包裝機械外文翻譯-論藥品包裝機械的概念設計

1、<p><b>　　譯文</b></p><p>　　論藥品包裝機械的概念設計</p><p>　　近年來，由于我國經濟形勢的持續(xù)高漲和國家對制藥行業(yè)強制性推行GMP(藥品生產質量規(guī)范)認證制度，藥品包裝機械取得了長足的進步。新產品日益增多，技術水平有了很大的改進。但與國際水平相比還存在著很大的差距，近60%的產品達不到發(fā)達國家上世紀80年代的水平，先進大型

2、的設備主要依賴進口。我國藥品包裝機械的低技術水平在很大程度上是由我國企業(yè)設計人員低水平設計引起的。</p><p>　　一、我國藥品包裝機械現(xiàn)狀分析</p><p>　　我國藥品包裝機械與國際先進水平相比尚有較大的差距.國產藥品包裝機械設計上主要存在以下幾點不足：</p><p>　　1) 機械性能落后，國產藥品包裝機械大多精度低、速度慢、平穩(wěn)性差。包裝機械運轉過程

3、包含大量復雜的間歇式運動，主要由凸輪、連桿來實現(xiàn)。然而許多設計人員不會根據(jù)工作循環(huán)圖和精度要求獨立設計計算凸輪連桿機構的運動學和動力學參數(shù)，只是簡單的把國外樣機的凸輪連桿零件拆卸下來進行逐點測繪，造成執(zhí)行機構誤差很大。國產藥品包裝機械大多運行速度較低，如鋁塑泡罩包裝機的沖裁頻率一般為100～300個/min，全自動藥盒包裝機的裝盒速度50～200盒/min，而國際上先進的鋁塑泡罩包裝機的沖裁頻率能夠達到600個/min，全自動藥盒包裝機

4、的裝盒速度能夠達到600~ 800盒/min。國產藥品包裝機械不僅運行速度慢，而且還伴有較大的噪音。</p><p>　　2) 控制水平落后。國產藥品包裝機械大多控制水平低、自動性差、故障率高。國產藥品包裝機械(主要指盒裝和灌裝機械)大多采用PLC作現(xiàn)場控制，而國外先進的藥品包裝機械大多由計算機系統(tǒng)實現(xiàn)監(jiān)控，控制水平相對落后。大多數(shù)國產藥品包裝機械自動性較差。一是普遍采用單機生產模式，全自動生產線少。二是做不到全

5、自動運轉，需要人工加料，手動裝箱。如一些紙盒包裝機中，藥板、說明書紙頁、紙盒都需要手動加料，且需專人隨時注意說明書、藥板、紙盒是否已經用完，以免造成機器空轉或造成缺說明書、藥板、藥盒現(xiàn)象的發(fā)生。另外，國產藥品包裝機械故障率較高?？刂圃骷?如繼電器、電磁閥、接觸器、斷路器等)等經常容易損壞，死機故障也時有發(fā)生。</p><p>　　3)功能單一、可擴展性差。藥品包裝機械是針對特定的包裝形式設計的。一般在規(guī)定的規(guī)格

6、范圍內可調。而我國許多藥品包裝機械在設計時考慮不充分，沒有為進一步的改造留出足夠的空間，致使設計的機械只能適應于幾種簡單的模板，不適應包裝材料或模板尺寸的變化，即使適應生產的包裝成品質量也不佳。</p><p>　　4）綜合考慮不足，資源沒有充分利用。我國藥品包裝機械設計存在著混亂現(xiàn)象，許多機械設計人員對電機拖動同步技術、伺服傳動技術不了解，可用簡單的電器設備解決的問題卻用復雜的機械裝置來實現(xiàn)，有的雖然采用了同步

