海洋產(chǎn)業(yè)發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略的多維途徑-歐洲海洋產(chǎn)業(yè)重組的障礙和優(yōu)勢(shì)【外文翻譯】

1、<p><b>　　原 文：</b></p><p>　　The multidimensional approach to marine industry development</p><p><b>　　Part I.</b></p><p>　　Obstacles and willingness to

2、the EU marine industry reengineering</p><p><b>　　Abstract</b></p><p>　　The paper consists from tow parts and generalizes traditional approaches to innovative transformations in vario

3、us sectors of the EU marine industy. It is shown that shipping companies should permanently adapt and keep their business in sync with marketable changes and be ready to competitive struggle within the global economy.The

4、 critical solutions are be detdrmining the functional parameters of merchant ships at earliest stages of theirs structural designing,as and reengineering</p><p>　　Keywords: European marine industry, maritime

5、 techonlogy, obstacles to innovative activity,overcoming barriers strategy </p><p>　　INTRODUCTION</p><p>　　The increasing globalization is bringing in more competition in the market.In the Europ

6、ean and shipping companies operate under high overhead costs,such as labor wages,and find themselves faced with tough price-oriented competition from low-cost producers in Asia[13,15,16].</p><p>　　The abilit

7、y growt oh of maritime transport to navigation and operation is impossible without innovative transformations.However,the globalization does not bring in only challenges but aslo presents an opportunity to internationali

8、ze sales in new,rapidly growing martime markets and thereby to generate additional revenues[27,28].</p><p>　　Therefore among the European important problems witgin the next few years is the rapid development

9、 of energy-saving vessels and riskp-free shipping technologies;implantation of ship's propulsion systems differing by high hydrodynamic efficency,as well as improvemrnt of noshore management techniques.</p>&l

10、t;p>　　Tools towards these goals are incrased partnerships both in the "knowledge triangle"-research,edeucatinon,innovation and in the "innovativeness triangle"-idea,development and implementation[2

11、].A comprehensive investigation of business avtivities demonstrates that the EU Menmber Stated are important players in market,putting innovtive solutions into practice by various mways[20,21].</p><p>　　Here

12、with,in a number of the European Regions the world experience of innovative development is generalized and made use to improvement of various modes of the EU transport.Such tendency takes place for a long time .Today nu

13、merous European Regious make use of world experiences of innovative development as part of their strategies,including marine industry.In a number of cases European Regions are focusing attention to commercial viability o

14、f qwith less attention to quality of innovative activity</p><p>　　Therefore,today's active debate is devoted to the analysis of an innovative policy and interpretation of transformation results both into

15、 various transport modes.and ioto shipbuilding industry[2.12.14].The European Commission is key player in this area,The special innovations ioto the European marine industry.In the author's opinion single and multipo

16、int sources of the constrains to successful implantation of innovative solutions can take place both in the process of converting new ideas ioto li</p><p>　　Lack of ability to use new technology </p>

17、<p>　　Expensive human resources</p><p>　　Lack of skilled human resources</p><p>　　High interest rates</p><p>　　Problems with access to resources</p><p>　　Hard to p

18、rotection intellectual property</p><p>　　Lack of markrt demand for innovation</p><p>　　Did not plan to innovation</p><p>　　First let's analyze modernization features of the Euro

19、pean Union's marine industry.</p><p>　　MODERNIZATION FEATURES OF THE EU MARINE INDUSTRY</p><p>　　The marine industry is a complex and diverse branch of internation economy with many sectors,

20、which are confronted with an increasing international competition on all marker shares.The worldwide econmic cycles are very important to the European marine industry development too[24,25].It istypical for all sectors o

21、f the marine industry including shipbilding, maritime transport, marine tourism ,fishing,as well as maintenance and transshipment of various ships.A leading position in the European trad</p><p>　　In context

22、 with the problem of pressented article,technical systems can be classified through their structral features, which determine occurrence of those or other obstacles to the subesquent modernization of these systems:</p

23、><p>　　Structurally linear systems;an obstacles to their modernization are cumulative(the predictable)barriers;</p><p>　　Structrally nonlinear system,i. E.system which does not satisfy the principl

