了系統(tǒng)的有系統(tǒng)的審計和定期評價和修改的基礎(chǔ)上新的條件。 </p><p>　　即使轉(zhuǎn)換完成和用戶培訓(xùn)，系統(tǒng)將不只是運行本身。，這是一個無休止的階段，其中信息系統(tǒng)必須