7、電機等裝置來控制機構運行，但選取不當。這些情況不僅造成了資源的極大浪費，而且使設計的機械的性能低下。</p><p>　　5)造型死板。我國的藥品包裝機械設計時很少考慮機械的造型，很多廠家生產的機械造型不美觀，甚至沒有造型，給人感覺僵硬、死板、沒有活力。一些藥盒包裝機中，螺釘螺母都安裝在機器的外面板上，而一些潤滑用的油杯和油嘴也隨處可見，加油時容易使機器到處沾滿油污，給人印象粗糙，不美觀。</p>

8、<p>　　二、藥品包裝機械概念設計的內容</p><p>　　人們經過多年的研究，將概念設計定義為：“在確定了任務后，通過抽象化擬定功能結構，尋求適當?shù)淖饔迷砑捌浣M合等，確定出基本求解途徑，得出求解方案。這一部分設計工作叫做概念設計”概念設計指明確設計目的和現(xiàn)有條件后，設計者搜索多方面的知識，分析提煉后生成框架式的廣泛意義上的解。藥品包裝機械的概念設計要求根據(jù)產品生命周期各個階段，進行產品功能創(chuàng)造、

9、功能分解以及功能和子功能的結構設計，進行滿足功能和結構要求的工作原理求解和進行實現(xiàn)功能結構的工作原理載體方案的構思和系統(tǒng)化設計概念設計的過程是一個求解實現(xiàn)功能的、滿足各種技術和經濟指標的、可能存在的各種方案并最終確定綜合最優(yōu)方案的過程。概念設計的作用主要體現(xiàn)在產品設計的早期階段?？傇O計師根據(jù)產品功能的需求而萌發(fā)出來的原始構思和沖動形成產品的主體框架，及它應包括的各主要模塊和組件，以完成整體布局和外型初步設計。然后進行評估和優(yōu)化，確定整體

10、設計方案。再由各部分設計人員把總設計師的設計思想落實到具體設計中去，實現(xiàn)細節(jié)設計。實施藥品包裝機械的概念設計首先要求設計人員加強對藥品包裝的認識，深化理解藥品包裝的內涵，引進現(xiàn)代包裝理念，積極與國際接軌?，F(xiàn)代包裝不僅是</p><p>　　1)明確設計任務，做好可行性分析。設計者在進行設計工作初始階段時應充分考慮產品的可行性。一方面是市場的考慮，包括產品銷售、產品原料、制造費用的考慮；另一方面是產品加工的考慮，包

11、括現(xiàn)有加工能力、加工工藝、加工性能及周邊配套行業(yè)的考慮。周邊配套環(huán)境的考慮主要指當?shù)仄髽I(yè)加工能力、加工水平、熱處理工藝及基礎設施的建設等。</p><p>　　2)功能設計。我國大多數(shù)藥品包裝機械是對國外同類機型的仿制。但由于我國存在的特殊國情，須對產品進行適當?shù)母脑?，以滿足我國的要求。而不是一味的照抄照搬。設計的機械除需要滿足盒裝、灌裝功能外，我們還須考慮包裝機械的附加功能，如包裝盒中應加入量杯、藥勺等工具，以

12、方便用戶使用。在機種的開發(fā)方面可以設計較為先進的機械，如無菌包裝機械、保鮮包裝機械等。還可以開發(fā)藥品包裝前處理成套設備和后處理配套設備。 </p><p>　　3)功能分解。藥品包裝機械屬于機電一體化產品，設計時應全面考慮各功能。一般而言，藥品包裝機械功能大致可分為機構運動、監(jiān)測傳感、信息處理及控制功能3大部分。機構運動功能按不同機種又可細分，如鋁塑泡罩包裝機可分為成型、熱封、壓痕、沖裁4大功能，而紙盒包裝機

13、械可分為折紙、下紙、藥板推送、紙盒打開、紙盒傳輸、折舌、插舌、壓平和打批號等功能。在設計過程中還要考慮機械潤滑、機械安全運行、包裝衛(wèi)生等功能。這要求設計人員充分考慮檢測技術，光、機、電一體化技術、計算機技術.氣動技術、物流技術之間的交叉聯(lián)系。 </p><p>　　4)機構設計。為實現(xiàn)預定的功能，我們需要使用不同的機構。這一過程中需綜合考慮整機的各個部分，使設計的產品在滿足使用要求的同時，結構簡單、實用。藥