24、e of superposition;an obstacles to their modernization are both cumulative barriers and unpredictablr synergetic barriers'.</p><p>　　Any enterprises of the marine industry can be considered as multilaye

25、red systems including several levels. Then ,full number of indivisible components, including both the untis of standard-based equipment and the untis of innovative equipment determine the bottom layer(the mini-level)o

26、f such enterprises.Some number of the standard equipmeng and the innovative equipment can be coalesced into target coalitions.These coalitions determine the average layer of the erterprise(the middle-level).Set</p>

27、<p>　　Every next effort of the top-managers should be focusing to maximum increase in interoperability of the modernized enterprise with its business environment.Any from of the marine industry is called ahighly-c

28、ompatible enterprise, if it dose not contain a redundant coalution or component,as well as if works performs without errors or inconsistencies.In the author's opinion, only such companies should be target of the top-

29、managers because of any future-oriented enterprise is theoretically possible,</p><p>　　To meet of market requirements,including a freight forwarders' needs and a shipowners' wishes, as ans to identi

30、fy critical barriers to implantation of new solutions</p><p>　　To promote of verified and proven innovations,as well as risk-based techniques focused to overcoming eventual barriers</p><p>　　To

31、use technique SWOT or method CBA for comprehensive assessment of opportunities and vulnerabilities of possible strategies of the planned changes,and at last</p><p>　　To systemic reorganization of the enterpr

32、ise's infrastructure through implementing advanced software,hardware and orgware for efficiently planning,control and development.</p><p>　　Modernization of the EU maritime transport</p><p>

33、　　Maritime transport systems are supercomplex systems, characterizing by dual logic.On the one hend ,such systhems require stability for maintenance of users'enthusiasm,but on the other hand ,realization of effectua

34、l, innovative policy.For reduction of this self-contradiction,the author has offered new approach to the innovative supportof maritime transport systems.This approach unifies the methodological basis for investigations o

35、f change/conservation rate and describes by parameter"Dimensions o</p><p>　　Early methods in the design of engineering tstems and their subsequent modernization were based upon the use of informal proc

36、edures obtained empirically.Obvious disadvantages of taking cut-and-dried desisions on the basis of an empirical approach have led to development of the detdrministic approach.Such approach considers the designed system

37、as a structurally-stable composition of various components .At that ,each of these components is a discrete indivisible element and adaptive interactions</p><p>　　It tries to predict the properties of a rev

38、ised system under very limiting conditions , and under only one control veiable, most often variable"Components Number"(the informational measure of system's renovation),and as the result , reflects readine

39、ss of top-managers for overcoming situational barriers (Fig.3).Therefore,the deteministic approach is called DISR(the one dimension of system's renocvation) according classification offered by author .The eath mariti

40、me transport systrm has a uniqye na</p><p>　　Unfortunately on initiative stage of renovation process, new coalition embedded into the modernized transport system rarely will improve its quality; similarly ne

41、w qualities’ giving to such system of is not always accompanied by positive functional effects. The author proposes the following sequence of converting new idea into a new shipbuilding product or putting maritime techno

42、logy (Tab.2).</p><p>　　In the middle of XX century for study of engineering systems as a whole, including both its complexity and development dynamics was proposed systemic approach by L.von Bertalanffy [1].

43、This approach integrates a synthetic and the analytic methods, taking into account the informational and topological measures of systems design (the second dimension of system’s renovation), as and enables to investigate

44、 the cumulative internal and external barriers. Therefore, the systemic approach should be calle</p><p>　　The qualitative modernization of the EU industry sectors requires the multilevel compatibility and in

45、teroperability of approved innovations through multilateral adaption of standard and innovation solutions, taking into account both the interactions diversity and the eventual barriers to innovative changes, i.e. evoluti

46、onary measure of system design (the third dimension of system’s renovation).The combination of the evolutionary measure with structural and informational measures (the first & the</p><p>　　This process i

47、nclude the basic and applied researches ,an experimental and implementation phases, as well as diffusion phase of a standardized solution, which covers the improvement actions .Let’s consider this assumption in detail:&l

