[雙語翻譯]ppp外文翻譯--ppp作為城市可持續(xù)發(fā)展融資的一種方式

1、2600 英文單詞， 英文單詞，1.6 萬英文字符，中文 萬英文字符，中文 4400 字文獻出處： 文獻出處：Ko?cielniak, Helena, and Agata Górka. “Green Cities PPP as a Method of Financing Sustainable Urban Development.“ Transportation Research Procedia 16 (2016): 227

2、-235.Green CitiesPPP as a Method of Financing Sustainable Urban DevelopmentHelena Ko?cielniak, Agata GórkaAbstractPublic-private partnership is one of the implementation methods of investment and delivery of public

3、services. Along with civilization and economic development, economic entities are inclined towards investment projects in the light of new challenges, such as the development of social environment. A combination of econo

4、mic, social and environmental factors enables organizations to ensure sustainability.The purpose of this article is to show the scale and nature of public-private partnerships processes (PPP) in shaping the sustainable d

5、evelopment of the region of Silesia. The basis for conclusions on the above subject is the study of PPP solutions as determinants shaping the sustainable development in Silesia. The study presents PPP projects implemente

6、d in the studied region for sustainable urban logistics.Keywords: public-private partnerships (PPP), urban finance, green infrastructure.1. IntroductionLarge cities strive to maximise their economic and social potential.

7、 The society expects modern cities to be eco- friendly and smart, taking advantage of all their unique features and qualities.The “green city” trend, complemented with the “smart city” one, paints a picture of a multifun

8、ctional place of work and rest with a good transport system. However, in order to have a city without traffic jams, with vast green areas and all modern amenities, it is necessary to completely redesign the solutions app

9、lied so far. In fact, development of a perfect green city necessitates building it from scratch.In the case of development processes, the concept of increasing urban functionality requires design ideas, right social back

10、ground and primarily - sources of financing any necessary investments.Smart, eco-friendly cities are characterised by the following features:? application of renewable energy,? electric transportation,? smart management

11、of power consumption [city lights, traffic management],? smart management of supplies,? management of recycling and waste,? rational use of available space (depending on city location and character),? public safety (inte

12、lligent monitoring).Each of the above elements may be implemented individually as well as within a larger, integrated project. Regardless of the implementation method, the sustainable city effect shall be achieved when i

13、ts functionality is considerably increased within the particular area. Directive 2004/18/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 31 March 2004 on the coordination of procedures for the award of public works c

14、ontracts.The Directive is based on the jurisdiction of the Court of Justice, in particular on the contract award criteria.Communication of 15 November 2005 from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the

15、 European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions on public-private partnerships and Community Law on Public Procurement and Concessions.The Communication presents different options concerning PPP

16、policies, ensuring efficient competition and ensuring flexibility of solutions applied in innovative and complex projects. Interpretative communication of 5 February 2008 from the Commission to the European Parliament, t

17、he Council, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions on the application of Community Law on Public procurement with respect to the institutionalized PPP (IPPP).Communication of 29 April

18、 2000 from the Commission on Concessions in Community Law.European Parliament resolution on public-private partnerships and Community law on public procurement and concessions (2006/2043(INI)).The resolution presents the

19、 opinion of the Parliament on the award of contracts for public services to private partners as a result of PPP and concession agreements.Green paper on public-private partnerships and community law on public contracts a

20、nd concessions, Brussels, 30.04.2004, COM (2004).The Green paper discusses PPP from the perspective of Community Law concerning public procurement and concession.The idea of public-private partnership may be understood v

21、ery broadly. PPP is defined as all types of cooperation between the private and public sectors, aimed at public welfare or as partnership cooperation observed in the case of large projects aimed at developing public serv

22、ices and meeting public expectations. The main objective of PPP projects is the optimum performance of a public service. It may be possible due to the following:? in the case of such projects, the public partner focuses

23、on the “end product”, not on the necessary financial resources or subsequent project phases; it is an important factor as public entities usually possess little or no experience in the investment being the subject of PPP

24、 agreement,? assuming integrated approach and applying the knowledge of the private partner results in the completion of a full chain of cause-effect project elements, instead of a number of individual, separately implem

25、ented project stages,? PPP requires advanced risk management, considering the fact that the PPP key success factor is the share of risks ensuring that individual risks are managed by the party that can do it better and b

26、oth parties bear the project risk within the scope corresponding to their share and involvement.PPP investments may result in considerable benefits for both parties (see Table 2).Table 2: Advantages resulting from PPP pr

27、ojectsAdvantages for public partners Advantages for private partnersEngagement of a private partner ensures partial financing of the project cost and thus lifts the burden off the public budget.Possibility to implement p

28、rojects characterised by high return on investment rate that would be otherwise impossible.Private capital limits the risk of stopping construction due to lack of financing and increases the chance for improvement of the