計算機專業(yè)外文文獻(xiàn)翻譯--linux—網(wǎng)絡(luò)時代的操作系統(tǒng)

1、<p><b>　　英文參考文獻(xiàn)及翻譯</b></p><p>　　Linux - Operating system of cybertimes</p><p>　　Though for a lot of people , regard Linux as the main operating system to make up huge work stati

2、on group, finish special effects of " Titanic " make , already can be regarded as and show talent fully. But for Linux, this only numerous news one of. Recently, the manufacturers concerned have announced that

3、support the news of Linux to increase day by day, users' enthusiasm to Linux runs high unprecedentedly too. Then, Linux only have operating system not free more than on earth on 7 year this pie</p><p>　　

4、1.The background of Linux and characteristic </p><p>　　Linux is a kind of " free (Free ) software ": What is called free,</p><p>　　mean users can obtain the procedure and source code

5、freely , and can use them freely , including revise or copy etc.. It is a result of cybertimes, numerous technical staff finish its research and development together through Inte rnet, countless user is it test and excep

6、t fault , can add user expansion function that oneself make conveniently to participate in. As the most outstanding one in free software, Linux has characteristic of the following:  </p><p>　　(1)Totally fol

7、low POSLX standard, expand the network operating </p><p>　　system of supporting all AT&T and BSD Unix characteristic. Because of inheritting Unix outstanding design philosophy , and there are clean , sta

8、lwart , high-efficient and steady kernels, their all key codes are finished by Li nus Torvalds and other outstanding programmers, without any Unix code of AT&T or Berkeley, so Linu x is not Unix, but Linux and Unix a

9、re totally compatible.  </p><p>　　(2)Real many tasks, multi-user's system, the built-in network </p><p>　　supports, can be with such seamless links as NetWare , Windows NT , OS/2 , Unix ,et

10、c.. Network in various kinds of Unix it tests to be fastest in comparing and assess efficiency. Support such many kinds of files systems as FAT16 , FAT32 , NTFS , Ex t2FS , ISO9600 ,etc. at the same time . </p>&l

11、t;p>　　(3) Can operate it in many kinds of hardwares platform , including such processors as Alpha , SunSparc , PowerPC , MIPS ,etc., to various kinds of new-type peripheral hardwares, can from distribute on global num

12、erous programmer there getting support rapidly too.</p><p>　　(4) To that the hardware requires lower, can obtain very good performance on more low-grade machine , what deserves particular mention is Linux ou

13、tstanding stability , permitted " year " count often its running times.    </p><p>　　2.Main application of Linux At present,</p><p>　　Now, the application of Linux mainly includ

14、es:  </p><p>　　(1) Internet/Intranet: This is one that Linux was used most at present, it can offer and include Web server , all such Inter net services as Ftp server , Gopher server , SMTP/POP3 mail server

15、 , Proxy/Cache server , DNS server ,etc.. Linux kernel supports IPalias , PPP and IPtunneling, these functions can be used for setting up fictitious host computer , fictitious service , VPN (fictitious special-purpose ne

16、twork ) ,etc.. Operating Apache Web server on Linux mainly, the occupation rate of market</p><p>　　(2) Because Linux has outstanding networking ability , it can be usedin calculating distributedly large-scal

17、y, for instance cartoon making , scientific caculation , database and file server ,etc..  </p><p>　　(3) As realization that is can under low platform fullness of Unix that operate , apply at all levels teac

18、hing and research work of universities and colleges extensively, if Mexico government announce middle and primary schools in the whole country dispose Linux and offer Internet service for student already. </p><

19、;p>　　(4) Tabletop and handling official business appliedly. Application number of people of in this respect at present not so good as Windows of Microsoft far also, reason its lie in Lin ux quantity , desk-top of appl

20、ication software not so good as Windows application far not merely, because the characteristic of the freedom software makes it not almost have advertisement that support (though the function of Star Office is not second

21、 to MS Office at the same time, but there are actually few people kn</p><p>　　3.Can Linux become a kind of major operating system?  </p><p>　　In the face of the pressure of coming from users th

22、at is strengthened day by day, more and more commercial companies transplant its application to Linux platform, comparatively important incident was as follows, in 1998 ①Compaq and HP determine to put forward user of req