48、t;/p><p>　　1.the first stage is all attention on initial choice of innovative solutions satisfying to modernization requirements of the maritime transport systems; as a rule, on this stage make up a complete mu

49、ltitude of verified and proven innovations, as well as identification of critical barriers to their using.These barriers have cumulative nature</p><p>　　2.at the second stage is paying attention on the embed

50、ding of innovative coalitions into the maritime transport systems with permanent verification of inter-coalitional compatibility; as a rule, this stage leads to formation of targeted system, characterizing by partial com

51、patibility in view of existence of a latent barriers .These barriers have synergetic nature</p><p>　　3.the third stage is focused on improvement of inter-coalitional compatibility ; as a rule ,this stage lea

52、ds to targeted system, characterizing by mature internal compatibility on the one hand , but on the other hand ,requiring the further improvement through overcoming residual barriers .These barriers have synergetic natur

53、e ,as and cumulative nature </p><p>　　4.at the fourth stage is focused on overcoming barriers to implantation of the improved maritime transport system into a business environment; this process allows to inc

54、rease compatibility of inter-system up to greatest possible level, and at last</p><p>　　5.the fifth stage is listening carefully consequences of diffusion of the improved maritime transport system, as well a

55、s it’s prepare to subsequent standardization , i.e. creation of regulative barriers for widening life-cryle of modernized system.</p><p>　　Barriers to innovative activity within the EU marine industry</p&

56、gt;<p>　　The RDI activities are keys to renewing economic growth, strengthening competitiveness and boosting employment. Successful implementation of innovative knowledge-based product with enhanced utility and pr

57、ofitability may help for the EU shipping companies, on the one hand, raise both service quality and environment safety, and as result to achieve a domestic promotion m and on the other hand strengthen their competitive p

58、osition in global market through overcoming various barriers [11,17,29].</p><p>　　Properly, the dominant barriers to European innovative activity can be divided into ten groups:financial,labour,administrativ

59、e,industrial,regulative,business,environment,organizational,operational,individual and natural barriers.</p><p>　　Also the author classifies barriers to innovative activity by one more critertion, namely by

60、predictability:</p><p>　　The predictable cumulative barriers.these barriers foresee at the early design stages of any engineering systems. These are divided into predictable positive barriers including exter

61、nal and internal, as well as ,predictable negative barriers.The nature of the predictable positive external barriers lays in aspiration for the support of public and ecological safety as well as in liability to future ge

62、nerations.The predictable positive internal barriers,i.e. Barriers within the organization,focuses</p><p>　　2. Unpredictable synergetic barriers. Generally ,the nature of these barriers is closely connected

63、with resonance phenomenon induced by mutidimensional innovative changes. In most cases this phenomenon generating structural, information and evolutionary complexities, and as result critical obstacles to end-to-end inn

64、ovative process.</p><p>　　All barriers should be divided by positive barriers and negative barriers. Positive barriers play a vital part in an attempt both to the environmental protection and the maintenance

65、 of operational safety. Negative barriers are obstacles in development. Such barriers are the responses of obsolete systems to innovative solutions. Some reasons for this opposition are unwillingness of top management to

66、 changes, lack of creativity, a low level of motivation, aspiration for the avoidance of high econo</p><p>　　外文題目: The multidimension approach to development strategy of marine industry —obstacles and willi

67、ngness to the EU marine industry reengineering </p><p>　　出 處: Polish marine research </p><p>　　作 者: louriN.Se

68、menov </p><p><b>　　譯 文： </b></p><p>　　海洋產(chǎn)業(yè)發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略的多維途徑-歐洲海洋產(chǎn)業(yè)重組的障礙和優(yōu)勢(shì)</p><p><b>　　摘要</b></p><p>　　本文包括兩個(gè)部分，歸納了歐

