外文翻譯---天然氣

1、<p><b>　　附錄一：英文原文</b></p><p><b>　　原文：</b></p><p>　　Natural gas</p><p>　　From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</p><p>　　Jump to: navigation,

2、 search </p><p>　　For other uses, see Natural gas (disambiguation).</p><p>　　Natural gas is a naturally occurring hydrocarbon gas mixture consisting primarily of methane, with up to 20 percent[1

3、] concentration of other hydrocarbons (usually ethane) as well as small amounts of impurities such as carbon dioxide. Natural gas is widely used and is an important energy source in many applications including heating bu

4、ildings, generating electricity, providing heat and power to industry and vehicles and is also a feedstock in the manufacture of products such as fertilizers.</p><p>　　Natural gas is found in deep undergroun

5、d natural rock formations or associated with other hydrocarbon reservoirs, in coal beds, and as methane clathrates. Most natural gas was created over time by two mechanisms: biogenic and thermogenic. Biogenic gas is crea

6、ted by methanogenic organisms in marshes, bogs, landfills, and shallow sediments. Deeper in the earth, at greater temperature and pressure, thermogenic gas is created from buried organic material.[2]</p><p>

7、　　Before natural gas can be used as a fuel, it must undergo processing to clean the gas and remove impurities including water in order to meet the specifications of marketable natural gas. The by-products of processing i

8、nclude ethane, propane, butanes, pentanes, and higher molecular weight hydrocarbons, hydrogen sulphide (which may be converted into pure sulfur), carbon dioxide, water vapor, and sometimes helium and nitrogen.</p>

9、<p>　　In the 19th century, natural gas was usually obtained as a byproduct of producing oil, since the small, light gas carbon chains came out of solution as the extracted fluids underwent pressure reduction from t

10、he reservoir to the surface, similar to uncapping a bottle of soda pop where the carbon dioxide effervesces. Unwanted natural gas was a disposal problem in the active oil fields. If there was not a market for natural gas

11、 near the wellhead it was virtually valueless since it had to be piped t</p><p>　　Another possibility is to export the natural gas as a liquid. Gas-to-liquids (GTL) is a developing technology that converts s

12、tranded natural gas into synthetic gasoline, diesel, or jet fuel through the Fischer-Tropsch process developed during World War II by Germany. Such fuel can be transported to users through conventional pipelines and tank

13、ers. Proponents claim GTL burns cleaner than comparable petroleum fuels. Most major international oil companies are in an advanced stage of GTL production,</p><p>　　Natural gas can be "associated"

14、(found in oil fields) or "non-associated" (isolated in natural gas fields), and is also found in coal beds (as coalbed methane). It sometimes contains significant amounts of ethane, propane, butane, and pentane

15、—heavier hydrocarbons removed for commercial use prior to the methane being sold as a consumer fuel or chemical plant feedstock. Non-hydrocarbons such as carbon dioxide, nitrogen, helium (rarely), and hydrogen sulfide mu

16、st also be removed before the natural </p><p>　　Natural gas is commercially extracted from oil fields and natural gas fields. Gas extracted from oil wells is called casinghead gas or associated gas. The natu

17、ral gas industry is extracting gas from increasingly more challenging resource types: sour gas, tight gas, shale gas, and coalbed methane.</p><p>　　The world's largest proven gas reserves are located in

18、Russia, with 4.757×1013 m³ (1.68×1015 cubic feet). With the Gazprom company, Russia is frequently the world's largest natural gas extractor. Major proven resources (in billion cubic meters) are world 1

19、75,400 (2006), Russia 47,570 (2006), Iran 26,370 (2006), Qatar 25,790 (2007), Saudi Arabia 6,568 (2006) and United Arab Emirates 5,823 (2006).</p><p>　　It is estimated that there are about 900 trillion cubic

20、 meters of "unconventional" gas such as shale gas, of which 180 trillion may be recoverable.[4] In turn, many studies from MIT, Black & Veatch and the DOE -- see natural gas -- will account for a larger por

21、tion of electricity generation and heat in the future.[5]</p><p>　　The world's largest gas field is Qatar's offshore North Field, estimated to have 25 trillion cubic meters[6] (9.0×1014cubic fee