23、uirement truss up Linux at their servers , IBM and Dell promise to offer customized Linux system to user too.  ②Lotus announce, Notes the next edition include one special-purpose edition in Linux.  ③Corel Company trans

24、plants it</p><p>　　4.The gratifying one is, some farsighted domestic corporations have begun to try hard to change this kind of current situation already. Stone Co. not long ago is it invest a huge sum of mo

25、ney to claim , regard Linux as platform develop a Internet/Intranet solution, regard this as the core and launch Stone's system integration business , plan to set up nationwide Linux technical support organization at

26、 the same time , take the lead to promote the freedom software application and development in Ch</p><p><b>　　中文翻譯</b></p><p>　　Linux—網(wǎng)絡(luò)時代的操作系統(tǒng)</p><p>　　雖然對許多人來說，以Linux作為

27、主要的操作系統(tǒng)組成龐大的工作站群，完成 了《泰坦尼克號》的特技制作，已經(jīng)算是出盡了風(fēng)頭。但是對Linux來說，這只是眾多新聞 中的一個。最近，有關(guān)各廠商宣布支持Linux的新聞日趨增多，用戶對Linux的熱情也空前高 漲。那么，Linux這個只有7年多的免費操作系統(tǒng)到底有什么魅力，能夠獲得廣大用戶及Orac le、Informix、HP、Sybase、Corel、Intel、網(wǎng)景、Dell等眾多重要軟硬件廠商的青睞呢? </p&

28、gt;<p>　　1. Linux的背景和特色</p><p>　　Linux是一種“自由(Free)軟件”：所謂自由，是指用戶可以自由地獲取程序及其源代碼， 并能自由地使用他們，包括修改或拷貝等。它是網(wǎng)絡(luò)時代的產(chǎn)物，眾多的技術(shù)人員通過Inte rnet共同完成它的研究和開發(fā)，無數(shù)用戶參與了測試和除錯，并可方便地加上用戶自己編制 的擴充功能。作為自由軟件中最為出色的一個，Linux具有如下的特點：

29、</p><p>　　(1) 完全遵循POSLX標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，并擴展支持所有AT&T和BSD Unix特性的網(wǎng)絡(luò)操作系統(tǒng)。由于繼承 了Unix優(yōu)秀的設(shè)計思想，且擁有干凈、健壯、高效且穩(wěn)定的內(nèi)核，其所有核心代碼都是由Li nus Torvalds以及其他優(yōu)秀的程序員們完成，沒有AT&T或伯克利的任何Unix代碼，所以Linu x不是Unix，但Linux與Unix完全兼容。</p><

30、;p>　　(2) 真正的多任務(wù)、多用戶系統(tǒng)，內(nèi)置網(wǎng)絡(luò)支持，能與NetWare、Windows NT、OS/2、Unix 等無縫連接。網(wǎng)絡(luò)效能在各種Unix測試評比中速度最快。同時支持FAT16、FAT32、NTFS、Ex t2FS、ISO9600等多種文件系統(tǒng)。</p><p>　　(3) 可運行于多種硬件平臺，包括Alpha、SunSparc、PowerPC、MIPS等處理器，對各種新型 外圍硬件，也可

31、以從分布于全球的眾多程序員那里得到迅速地支持。</p><p>　　(4) 對硬件要求較低，可在較低檔的機器上獲得很好的性能，特別值得一提的是Linux出色 的穩(wěn)定性，其運行時間往往可以“年”計。</p><p>　　2. Linux的主要應(yīng)用領(lǐng)域</p><p>　　目前，Linux的應(yīng)用主要包括：</p><p>　　(1) In

32、ternet/Intranet：這是目前Linux用得最多的一項，它可提供包括Web服務(wù)器、Ftp服 務(wù)器、Gopher服務(wù)器、SMTP/POP3郵件服務(wù)器、Proxy/Cache服務(wù)器、DNS服務(wù)器等全部Inter net服務(wù)。Linux內(nèi)核支持IPalias、PPP和IPtunneling,這些功能可用于建立虛擬主機、虛擬 服務(wù)、VPN(虛擬專用網(wǎng))等。主要運行于Linux之上的Apache Web服務(wù)器，1998年的市場占有 率為