69、盟市場(chǎng)海洋產(chǎn)業(yè)各方面的改革創(chuàng)新。本文指出船舶企業(yè)應(yīng)適應(yīng)市場(chǎng)變化，并使自己的商務(wù)活動(dòng)與市場(chǎng)保持同步變化，并時(shí)刻準(zhǔn)備在全球經(jīng)濟(jì)中競(jìng)爭(zhēng)奮斗。關(guān)鍵的解決方法是商務(wù)船只在最早結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)中起決定性作用及其重組。作者提供了理性的框架倆共同展開(kāi)海上運(yùn)輸?shù)闹亟M。</p><p><b>　　一、引言</b></p><p>　　全球化的日益加劇導(dǎo)致市場(chǎng)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)加劇。歐盟成員國(guó)中的一些船舶制造

70、企業(yè)和船舶公司正在努力應(yīng)對(duì)高昂的成本（如勞動(dòng)力工資），并努力在價(jià)格競(jìng)爭(zhēng)中從低成本的亞洲[13,15,16]制造商中找到屬于自己的市場(chǎng)份額。海上運(yùn)輸(Tab.1).的發(fā)展離不開(kāi)創(chuàng)新性改革。然而，全球化不僅帶來(lái)了挑戰(zhàn)，還帶來(lái)了在這個(gè)新興的快速發(fā)展的海洋市場(chǎng)上跨國(guó)銷(xiāo)售的機(jī)遇，從而就帶來(lái)了大量的額外收入[27,28]。</p><p>　　近年來(lái)歐洲所要解決的重要問(wèn)題是節(jié)能型船只和低風(fēng)險(xiǎn)船舶技術(shù)的發(fā)速發(fā)展，有別于高動(dòng)力效

71、率的船舶推動(dòng)系統(tǒng)的植入，以及陸上管理技術(shù)的提高。</p><p>　　實(shí)現(xiàn)這些目標(biāo)的工具是增加“知識(shí)三角”研究、教育、創(chuàng)新，和“創(chuàng)新三角”---想法、發(fā)展和實(shí)施[2]之間的合作關(guān)系。一份有關(guān)商業(yè)活動(dòng)的綜合研究表明，歐盟成員國(guó)正在通過(guò)各種渠道把創(chuàng)新性的解決方法付諸于實(shí)踐，他們成了市場(chǎng)上的重要角色[20,21]。</p><p>　　因此，歐洲的許多地區(qū)把創(chuàng)新發(fā)展的世界經(jīng)驗(yàn)一般化，并應(yīng)用于改善

72、各種形式的歐洲運(yùn)輸。這種趨勢(shì)延續(xù)了很長(zhǎng)一段時(shí)間。今天，許多歐洲地區(qū)把它作為革新各種大宗生產(chǎn)領(lǐng)域的一項(xiàng)戰(zhàn)略，包括海洋產(chǎn)業(yè)[10,12]在內(nèi)。歐洲地區(qū)通過(guò)分析效用和利潤(rùn)來(lái)關(guān)注那些新的解決方法的商業(yè)可行性，卻很少注意創(chuàng)新活動(dòng)的質(zhì)量。不幸的是，有些歐洲地區(qū)盡管知道創(chuàng)新實(shí)施的重要性，卻沒(méi)有采取重要措施。</p><p>　　當(dāng)今，比較激烈的爭(zhēng)論是關(guān)于創(chuàng)新性政策和改革的融合，使之融入到各種運(yùn)輸模式中，融入到船舶[2.12.1

73、4]制造企業(yè)中。歐洲委員會(huì)在這領(lǐng)域起了重要作用，他們非常重視在歐洲海洋產(chǎn)業(yè)快速適應(yīng)各種創(chuàng)新。作者認(rèn)為，在把新想法付諸實(shí)踐過(guò)程中，將出現(xiàn)單一和多元化的制約創(chuàng)新想法實(shí)施的障礙。這些變化需要將這些障礙系統(tǒng)化，并明確制定有效政策。通常，這些障礙包括以下幾個(gè)方面[8.9]：</p><p>　　（1）缺乏使用創(chuàng)新技術(shù)的能力</p><p>　?。?）昂貴的人力資源</p><p&