22、t) of gas in place—enough to last more than 420 years[citation needed] at optimum extraction levels. The second largest natural gas field is the South Pars Gas Field in Iranian waters in the Persian Gulf. Located next to

23、 Qatar's North Field, it has an estimated reserve of 8 to 14 trillion cubic meters[7] (2.8×1014 to 5.0×1014 cubic feet) of gas.</p><p>　　Because natural gas is not a pure product, as the reserv

24、oir pressure drops when non-associated gas is extracted from a field under supercritical (pressure/temperature) conditions, the higher molecular weight components may partially condense upon isothermic depressurizing—an

25、effect called retrograde condensation. The liquid thus formed may get trapped as the pores of the gas reservoir get deposited. One method to deal with this problem is to re-inject dried gas free of condensate to maintain

26、 the</p><p><b>　　Town gas</b></p><p>　　Town gas, a synthetically produced mixture of methane and other gases, mainly the highly toxic carbon monoxide, is used in a similar way to nat

27、ural gas and can be produced by treating coal chemically. This is a historical technology, not usually economically competitive with other sources of fuel gas today. But there are still some specific cases where it is th

28、e best option and it may be so into the future.</p><p>　　Most town "gashouses" located in the eastern US in the late 19th and early 20th centuries were simple by-product coke ovens which heated bit

29、uminous coal in air-tight chambers. The gas driven off from the coal was collected and distributed through networks of pipes to residences and other buildings where it was used for cooking and lighting. (Gas heating did

30、not come into widespread use until the last half of the 20th century.) The coal tar (or asphalt) that collected in the bottoms of the gashou</p><p><b>　　Biogas</b></p><p>　　Main arti

31、cle: biogas</p><p>　　When methane-rich gases are produced by the anaerobic decay of non-fossil organic matter (biomass), these are referred to as biogas (or natural biogas). Sources of biogas include swamps,

32、 marshes, and landfills (see landfill gas), as well as sewage sludge and manure[8] by way of anaerobic digesters, in addition to enteric fermentation, particularly in cattle.</p><p>　　Methanogenic archaea ar

33、e responsible for all biological sources of methane, some in symbiotic relationships with other life forms, including termites, ruminants, and cultivated crops. Methane released directly into the atmosphere would be cons

34、idered a pollutant. However, methane in the atmosphere is oxidized, producing carbon dioxide and water. Methane in the atmosphere has a half life of seven years, meaning that if a tonne of methane were emitted today, 500

35、 kilograms would have broken down to </p><p>　　Other sources of methane, the principal component of natural gas, include landfill gas, biogas, and methane hydrate. Biogas, and especially landfill gas, are al

36、ready used in some areas, but their use could be greatly expanded. Landfill gas is a type of biogas, but biogas usually refers to gas produced from organic material that has not been mixed with other waste.</p>&l

37、t;p>　　Landfill gas is created from the decomposition of waste in landfills. If the gas is not removed, the pressure may get so high that it works its way to the surface, causing damage to the landfill structure, unple

38、asant odor, vegetation die-off, and an explosion hazard. The gas can be vented to the atmosphere, flared or burned to produce electricity or heat. Experimental systems were being proposed for use in parts of Hertfordshir

39、e, UK, and Lyon in France.</p><p>　　Once water vapor is removed, about half of landfill gas is methane. Almost all of the rest is carbon dioxide, but there are also small amounts of nitrogen, oxygen, and hyd

40、rogen. There are usually trace amounts of hydrogen sulfide and siloxanes, but their concentration varies widely. Landfill gas cannot be distributed through utility natural gas pipelines unless it is cleaned up to less th

41、an 3% CO2, and a few parts per million H2S, because CO2 and H2S corrode the pipelines.[9] It is usually more </p><p>　　Gas generated in sewage treatment plants is commonly used to generate electricity. For e

42、xample, the Hyperion sewage plant in Los Angeles burns 8 million cubic feet (230,000 m3) of gas per day to generate power[10] New York City utilizes gas to run equipment in the sewage plants, to generate electricity, and