33、49%，遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)超過微軟、網(wǎng)景等幾家大公司之和。</p><p>　　(2) 由于Linux擁有出色的聯(lián)網(wǎng)能力，因此它可用于大型分布式計算，如動畫制作、科學(xué)計 算、數(shù)據(jù)庫及文件服務(wù)器等。</p><p>　　(3) 作為可在低平臺下運行的Unix的完整(且免費)的實現(xiàn)，廣泛應(yīng)用于各級院校的教學(xué)和科 研工作，如墨西哥政府已經(jīng)宣布在全國的所有中小學(xué)配置Linux并為學(xué)生提供Internet服務(wù)

34、 。</p><p>　　(4) 桌面和辦公應(yīng)用。目前這方面的應(yīng)用人數(shù)還遠(yuǎn)不如微軟的Windows，其原因不僅在于Lin ux桌面應(yīng)用軟件的數(shù)量遠(yuǎn)不如Windows應(yīng)用，同時也因為自由軟件的特性使得其幾乎沒有廣 告支持(雖然Star Office的功能并不亞于MS Office，但知道的人并不多)。</p><p>　　如今，通?？梢酝ㄟ^兩個途徑獲得Linux的發(fā)行版：①直接從Inter

35、net下載，例如RedHat站 點：http://www.redhat.com;②更為方便的方法是購買Linux發(fā)行商推出的CD-ROM，這樣不 僅可以節(jié)省下載的時間和費用，還可以使用CD-ROM直接啟動快速安裝，并且CD-ROM上往往還 包括非常龐大的應(yīng)用軟件集(多達(dá)數(shù)百兆)，包括各種服務(wù)器軟件、X-Window、桌面應(yīng)用、數(shù) 據(jù)庫、編程語言、文檔等，安裝和使用都非常方便。</p><p>　　3. Linu

36、x能成為一種主流操作系統(tǒng)嗎?</p><p>　　面對日益增強的來自用戶的壓力，越來越多的商業(yè)公司將其應(yīng)用移植到Linux平臺，1998年較為重要的事件有：</p><p>　?、貱ompaq和HP決定對提出要求的用戶在其服務(wù)器上捆綁Linux，IBM和Dell也允諾為用戶提供 定制的Linux系統(tǒng)。</p><p>　　②Lotus宣布，Notes的下一版將

37、包括一個專用于Linux的版本。</p><p>　?、跜orel公司將其著名的WordPerfect移植到Linux之上，并免費發(fā)行。Corel還計劃將其它的 圖形圖像處理產(chǎn)品完整地移到Linux平臺上。</p><p>　?、苤饕臄?shù)據(jù)庫廠家：Sybase、Informix、Oracle、CA、IBM都已經(jīng)將自己的數(shù)據(jù)庫產(chǎn)品移 植到Linux上，或完成了Beta版本，其中Oracl

38、e和Informix還對他們的產(chǎn)品提供技術(shù)支持。</p><p>　　4. Linux對中國軟件業(yè)的啟示</p><p>　　可喜的是，已經(jīng)有一些有遠(yuǎn)見的國內(nèi)公司開始力圖改變這種現(xiàn)狀。不久前四通公司宣布將投 入巨資，以Linux為平臺開發(fā)一套Internet/Intranet解決方案，并以此為核心開展四通系統(tǒng) 集成業(yè)務(wù)，同時計劃建立全國性的Linux技術(shù)支持組織，帶頭推動自由軟件在中國的

39、應(yīng)用和 發(fā)展。此外，華勝等國內(nèi)計算機公司也在致力于Linux相關(guān)軟、硬件系統(tǒng)的應(yīng)用推廣。相信 隨著國內(nèi)各企業(yè)對Linux認(rèn)識的加深，必將有越來越多的企業(yè)加入Linux應(yīng)用的行列，更多的 軟件會植根于Linux平臺。</p><p>　　同時，國內(nèi)的高校應(yīng)該以Linux為藍(lán)本更新原有的Unix教學(xué)內(nèi)容，從分析源代碼和修改內(nèi)核 入手培養(yǎng)大量的高級Linux人才，完善我國自己的操作系統(tǒng)。只有真正掌握了操作系統(tǒng)，我 國