74、gt;　　（3）技術(shù)人員的匱乏</p><p><b>　?。?）融資困難</b></p><p>　　（5）知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)維護(hù)困難</p><p>　?。?）缺乏市場(chǎng)需求的創(chuàng)新</p><p>　?。?）對(duì)創(chuàng)新沒(méi)有規(guī)劃</p><p>　　首先,讓我們來(lái)分析一下歐盟海洋產(chǎn)業(yè)的現(xiàn)代化特征</p&g

75、t;<p>　　二、歐盟產(chǎn)業(yè)的現(xiàn)代化特征</p><p>　　海洋產(chǎn)業(yè)是擁有很多部門(mén)的國(guó)際經(jīng)濟(jì)體的一個(gè)復(fù)雜的、種類(lèi)繁多的分枝，這些部門(mén)在市場(chǎng)份額方面都面臨著日益增強(qiáng)的國(guó)際競(jìng)爭(zhēng)。世界范圍的經(jīng)濟(jì)循環(huán)對(duì)歐洲的海洋產(chǎn)業(yè)發(fā)展也非常重要[24,25]。這對(duì)于海洋產(chǎn)業(yè)包括造船業(yè)、海上運(yùn)輸業(yè)、海洋旅游業(yè)、漁業(yè)以及各類(lèi)船舶的維修和運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)在內(nèi)的所有部門(mén)來(lái)說(shuō)都是一個(gè)典型的特征。歐洲貿(mào)易的主導(dǎo)地位仍舊與商船隊(duì)和乘客的運(yùn)送聯(lián)系

76、在一起。百年的歷史經(jīng)驗(yàn)表明貨船和游船都是復(fù)雜的工程系統(tǒng)。作為規(guī)則，每一艘船都屬于一個(gè)航運(yùn)公司，這是一個(gè)非常復(fù)雜的社會(huì)技術(shù)體系，所以能夠根據(jù)各種因素分類(lèi)，這種分類(lèi)是依據(jù)他們的拓?fù)淇臻g和功能參數(shù)來(lái)確定的[6]。</p><p>　　在前文所提到的問(wèn)題上，技術(shù)體系可以根據(jù)他們的結(jié)構(gòu)特點(diǎn)來(lái)分類(lèi)，而這些結(jié)構(gòu)特征決定了這些系統(tǒng)的后續(xù)現(xiàn)代化將會(huì)有這樣或那樣的阻礙發(fā)生：</p><p>　　1.線(xiàn)性系統(tǒng)的

77、結(jié)構(gòu)，這種阻礙是累積性的障礙;</p><p>　　2.非線(xiàn)性系統(tǒng)的結(jié)構(gòu)，例如：系統(tǒng)不符合疊加原則。這種阻礙是累積性的而</p><p>　　且是無(wú)法預(yù)測(cè)的協(xié)同障礙。</p><p>　　海洋產(chǎn)業(yè)的任何企業(yè)都可認(rèn)為是包括了許多級(jí)別的多層系統(tǒng)。充分?jǐn)?shù)量的不可分割的組成部分，包括基于標(biāo)準(zhǔn)設(shè)備的單位和創(chuàng)新單位都決定了這類(lèi)企業(yè)的底層。一些標(biāo)準(zhǔn)裝備和創(chuàng)新單位能被合并成聯(lián)盟的目

78、標(biāo)，這種聯(lián)盟決定了企業(yè)的平均層次，聯(lián)盟的目標(biāo)設(shè)置代表了高層次層，例如：作為多聯(lián)盟系統(tǒng)的造船廠(chǎng)包括了船臺(tái)、干船塢以及制作機(jī)房的生產(chǎn)線(xiàn)等等，現(xiàn)代化造船廠(chǎng)的原則要求高級(jí)經(jīng)理開(kāi)始改善一個(gè)或多個(gè)聯(lián)盟，首先應(yīng)該確定最終障礙，只介紹有利的決定，同時(shí)他們也應(yīng)該一步步地克服在制船業(yè)創(chuàng)新改革的所有障礙，并維持制船業(yè)的生產(chǎn)。首先，修改后的船廠(chǎng)的結(jié)構(gòu)組成將是不兼容的，其次，這類(lèi)企業(yè)將通過(guò)克服內(nèi)外障礙來(lái)有力的改善基于標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的設(shè)備與嵌入式聯(lián)盟的兼容性來(lái)使之轉(zhuǎn)變成為成