43、 in boilers.[11] Using sewage gas to make electricity is not limited to large cities. The city of Bakersfield, California, uses cogeneration at its sewer plants.[12] California has 242 sewage </p><p>　　Bioga

44、s is usually produced using agricultural waste materials, such as otherwise unusable parts of plants and manure. Biogas can also be produced by separating organic materials from waste that otherwise goes to landfills. Th

45、is method is more efficient than just capturing the landfill gas it produces. Using materials that would otherwise generate no income, or even cost money to get rid of, improves the profitability and energy balance of bi

46、ogas production.</p><p>　　Anaerobic lagoons produce biogas from manure, while biogas reactors can be used for manure or plant parts. Like landfill gas, biogas is mostly methane and carbon dioxide, with small

47、 amounts of nitrogen, oxygen and hydrogen. However, with the exception of pesticides, there are usually lower levels of contaminants.</p><p><b>　　附錄二：中文譯文</b></p><p><b>　　天然氣&l

48、t;/b></p><p>　　來自維基百科，自由的百科全書</p><p>　　作其他用途,見天然氣(區(qū)別)。</p><p>　　天然氣是一種自然產(chǎn)生的烴類氣體的混合物，主要由甲烷組成， [1]其他碳?xì)浠衔锏臐舛雀哌_(dá)20％（通常乙烷）以及少量的雜質(zhì)，如二氧化碳。天然氣用途廣泛并且是一個重要能源應(yīng)用在許多包括采暖建筑，機(jī)組發(fā)電，提供熱和力量給產(chǎn)業(yè)和車并且也

49、是一種制造產(chǎn)品的原料 例如肥料。 </p><p>　　天然氣在地下深處的天然巖層中被發(fā)現(xiàn)，或在煤層中，和其他油氣藏，如甲烷水合物。生物活動所產(chǎn)生和熱量這兩個機(jī)制隨著時間的推移形成了大多數(shù)天然氣。生物氣是由甲烷的生物體在沼澤，沼澤，垃圾填埋場，淺層沉積物中的活動產(chǎn)生的。在地球的更深處，在更高溫度和壓力的條件下，被埋藏的有機(jī)材質(zhì)形成了地藏天熱氣</p><p>　　在天然氣可以使用作為燃料之

50、前 ，它必須經(jīng)過加工,清洗和清除雜質(zhì)包括包括水處理,讓天然氣滿足市場的需求。天然氣被加工后的產(chǎn)品包括乙烷，丙烷，丁烷，戊烷，和較高分子量的烴類，硫化氫（可轉(zhuǎn)換成純硫），二氧化碳，水蒸氣，偶爾會有氦氣和氮氣。天然氣經(jīng)常簡單地不拘形式地被指氣體，特別是當(dāng)與其他能源比較時例如石油或煤炭。 </p><p><b>　　天然氣</b></p><p>　　在 19 世紀(jì)，天

51、然氣通常被作為一種石油生產(chǎn)而產(chǎn)生的副產(chǎn)品，自小而輕的碳鏈溶解出來，作為提取液從內(nèi)到外減小儲藏器的壓力，類似于打開一瓶蘇打汽水所排放的二氧化碳那樣。在在活動中的油田中，不需要的天然氣是被作為一個問題來處理。如果在天然氣井口附近沒有市場的話，它是毫無價值的除非用管道輸送到終端用戶那里。在 19 世紀(jì)和 20 世紀(jì)初，這樣不需要的氣體在油田通常被燒掉了 今天，不需要的氣體(或沒有市場的擱淺的氣體)常常與石油開采相關(guān)的經(jīng)常被返回注射到油井中。在

52、等待一個可能的未來市場的形成或者再增加壓力使其相變，可以增強(qiáng)從其他油井提取率。在有較高天然氣需求的地區(qū)（例如美國），當(dāng)經(jīng)濟(jì)上可行的話會鋪設(shè)管道把天然氣從出口井輸送到用戶手上。另外一種可能性是出口液體天然氣。氣液轉(zhuǎn)換是一種發(fā)展中的技術(shù)，可以通過開發(fā)二次世界大戰(zhàn)期間的德國的費(fèi)-托合成過程把不能送出的天然氣合成汽油，柴油或者別的能源。這種燃料可以運(yùn)到用戶通過傳統(tǒng)的管道和加油機(jī)，支持者聲稱 GTL 燃料比可比石油燃料干凈。主要的大多數(shù)國際石油公