14、品包裝機械機構設計時，應選擇和組合適當?shù)臋C構運動原理，充分考慮實現(xiàn)特定運動所需機構，如凸輪機構，連桿機構，凸輪連桿機構。同時還應運用分離傳動技術，綜合考慮傳動軸(如花鍵軸和階梯軸等)和傳動系統(tǒng)的設計問題。設計過程中應盡量減少不確定性因素造成的影響，使機構運行平穩(wěn)。設計時還應對機械進行動力學分析，以提升機械運行速度和平穩(wěn)性。另外還應考慮包裝機械的多樣、可調、容錯、可擴展、平穩(wěn)性以及美觀化，追求機械輕巧但穩(wěn)定。設計過程可參考各類包裝機械設計

15、的長處，同時借鑒別的機械(如塑料機械、印刷機械)的優(yōu)點。除進行機構設計外.還應考慮各功能另外的實現(xiàn)途徑，如真空、電器控制等，以期最優(yōu)組合該產品。 </p><p>　　5)系統(tǒng)控制方案的設計。藥品包裝機械中一個很重要的部分就是對各機構實時檢測補償，以保證設備運行順暢?，F(xiàn)在很多機械產品選用了大量的光電開關作為檢測元件，有的機械上還裝備有諸如微機檢測泡罩系統(tǒng)之類的系統(tǒng)。這都需要精心設計和整個控制系統(tǒng)連為一體。&

16、lt;/p><p><b>　　三、結語</b></p><p>　　將概念設計的思想融入藥品包裝機械的設計可以減少設計失誤，縮短設計周期，加快產品的開發(fā)，使設計的產品更合理、更具有親和力、更適合人機工程。同時它也是降低成本和提高企業(yè)競爭力的主要手段。為了改善藥品包裝機械設計落后、缺乏競爭力的被動局面，以適應“后GMP時代”帶來的挑戰(zhàn)，設計人員必須重視產品概念設計，深化理

17、解概念設計的重要性。</p><p><b>　　中英文翻譯</b></p><p><b>　　原文：</b></p><p>　　Comment on medicines and chemical reagents package machinery conceptual design</p><p

18、>　　In recent years, Carry out GMP (medicines and chemical reagents produces specifications of quality) attestation system because of sustained our country economic situation rise and country to pharmacy industry manda

19、tory. Medicines and chemical reagents package machinery has got quite great progress. The new product increases by gradually. Engineering level has had very big improvement. But be returning very big gaps back to existen

20、ce compared with international standards. Level being close to 60%</p><p>　　One, our country medicines and chemical reagents package machinery current situation analyses</p><p>　　Our country med

21、icines and chemical reagents package machinery still has bigger gap compared with advanced international level. What time is insufficient on domestic medicines and chemical reagents package machinery design under main ex

22、istence</p><p>　　1) Backward domestic mechanical performance medicines and chemical reagents package machinery mostly, accuracy low velocity, is slow, stationarity dispatches package machinery travel process

23、 to contain large amount of dyadic complicated intermittence motion. Come to come true mainly from the cam, the connecting rod. But, many design that the personnel is unable to require that the independence designs the p

24、arameter calculating cam bar linkage kinematics and dynamics according to job cycle pictur</p><p>　　2) Is under the control of horizontal backward. Domestic medicines and chemical reagents package machinery

25、controls low, automation of level difference mostly , the malfunction leads height. (Main package machinery finger box dress controls domestic medicines and chemical reagents with drinking wine holding machinery with) ad

26、opt PLC to do a scene mostly. But, advanced medicines and chemical reagents package machinery realizes supervisory control abroad mostly from computer system. Under the cont</p><p>　　3) Functions are unitary

27、, expansion sex is bad. Medicines and chemical reagents package machinery is that the form designs that specifically for specially appointed package. The general specification range inner in regulation is adjustable. But

