[雙語翻譯]外文翻譯--運(yùn)輸和物流趨勢

1、5800 英文單詞， 英文單詞，3.2 萬英文字符，中文 萬英文字符，中文 9700 字文獻(xiàn)出處： 文獻(xiàn)出處：Speranza M G. Trends in transportation and logistics[J]. European Journal of Operational Research, 2018, 264(3): 830-836.Trends in transportation and logisticsM. Gra

2、zia SperanzaAbstractProblems in transportation and logistics had to be tackled long before computers and Operational Research (OR) became available to support decision making. After the first optimization models were dev

3、eloped, OR has substantially contributed in making transportation systems efficient and companies with complex transportation and logistics problems competitive. Over the years, technology has evolved and the same has do

4、ne OR. In this paper, the history of problems and OR contributions in transportation and logistics will be shortly reviewed together with the evolution of technology. Then, the future trends in this area will be discusse

5、d together with potential OR contributions.Keywords: History；Supply chain management ；Transportation and logistics ；Mobility ；Trends；Operational research1. IntroductionProblems in transportation and logistics had to be t

6、ackled long before computers were invented and Operational Research (OR) became a discipline aimed at developing models and techniques to support decision making.After the first optimization models were developed, OR has

7、 substantially contributed in making transportation systems efficient and companies with complex transportation and logistics problems competitive. OR, as a system science, has captured the complexities of problems and t

8、he interactions among parts of a system to improve the quality of decision making. The OR methods have been dependent on data availability and in most cases have relied on computers. The availability of more data and of

9、more computational capacity have made the OR methods more powerful.Over the years, technology has evolved and the same has done OR.The internet, technological developments, the individual use of information and communica

10、tion devices, the widespread availability of massive amounts of data have created new challenges and opportunities to transportation and logistic systems, and to researchers in OR as well.The aim of this paper is to sh

11、ow that, over time, the contributions of OR to transportation and logistics have evolved, following the evolution of problems in the area and technology, and that the recent trends are creating exciting opportunities.In

12、Section 2 the history of problems and OR contributions in transportation and logistics will be sketched out, together with the evolution of technology, to outline that problems in the area, tech-nology and OR are strongl

13、y interconnected. Major general technological phenomena, namely big data and internet of things, are shortly presented in Section 3. Problems in logistics and supply chain management are mainly related to the transportat

14、ion of goods and are generally treated separately from problems concerning mobility, that is the transportation of people. The trends in logistics and supply chain management will be discussed, together with potential OR

15、 contributions, in Section 4, whereas the trends in mobility problems will be discussed in Section 5. Some conclusions will be finally drawn in Section 6.2. The history of transportation and logisticsdecade rail and sea

16、transportation emerged. Air transportation also emerged as a distinct research area. During the early 1980s, home computers were developed for household use, with software for personal productivity, programming and games

17、;1990s: Transportation included passenger and freight transportation. Logistics developed with a focus on operations and shippers into supply chain management. Transportation and logistics emerged to cover a broader vari

18、ety of problems.Since the mid-1990s, the internet has had a revolutionary impact on culture and commerce, including the rise of nearinstant communication by electronic mail, instant messaging, and the World Wide Web with

19、 its discussion forums, blogs, social networking, and online shopping sites;2000/2010: Transportation and logistics covers a continuously growing number of applications. The traditional barrier between freight and passen

20、ger transportation seems to become thinner and thinner. The mobile apps (that stands for applications) are made available through digital distribution platform to mobile devices such as smartphones and tablets.The resear

21、ch in transportation and logistics has not only produced an advance of knowledge, with academic results measurable in papers published and conferences organized. Having always been driven by real problems, the research h

22、as produced models and algorithms that have been embedded in software packages, used by companies in the private and public sectors. Two surveys published in OR/MS Today, one on software for supply chain management (Akso

23、y & Derbez, 2003), and one specifically for vehicle routing problems (Partyka & Hall, 2014), witness this impact. The two surveys are accompanied by a summary of the problems addressed in the software and the cor

24、responding OR tools, from facility location to warehouse management, from lot sizing to production scheduling, from supply chain network design to inventory management, from fleet management to vehicle routing (see also

25、the recent books Toth & Vigo (2014) and Corberán & Laporte (2015)).3. Big data and internet of thingsThe most recent technological advances are related to the explosion of digital data, the so called big dat

26、a, and to the expansion of the concept of internet to the so called internet of Things (IoT), also called the internet of objects.The number of searches in Google for ‘big data’ has exceeded in 2013 the number of searche

27、s for ‘supply chain management’ (see Waller & Fawcett, 2013). This does not imply that data is more important than supply chain management but certainly is a signal of the growing perception that the availability of

28、massive quantities of data is relevant to businesses and to services, to the private and to the public sectors, to companies and to institutions.What makes big data different from traditional data? In McAfee and Brynjolf

29、sson (2012) three main differences are identified: volume, velocity and variety. ‘More data cross the internet every second than were stored in the entire internet just 20 years ago’ (McAfee & Brynjolfsson, 2012). Th

30、e speed of data creation is for many applications extremely important, possibly more important than the volume of data. Big data takes a variety of forms, from messages to images, global positioning system (GPS) signals

31、from cell phones, readings from sensors. The social networks, smart- phones and mobile devices are sources of big data and provide enormous amounts of data related to people, activities, locations. Smartphones and mobile

32、 devices have become so ubiquitous that it is easy to forget that they did not exist less than ten years ago. Because of big data, managers and decision makers can know more and transform that knowledge into improved dec