53、司進(jìn)入一個GTL生產(chǎn)的高級階段，在卡塔爾的GTL廠2010年以前預(yù)定的產(chǎn)量具有世界級規(guī)模的（14萬桶（</p><p>　　天然氣可以關(guān)聯(lián)”（在石油領(lǐng)域）或“非”（孤立在天然氣領(lǐng)域），而且還發(fā)現(xiàn)在煤層（煤層氣）。天然氣有時含有大量的乙烷，丙烷，丁烷，戊烷，甲烷作為燃料消費(fèi)或化工原料商業(yè)使用之前需除去更重的碳?xì)浠衔?。在天然氣運(yùn)輸之前，非烴如二氧化碳，氮，氦（很少），和硫化氫也必須被處理掉。商業(yè)上天然氣是從油田和天

54、然氣田提取出來的。從石油井中提取的天然氣被稱為油井氣或者半生氣。天然氣工業(yè)從越來越多的挑戰(zhàn)資源類型：酸氣，致密氣，頁巖氣，煤層氣等中提取天然氣。</p><p>　　世界上已經(jīng)探明儲氣量最大的氣田位于俄羅斯，儲氣量高達(dá)4.757×1013米³（1.68×1015立方英尺）。與俄羅斯天然氣工業(yè)股份公司，俄羅斯經(jīng)常是世界上最大的天然氣提取者。世界上主要的已經(jīng)探明的天然氣資源是175400

55、（2006），俄羅斯47570（2006）26370（2006），伊朗，卡塔爾，沙特阿拉伯，25790（2007）6568（2006）和阿拉伯聯(lián)合酋長國5823（2006）。</p><p>　　據(jù)估計，約有900000000000000立方米的“非常規(guī)”的天然氣頁巖氣等，其中180000000000000立方米可以持續(xù)利用。反過來，來自麻省理工學(xué)院，博萊克?威奇和能源部的許多研究者看到天然氣將占據(jù)大部分的供熱能

56、源和發(fā)電能源在不遠(yuǎn)的將來。</p><p>　　世界上最大的天然氣田是卡塔爾海上北場，在那里估計有25000000000000立方米（9×1014cubic英尺）氣體。在最佳提取的水平上足夠用420年以上。第二最大的天然氣田南帕爾斯氣田在在波斯灣伊朗水域。位于旁邊的卡塔爾北場，估計有儲量為8至14000000000000立方米（2.8×1014至5×1014立方英尺）的氣體</

57、p><p>　　由于天然氣不是一個單純的產(chǎn)品，當(dāng)伴生氣在超臨界（壓力/溫度）條件下被提取出來時就如同儲層壓力下降一樣，較高分子量的成分可能部分凝結(jié)后等溫減壓——這個效果叫稱為逆行縮合，這樣形成的液體可能被作為氣體儲存器的毛孔被沉淀下來，處理這個問題的方法是重新注入干氣凝析油，以保持地下壓力并允許重新蒸發(fā)和冷凝萃取。更經(jīng)常地，液體凝結(jié)在表面，并且其中一項天然氣加工廠的任務(wù)就是收集這些凝析油，由此產(chǎn)生的液體被稱為天然氣液

58、體（NGL）且具有商業(yè)價值。</p><p><b>　　城鎮(zhèn)燃?xì)?lt;/b></p><p>　　城鎮(zhèn)燃?xì)猓粋€有甲烷和其他氣體的生產(chǎn)的綜合混合物，主要是高度有毒的一氧化碳，就像對天然氣一樣用一個相似的方式并且能通過對待煤炭的化學(xué)工藝來生產(chǎn)。這是一個歷史性的技術(shù)，與其他今天氣體能源燃料通常不具經(jīng)濟(jì)競爭力。但仍有一些具體的情況下，它是最好的選擇，它可能是到未來。</

