[雙語翻譯]pm2.5外文翻譯--pm2.5對城市室內(nèi)環(huán)境的影響綜述（節(jié)選）

1、7700 英文單詞， 英文單詞，4.2 萬英文字符，中文 萬英文字符，中文 1.3 萬字 萬字文獻出處： 文獻出處：Martins N R, Da Graça G C. Impact of PM2. 5 in indoor urban environments: a review[J]. Sustainable Cities and Society 42 (2018) 259–275Impact of PM2.5 in ind

2、oor urban environments: A reviewNuno R. Martins, Guilherme Carrilho da GraçaABSTRACTAirborne fine particulate matter (PM2.5) is a pollutant that is found in all urban environments. PM2.5 is pre- dominantly generated

3、 by traffic and domestic fuel combustion and has significant negative health impacts. The ever-growing urban population spends most of their time in indoor environments where it is exposed to PM2.5 that is brought in fro

4、m the outdoor environment by ventilation airflow. Several studies show this inflow of outdoor PM2.5, combined with internal sources (e.g. indoor combustion, particle re-suspension) can lead to an I/ O ratio above one: in

5、door air quality is lower than outdoors. The most common approach to limit ventilation inflow of PM2.5 is the use of mechanical ventilation systems with cloth filters that can significantly increase ventilation fan energ

6、y consumption.Decreasing exposure to PM2.5 is challenging, requiring a thorough understanding of PM2.5′s origin and the interaction between buildings and their surrounding environment. This review of the impact of PM2.5

7、in indoor urban environments summarizes existing research in this area, specifically, the main PM2.5 sources and sinks in outdoor and indoor urban environments, the PM2.5 exposure limits that are currently applicable thr

8、oughout the world, the main socio-economic impacts of exposure to PM2.5 and the most promising solutions to minimize indoor exposure.Keywords: Review; PM2.5; Fine particles; Particle exposure ;Indoor air; Air quality mod

9、eling1. IntroductionThe term air pollution refers to a group of airborne pollutants that are known to contribute to decreased life expectancy (Baklanov, Molina, Lave where the higher population density leads to higher p

10、ollutant generation and higher human exposure (Baklanov et al., 2016). Dense city centres have a containment effect on black carbon emissions from fossil fuelpowered transportation, domestic stoves and space heating (Fa

11、rrell, Deville Cavellin, Weichenthal, Goldberg, Habre et al., 2014).The high pollution levels that are found in most large cities are transported into the indoor environment by ventilation and infiltration airflows. The

12、 most widespread approach to limit indoor PM2.5 levels in commercial buildings is the use of cloth filters integrated in mechanical ventilation systems. These filters can reach PM2.5 removal efficiencies above 99% (Liu,

13、Xiao et al., 2017), albeit at the cost of placing a large pressure load on the ventilation system and increasing the energy consumption of the ventilation fans (Azimi, Zhao, & Stephens, 2014). In locations where elec

14、tricity generation is based on fossil fuels, this higher power consumption further increases PM2.5 emissions into the atmosphere. In contrast, natural ventilation (NV) with open windows, which is more commonly used in re

15、sidential buildings and has recently gained popularity in commercial buildings, requires no electric power and, thus, does not increase PM2.5 emissions. However, NV airflow is driven by low pressure differences and, ther

16、efore, is unable to surpass the pressure drop of a cloth filter, thus disallowing their use and enabling the unobstructed inflow of outdoor fine particles.Decreasing occupant exposure to PM2.5 while simultaneously provid

17、ing a comfortable indoor environment at a low energy cost requires innovative solutions. Further, identifying the best solutions requires a thorough understanding of the interaction of buildings with their local environm

18、ent. This review of recent studies answers, in the following six sections, a set of pertinent questions that face the building design research community when dealing with the impact of PM2.5 within the built indoor envir

19、onment:? The question answered in Section 2 is: What are the main sources and sinks of PM2.5 in the outdoor urban environment?The origin of PM2.5 in the outdoor environment is described in this section, as well as the ef

20、fect of local climate and topography on PM2.5 levels.? The question answered in Section 3 is: What exposure limits are currently applicable in different parts of the world? What is the expected evolution of these limits?

21、This section presents regulations and guidelines set by national regulators and international organizations to limit human exposure to PM2.5.? The question answered in Section 4 is: What are the main sources and sinks of

22、 PM2.5 in the indoor environment? What is the average ratio between indoor and outdoor PM2.5 in different types of buildings?The main sources and sinks of PM2.5 in the indoor environment are discussed in this section, al