79、熟的可兼容的組成形式。這就導(dǎo)致了國(guó)際聯(lián)盟連接的重新配置，類(lèi)比同樣可能的事件序列是包括船運(yùn)公司在內(nèi)的任何企業(yè)在現(xiàn)代化進(jìn)程中的特征。</p><p>　　高級(jí)經(jīng)理的每一步努力都應(yīng)該重視在其所在的商業(yè)環(huán)境中最大限度的提高現(xiàn)代化企業(yè)的互操作性。如果每一個(gè)海洋產(chǎn)業(yè)的公司不包括一個(gè)多余的聯(lián)盟或組件，它的工作執(zhí)行沒(méi)有錯(cuò)誤或歧義，這樣的海洋產(chǎn)業(yè)的公司都被稱(chēng)為是高度兼容的企業(yè)，在作者看來(lái)，這樣的公司才是高級(jí)經(jīng)理們想要的，因?yàn)樗鼈兡?/p>

80、夠抵御世界市場(chǎng)的影響，任何面向未來(lái)的企業(yè)在理論上都可以被稱(chēng)為是理想的兼容狀態(tài)，只要它能無(wú)可挑剔的配合每個(gè)市場(chǎng)份額并且準(zhǔn)備好克服在非對(duì)稱(chēng)影響的各種影響（例如市場(chǎng)、通脹預(yù)期、限制性法律等），因此這些企業(yè)可以制定以下有關(guān)海洋產(chǎn)業(yè)成功修改的實(shí)質(zhì)性建議使之成為有競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力的企業(yè)：</p><p>　　1.迎合市場(chǎng)要求，包括貨運(yùn)代理公司的要求，船東的愿望，同時(shí)確定關(guān)鍵的障礙，注入新的解決方案；</p><p&

81、gt;　　2.促進(jìn)新的核實(shí)和證明，強(qiáng)化以風(fēng)險(xiǎn)為基礎(chǔ)的技術(shù)重點(diǎn)來(lái)最終克服障礙；</p><p>　　3.使用SWOT分析方法來(lái)對(duì)計(jì)劃中的變化可能帶來(lái)的機(jī)會(huì)或漏洞作出全面分析；</p><p>　　4.使用先進(jìn)的軟件、硬件，有效的規(guī)劃、控制發(fā)展來(lái)達(dá)到企業(yè)基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施的系統(tǒng)性重組；</p><p>　　三、歐盟海洋運(yùn)輸?shù)默F(xiàn)代化</p><p>　　海上

82、運(yùn)輸系統(tǒng)是非常復(fù)雜的系統(tǒng)，其特征是雙重邏輯。一方面，這類(lèi)系統(tǒng)要求使用者有持續(xù)的熱情；另一方面這類(lèi)系統(tǒng)要求實(shí)施有效的創(chuàng)新政策。為了減少自相矛盾，作者提出了對(duì)海洋運(yùn)輸系統(tǒng)新的創(chuàng)新支持方法，這種方法結(jié)合了方法論的基礎(chǔ)，由參數(shù)“系統(tǒng)的翻新尺寸”來(lái)描述。在這篇文章中，這種方法被成為DSR方法。在參數(shù)N2的情況下，這種方法增加了包括對(duì)海洋運(yùn)輸系統(tǒng)在內(nèi)的翻新工程系統(tǒng)的模擬的準(zhǔn)確性，同時(shí)確定最佳途徑的新主張的可轉(zhuǎn)換，讓我們來(lái)解釋一下這個(gè)理論。</

83、p><p>　　在涉及工程系統(tǒng)以及隨后的現(xiàn)代化的早期方法是基于使用非正規(guī)程序獲得的經(jīng)驗(yàn)，基于這種經(jīng)驗(yàn)作出的決定的缺點(diǎn)促成了確定性方法的發(fā)展，這種方法把設(shè)計(jì)系統(tǒng)看作是各種成分的結(jié)構(gòu)穩(wěn)定的組成，基于此，每一成分都是一個(gè)不可分割的元素，它們之間的相互作用是線(xiàn)性的、微弱的。從一般意義來(lái)看，這種確定性方法是在解決類(lèi)似篩選工程系統(tǒng)結(jié)構(gòu)的簡(jiǎn)單組合的基礎(chǔ)上發(fā)展起來(lái)的。</p><p>　　在非常有限的條件下，

