[雙語(yǔ)翻譯]建筑設(shè)計(jì)外文翻譯--建筑設(shè)計(jì)中的可持續(xù)創(chuàng)新尼日利亞的庭院和陽(yáng)臺(tái)概念（英文）

1、SUSTAINABLE INNOVATIONS IN BUILDING DESIGN: THE COURTYARD AND VERANDA CONCEPTS IN NIGERIA Adetokunbo O. Ilesanmi putting novel ideas into practice. This may relate to a product, process, service, or idea that is new,

2、 novel, or improved; the use of a new product, service or method in industry, business or society subsequent to its creation (Jones and Saad, 2003). Although many technological innovations originated in the developed c

3、ountries, this does not preclude the unique input and potentials from the developing countries (DCs). However, the current pattern of the globalisation process seems to be oblivious of the multifaceted intellectual we

4、alth and natural resources of DCs. As Nwagwu (2005) argues, the beauty of a truly globalised world would lie in the diversity of contribution by all countries in the global arena. Scholars, practitioners and policy-mak

5、ers are therefore increasingly adopting the “systemic” approach to innovation, with a greater awareness that innovation occurs within a system, where continuous interactions among the various actors play an essential

6、role (Lundvall et al. 2008). 594 AEI 2013 © ASCE 2013 AEI 2013 Downloaded from ascelibrary.org by SHENYANG JIAN ZHU UNIVERSITY on 03/21/15. Copyright ASCE. For personal use only; all rights reserved.The concept of t

7、he courtyard or ‘impluvia’ as a predominant layout of the built-form of traditional family compounds in Nigeria reflects the socio-cultural status of family life. This built-form enhances intensive social interaction a

8、mong family members, as it is planned to simultaneously assert individual privacy while fostering group cohesion. Rooms or other basic residential units are often arranged around this central area which may vary in sh

9、ape, size and characteristics depending on the nature of the elemental units, the form of construction adopted, influences of topography, historical influences on the particular culture and individual preferences. As t

10、he core of the house, the courtyard brings light and air into the center of the building, as well as a sense of outdoor living. In some cases, cooling rainwater is drawn from elaborate pitched roofs, through the court

11、yards, to help moderate internal air temperatures. The courtyard is a common feature in the architectures of the major Nigerian tribes – Hausa, Yoruba, and Igbo – though with slight variations (Richardson, 2001). In Yo

12、ruba architecture, palaces and the traditional compounds of chiefs and large extended family units often contain a series of courtyards linked together by passages. In addition, the courtyard is a major feature of the

13、aggregation of spaces and an essential component for environmental control and socio-cultural exchanges (Osasona and Hyland, 2006). Irrespective of its form or nature, the courtyard serves the function of accommodatin

14、g group activities of household members and visitors. The courtyard system therefore has the potential to maximize space efficiency and enhance building envelopes in urban tropical environments. The bungalow is a one-f

15、loor house with a large roof and overhangs. It represented a unique architecture designed to fit the tropical bio-climatic conditions, while simultaneously being a cultural construct that responded to the beliefs and d

16、esires of the colonialists. It however remains to be conserved, reused and re-designed (King, 1984). As a built-form adapted to the tropical climate, the bungalow evolved as a transformation of the peasant Bengah bang

17、golo, diffused all over the then British Empire. Typically, it is a free-standing, single-family building, with central functions organized in the core and a series of wrap-around functions that insulated the house fr

18、om the heat or cold. The critical wrap-around element was the veranda or transitional zone that allowed ventilation to circulate through the building while still providing shade (Lefaivre and Tzonis, 2004). An Asian tr

19、opical invention, the veranda is not only an important architectural feature, it also supports an entire lifestyle in its confines – sitting, sleeping, and socializing – while simultaneously allowing its occupants to

20、retreat into the privacy of the inner chambers. It is a porch- like, shaded area separating inside and outside, comparable to an immaterial, virtual non-wall (Mehrotra, 2000). A variety of devices such as louvers and sc

21、reens were adapted to modulate the extent of breeze allowed into the interiors, as well as to provide privacy for the veranda – resulting in a rich architectural vocabulary. Many variations of the bungalow and veranda

22、 have appeared in the tropics, defined by the cultural heritage of ethnic groups, their lifestyle and the traditional crafts of local builders. In their original traditional contexts, the courtyard and the veranda conc

23、epts were mainly restricted to residential building typologies. The rationale for the present study is therefore to examine the innovative adaptation of these concepts to other building typologies: administrative, edu

24、cational, health, institutional, and multi-use. 596 AEI 2013 © ASCE 2013 AEI 2013 Downloaded from ascelibrary.org by SHENYANG JIAN ZHU UNIVERSITY on 03/21/15. Copyright ASCE. For personal use only; all rights reserv