[雙語翻譯]擋土墻外文翻譯--干砌石擋土墻具有抗拉強(qiáng)度的延性工程結(jié)構(gòu)

1、3100 英文單詞， 英文單詞，1.6 萬英文字符，中文 萬英文字符，中文 5000 字文獻(xiàn)出處： 文獻(xiàn)出處：McCombie P F, Mundell C, Heath A, et al. Drystone retaining walls: Ductile engineering structures with tensile strength[J]. Engineering Structures, 2012, 45: 238-243

2、.Drystone retaining walls: Ductile engineering structures with tensile strengthPaul F. McCombie, Chris Mundell, Andrew Heath, Peter WalkerAbstractDrystone retaining walls are sustainable engineering structures constructe

3、d with locally obtained natural stone. They were commonly built with very slender profiles compared with modern mass-masonry structures, leading to a common belief among engineers that they have very low margins of safet

4、y. These structures remain critical to the transport infrastructure in many parts of the world, and have proven to be very durable, yet very few new drystone retaining walls are built, and walls which do fail are usually

5、 replaced with concrete constructions. We show that these walls are ductile even though their components are brittle, and have tensile strength through the interlocking of their stones, even though they are assembled wit

6、hout any cohesive material such as mortar. These properties are critical to a proper understanding of their behaviour and durability. Full-scale testing of five drystone retaining walls has shown that bulging, most commo

7、nly regarded as a sign of incipient failure, begins as a ductile adaptation of the geometry to the loads imposed on it. Localised bulging can be a consequence of small defects in construction or foundation conditions, or

8、 concentrated loading, and may be sustained indefinitely in a wall which is in general well-constructed. These insights into the behaviour of walls allow the design of new walls which use materials efficiently, and enabl

9、e existing walls to be kept in service, and may inspire new ways of achieving ductility in engineering materials.Keywords: Retaining walls ;Drystone; Ductility ;Assessment1. IntroductionDrystone walling is an ancient tec

10、hnique in which locally sourced stones are carefully assembled by hand following traditional practices to construct field walls, buildings, and earth- retaining structures. Until recently the behaviour of these structure

11、s was not well understood. Typical retaining walls were built with a much more slender profile than modern mass-masonry structures, and it is a common belief among engineers that they have very low margins of safety [1],

12、 so structures with a distorted profile are presumed to be ‘distressed’ even though it is known that they can remain stable for decades. Drystone retaining walls remain critical to the transport infrastructure in many pa

13、rts of the world, as well as shaping the ground to form terraces for housing and agriculture. Even though they are sustainable, using locally sourced unmanufactured materials and skilled labour, and are aesthetically ple

14、asing, when a drystone wall reaches the end of its life it is usually replaced with concrete, and very few new drystone retaining walls are built.Despite the importance of drystone retaining walls to transport infrastruc

15、ture, very little research has been undertaken. Four walls were built and tested to destruction in Ireland in 1834 [2], while a further four walls retaining water-filled bags were loaded to initial yield in France [3]. E

16、xtensive numerical analysis has been done on the Irish walls using the Finite Element Method [4] and the Discrete Element Method [5,6], even though relatively little information on their properties is known and the walls

17、 were not instrumented during testing. This previous work demonstrated the impracticality of using such methods other than as experimental tools, owing to the difficulty and complexity of making a realistic model. Never

18、theless, it is useful to have such experimental tools, and some of the equilibrium analyses carried out for comparison with the extreme inclination of Wall 1, which was supported by tension along the face of the wall, w

19、hich resulted in a catenary in plan extending from the lightly loaded section to one side which carried only pressure due to the self-weight of the backfill, through the central test section, to the lightly loaded sectio

20、n on the other side. This is discussed further below. Careful observations were made during the loading of the walls, in addition to the measurements, by multiple still cameras, a continuously recording high definition v

21、ideo camera, and the team of investigators. The observed deformations were seen to arise primarily from the accumulated effects of small rotations of individual stones, but as displacements increased sliding of stone on

22、stone became important. The section of wall carrying the applied load bulged out relative to the adjacent sections, stretching as it did so.Fig. 1. Test arrangementFig. 2. Test walls immediately before collapse.2.3. Obse