84、在一個(gè)控制變量的情況下試圖預(yù)測(cè)修訂系統(tǒng)的性質(zhì)，最常見(jiàn)的變量“元件的數(shù)量”反映了高級(jí)經(jīng)理人克服情景障礙的愿望，因此這種確定性方法根據(jù)作者提供的分類(lèi)被稱(chēng)為DISA,每個(gè)海洋運(yùn)輸系統(tǒng)由各種不同的聯(lián)盟組成，因此都有一個(gè)獨(dú)特的性質(zhì)[26]。</p><p>　　不幸的是在創(chuàng)新過(guò)程的初始階段，新加入現(xiàn)代化運(yùn)輸系統(tǒng)的聯(lián)盟很少有提高其質(zhì)量的，對(duì)于這樣的系統(tǒng)，類(lèi)似的新的特質(zhì)并不總帶來(lái)積極的功效，作者建議轉(zhuǎn)換到一個(gè)新的造船產(chǎn)品的新思

85、路并且運(yùn)用海洋技術(shù)。</p><p>　　在二十世紀(jì)的包括其復(fù)雜性和發(fā)展動(dòng)態(tài)的工程系統(tǒng)的研究中，由L.von貝塔朗菲提出了系統(tǒng)的方法，這種方法集成了綜合分析方法，考慮了系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)的信息和拓?fù)浯胧┦怪軌蛘{(diào)查積累性的內(nèi)外障礙，根據(jù)作者的分類(lèi)這種系統(tǒng)的方法應(yīng)該被叫做。后續(xù)的調(diào)查可以制定所謂的共同進(jìn)化發(fā)展的原則。它的最初適用于生物學(xué)家的研究聯(lián)系在一起，同時(shí)又關(guān)注不同物種之間的社區(qū)的發(fā)展分析和相互之間的作用，漸漸地這種原則

86、得到了其他科學(xué)領(lǐng)域的科學(xué)家的認(rèn)可。</p><p>　　歐盟工業(yè)部門(mén)的企業(yè)現(xiàn)代化需要推進(jìn)創(chuàng)新的多層次的兼容性和互操作性，并需要考慮相互影響的多樣性以及創(chuàng)新改革的最終障礙，即進(jìn)化測(cè)量系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)。進(jìn)化措施與結(jié)構(gòu)信息措施的結(jié)合使得運(yùn)輸系統(tǒng)依靠三維技術(shù)實(shí)現(xiàn)了現(xiàn)代化，這種方法需要很多工具，包括系統(tǒng)現(xiàn)代化的許多方面，例如：提高安全性及競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力，通過(guò)把運(yùn)輸方式融入當(dāng)?shù)?、區(qū)域或海上運(yùn)輸來(lái)擴(kuò)增運(yùn)營(yíng)和經(jīng)濟(jì)效率。</p>&

87、lt;p>　　這過(guò)程包括了基礎(chǔ)研究和應(yīng)用，試驗(yàn)和實(shí)施階段，標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化解決方案擴(kuò)散階段，它們都包括改進(jìn)措施，讓我們?cè)敿?xì)地考慮這個(gè)假設(shè)。</p><p>　　第一階段：選擇符合海上運(yùn)輸系統(tǒng)的現(xiàn)代化要求的最初創(chuàng)新方案，作為</p><p>　　項(xiàng)規(guī)則，在這個(gè)階段構(gòu)成了完整的多元的核實(shí)和證明的創(chuàng)新體系，并鑒定其使用的關(guān)鍵體系，這些障礙有積累性的特征；</p><p>　　