28、, a lot of our country medicines and chemical reagents package machinery considers insufficiency when designing that. Be not that reforming going a step further sets apart sufficient space. Cause the machinery designing

29、that to be able to only adapt to the</p><p>　　4) Considers deficiency synthetically. Resource does not fully utilize. Our country medicines and chemical reagents there exists the chaos phenomenon in package

30、machinery design. A lot of machinery designs that the personnel drags to the electric motor moving the synchrony technology, the servo drive technology do not knows. The problem simple electrical equipment available is r

31、esolved uses complicated mechanism to come to come true but. Some though the control organ works to come having adopt t</p><p>　　5) Model is inflexible. Model seldom considering machinery time medicines and

32、chemical reagents of our country package machinery design. Many machine molding that the manufacturer produces is not beautiful do not have model even. Give person feeling to rigid, to inflexible, not to have vigor. A fe

33、w medicine box packers are middle. The nut all assembles screw on the machine outside board. But, the oil cup and flow nipple that a little lubrication uses also can be seen everywhere. Be stained fully</p><p&

34、gt;　　Two, medicines and chemical reagents package machinery conceptual design content</p><p>　　People long-term study passes. Define conceptual design being: "Have been ascertaining the mission queen. P

35、ass abstract-relation. Design the function structure. Explore appropriate effect principle and their combination waiting. Ascertain out basic finding the solution approach. Reach find the solution scheme. This part of th

36、e conceptual design designing that the job is called conceptual design is referred to make the queen who designs purpose and now has condition clear. The designer searches f</p><p>　　1) Makes the design miss

37、ion clear. Be ready for feasibility analysis. The designer designs initial stage working in being in progress. Respond to the feasibility considering a product sufficiently. One aspect is the marketplace thinking. Includ

38、e the production marketing, product raw material, the fabricating cost thinking: Another aspect is thinking that the product processes. Include thinking now having a working ability, processing handicraft, processing the

39、 function and periphery supporting i</p><p>　　2) Function design. Great majority our country medicines and chemical reagents package machinery is the same kind model copying to abroad. But peculiar national

40、conditions because of our country existence. Must carry out appropriate reforming on the product. To satisfy request of our country. But fault blindly copy blindly. The machinery designing that is packed in, irrigates th

41、e dress function outside except needing to satisfy a box. We must consider the additional function packing machinery. I</p><p>　　3) Functions decomposition. Medicines and chemical reagents package machinery

42、belongs to the integration of machinery with electronics product. Should consider every function all round time design. Sort Er Yan. The medicines and chemical reagents package machinery function may divide 3 major parts

43、 being that organization moves, monitors biography feel, the information processing and controlling a function basically. The function subdivides organization motion according to may not kind with machi</p><p&

44、gt;　　4) Organization is designed. Be to realize the predetermined function. We need to use different organization. This needs the part synthesizing each considering a complete machine among one process. Use the product d

45、esigning that while satisfying the usage request. Structure is simple, pragmatic. Medicines and chemical reagents package machinery organization designs time. Respond to the principle choosing appropriate organization mo

46、tion and constituting. Think sufficiently to realize what special</p><p>　　5) System under the control of schemes design. In medicines and chemical reagents package machinery, a very important part is that r

47、eal time detecting is back-off to every organization. To ensure that equipment operation is smooth. Now many machinery products has selected and used large amount of photo electricity switch being the detecting component

48、. Equipment has such as PC detecting bubble cover system on some machinery and the like system. This need all designs that meticulously. And, the ge</p><p>　　Three, concluding remarks</p><p>　　T

49、he thought a concept is designed melts to enter medicines and chemical reagents package machinery design being able to fall off designing a fault. Shorten a design cycle. Accelerate the product exploitation. Make the pro

50、duct designing that more rational, have affinity, more suitable man-machine project more. It is also that the main means costing down and improving enterprise competition is short of passive competition aspect backward f