59、p><p>　　在已故的第十九和第二十世紀(jì)初大多數(shù)城鎮(zhèn)”gashouses”位于美國東部是簡單的副產(chǎn)物煉焦?fàn)t——在密封庭內(nèi)加熱瀝青煤。氣體被逼出了煤且收集通過網(wǎng)絡(luò)管道輸送給住宅和其他建筑物，它被用來做飯和照明。直到20世紀(jì)的最后半段燃?xì)獠膳疟粡V泛使用。煤焦油（或瀝青）在底部的煤氣爐被收集，通常用于屋面和其他防水，有時候也與砂和碎石混合被用于鋪路。</p><p><b>　　沼氣&

60、lt;/b></p><p><b>　　主要文章：沼氣</b></p><p>　　富含甲烷氣體是由非化石有機(jī)物質(zhì) （生物） 的厭氧衰變時產(chǎn)生的，這些被稱為沼氣（或天然氣）。生物氣的來源包括沼澤，沼澤，和垃圾填埋場（見垃圾填埋氣），以及污泥和豬糞[ 8 ]的厭氧沼氣池，除了腸道發(fā)酵，特別是在牛。產(chǎn)甲烷古菌是負(fù)責(zé)所有的生物來源的甲烷，一些在共生關(guān)系的其他生命形式

61、，包括白蟻，反芻動物，和種植作物。甲烷釋放到大氣中直接將被視為污染物，然而，大氣中的甲烷被氧化，產(chǎn)生二氧化碳和水。大氣中的甲烷有七年半的生活，意思就是如果一噸的甲烷排放的今天，七年后500公斤就分解為二氧化碳和水</p><p>　　甲烷的其他來源，天然氣的主要成分，包括垃圾填埋氣，沼氣，甲烷水合物</p><p>　　沼氣，特別是垃圾填埋氣，已經(jīng)在一些地區(qū)投入使用，而且它們的使用將會大大

62、擴(kuò)大，垃圾填埋氣是一種類型的沼氣，但沼氣通常指的是從不混有其他廢物的有機(jī)物質(zhì)產(chǎn)生的氣體。垃圾填埋氣是從堆填區(qū)的廢物分解產(chǎn)生的。如果氣體不排除，里面的壓力會變高對埋藏的表面區(qū)產(chǎn)生力的作用，對堆填區(qū)的結(jié)構(gòu)產(chǎn)生破壞，難聞的氣體，植被死亡，和爆炸的危險。這種氣體可以被排放到大氣中，燃燒或燃燒發(fā)電發(fā)電或生產(chǎn)熱量。赫特福德郡，英國，和法國的里昂部分地區(qū)開始使用實驗系統(tǒng)。</p><p>　　一旦水蒸氣被排除，大約一半的堆填區(qū)

63、氣體是甲烷。幾乎所有的剩余氣體是二氧化碳，但也有少量的氮，氧，氫。通常有微量的硫化氫和硅氧烷，但其濃度差別很大。填埋氣體不能使用天然氣管道，除非它經(jīng)過清理，二氧化碳的小于3%，和百萬分之幾硫化氫，因為二氧化碳和硫化氫會腐蝕管道。通常在現(xiàn)場燃燒埋藏氣會更經(jīng)濟(jì)或者在短距離內(nèi)使用輸送埋藏氣的專用管道輸送。即使埋藏氣在現(xiàn)場燃燒，水蒸氣通常也被排除掉。如果低的溫度下氣體冷凝水，硅氧烷往往會與水蒸氣一起凝結(jié)，硅氧烷含量就會降低。其他的非甲烷成分也可

64、能被清除掉，以便符合排放標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，防止污染設(shè)備或環(huán)境因素。天然氣和垃圾填埋氣混合燃燒，改善了燃燒質(zhì)量，也降低了排放量。</p><p>　　污水處理廠產(chǎn)生的氣體通常被用來發(fā)電。例如，洛杉機(jī)的海波污水處理廠每天燒掉8000000立方英尺（230000立方米）天然氣擁有發(fā)電，紐約市污水處理廠利用燃?xì)怛?qū)動設(shè)備，發(fā)電，并用在鍋爐。利用污水氣體發(fā)電不僅限于大城市。貝克斯菲爾德市，加利福尼亞州，在其污水廠使用熱電聯(lián)產(chǎn)來發(fā)電。加利