88、第二階段：關(guān)注加入海上運(yùn)輸體系的創(chuàng)新聯(lián)盟擁有國(guó)際聯(lián)盟兼容性的永</p><p>　　認(rèn)證，作為一項(xiàng)規(guī)則，這階段促成了目標(biāo)體系的形成，從一個(gè)潛在障礙來(lái)看，它具有部分的兼容性，這類(lèi)障礙有協(xié)同的性質(zhì)；</p><p>　　第三階段：注重提高國(guó)際聯(lián)盟的兼容性，作為一項(xiàng)規(guī)則，這個(gè)階段表現(xiàn)出</p><p>　　了目標(biāo)體系的兩個(gè)特征，一是成熟的內(nèi)部兼容，二是通過(guò)克服剩余的障礙得

89、到了進(jìn)一步改善，這類(lèi)障礙同時(shí)具備了協(xié)同和積累性的性質(zhì)；</p><p>　　4.第四階段：注重克服障礙以實(shí)現(xiàn)將改進(jìn)后的海上運(yùn)輸系統(tǒng)植入到一個(gè)營(yíng)商的環(huán)境中，這個(gè)過(guò)程要求以最大可能的程度來(lái)增加內(nèi)部系統(tǒng)的可兼容性；</p><p>　　5.第五階段：密切關(guān)注改善后的海上運(yùn)輸系統(tǒng)擴(kuò)散的后果，為隨后的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化作準(zhǔn)備，即創(chuàng)造拓寬了現(xiàn)代化的生命周期的調(diào)控障礙。</p><p>　　

90、四、歐盟海洋產(chǎn)業(yè)創(chuàng)新活動(dòng)的障礙</p><p>　　研究、發(fā)展、創(chuàng)新是促進(jìn)經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)，增強(qiáng)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力和促進(jìn)就業(yè)的關(guān)鍵。以創(chuàng)新知識(shí)為基礎(chǔ)的產(chǎn)品的成功研發(fā)將增長(zhǎng)效率和利潤(rùn)，一方面幫助歐盟船舶企業(yè)提升服務(wù)質(zhì)量和市場(chǎng)環(huán)境質(zhì)量，從而獲得國(guó)內(nèi)知名度的提升，另一方面通過(guò)克服各種障礙增強(qiáng)了他們的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力[11,17,29]。</p><p>　　歐盟創(chuàng)新活動(dòng)中的障礙大致可以分為10個(gè)部分：財(cái)政，勞動(dòng)力，行政，產(chǎn)業(yè)

91、內(nèi)部，管理，商務(wù)環(huán)境，組織，操作 ，個(gè)人和自然障礙。</p><p>　　作者按可預(yù)見(jiàn)性把障礙分為以下部分：</p><p>　　1.可預(yù)見(jiàn)的積累的障礙。這些障礙可以分為可預(yù)見(jiàn)性的正面的障礙和消極的障礙。自然可以遇見(jiàn)的積極的外界障礙在于生態(tài)安全維護(hù)的公共責(zé)任，以及在未來(lái)幾代人身上的問(wèn)題?？梢杂鲆?jiàn)的內(nèi)部障礙在于通過(guò)要求創(chuàng)造者提供詳細(xì)的創(chuàng)新改革建議或商業(yè)計(jì)劃來(lái)發(fā)展和認(rèn)識(shí)創(chuàng)新。</p>

92、;<p>　　2.不可預(yù)見(jiàn)的協(xié)同障礙。一般來(lái)說(shuō)，這些障礙和引起的共振現(xiàn)象緊密地聯(lián)系在一起，包括多維創(chuàng)新的變化。在多數(shù)情況下，這些現(xiàn)象產(chǎn)生結(jié)構(gòu)、信息、演化方面的混合，因而關(guān)鍵障礙的結(jié)束也是創(chuàng)新進(jìn)程的結(jié)束。</p><p>　　所有障礙可分為正面的壁壘和負(fù)面的障礙。正面障礙起著至關(guān)重要的作用，試圖保護(hù)環(huán)境，維護(hù)運(yùn)作安全性。負(fù)面障礙是發(fā)展障礙。這些障礙是從對(duì)過(guò)時(shí)系統(tǒng)到創(chuàng)新方法的反應(yīng)。原因在于高層管理人員不