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1、<p> 本科畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)(論文)外文翻譯譯文</p><p> 學(xué)生姓名: </p><p> 院 (系): 電子工程學(xué)院 </p><p> 專業(yè)班級(jí): 安全0803 </p><p> 指導(dǎo)教師:
2、 </p><p> 完成日期: 20 年 月 日 </p><p> 建筑安全管理的識(shí)別元素</p><p> Identifying elements of construction</p><p> safety management </p>
3、;<p> 作者:C.M. Tam a,*, S.X. Zeng a,b, Z.M. Deng a a</p><p> 起止頁(yè)碼:569~586</p><p> 出版日期(期刊號(hào)):2003年 9月 第001版</p><p> 出版單位:上海交通大學(xué)</p><p><b> 摘要:</b>
4、</p><p> 建設(shè)由于其獨(dú)特的性質(zhì)是最危險(xiǎn)的行業(yè)之一。按國(guó)際標(biāo)準(zhǔn)來(lái)衡量,在中國(guó)的地盤(pán)安全紀(jì)錄不佳。本文旨在探討中國(guó)建筑行業(yè)安全管理的現(xiàn)狀,探索在建筑地盤(pán)容易發(fā)生風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的活動(dòng),并確定施工現(xiàn)場(chǎng)安全的影響因素。調(diào)查結(jié)果顯示,承包商安全管理的行為表現(xiàn)至關(guān)重要,包括提供個(gè)人防護(hù)設(shè)備,定期安全會(huì)議,安全培訓(xùn)。影響安全性能的主要因素包括高層管理人員的安全意識(shí)差,缺乏培訓(xùn),項(xiàng)目經(jīng)理的安全意識(shí)差,不愿投入資金,缺少安全意識(shí)和
5、實(shí)際操作。這項(xiàng)研究還提出,政府應(yīng)該在嚴(yán)格執(zhí)法和組織的安全培訓(xùn)課程發(fā)揮更關(guān)鍵的作用。</p><p> 關(guān)鍵詞:建設(shè);職業(yè)事故;安全因素分析</p><p> 1 簡(jiǎn)介 由于其獨(dú)特的性質(zhì),建筑在世界各地是最危險(xiǎn)的行業(yè)之一,(Jannadi和Bu-Khamsin,2002年)。施工安全始終是一個(gè)從業(yè)者和研究者需要嚴(yán)格注意的問(wèn)題。由于已確定一些影響建造業(yè)的安全性能的因素,包括: 工人
6、態(tài)度(Hinze,1981),建筑公司的規(guī)模,安全政策,項(xiàng)目協(xié)調(diào),經(jīng)濟(jì)壓力(Hinze和Raboud,1988);管理培訓(xùn)(Gun, 1993年; Jaselskis和Suazo,1994年);和安全文化(Tam and Fung,1998年; Glendon and Stanton,2000; Tam等,2001)。通過(guò)采取措施以防止職業(yè)傷害,提高了安全性能且得到了廣泛的探索,1986(勞費(fèi)爾和萊德貝特;哈珀和凱恩,1998年)。其中
7、一些研究,1984(Fellner和Sulzer-Azaroff和Hyodynmaa1988;萊蒂寧,Ruohomaki,1996年)顯示,通過(guò)發(fā)布并反饋給目標(biāo)的安全指數(shù)明顯比沒(méi)有反饋時(shí)更高。哈基寧(1995年)主張高層管理人員的安全管理1小時(shí)的培訓(xùn)計(jì)劃。該方案的成功應(yīng)用是管理層需要注意的安全問(wèn)題。一項(xiàng)研究表明,83%的項(xiàng)目實(shí)現(xiàn)</p><p> 至于施工安全,中國(guó)的戰(zhàn)績(jī)相比國(guó)際標(biāo)準(zhǔn)是可憐的。1999年923個(gè)
8、地區(qū) IV級(jí)及以上(每次事故造成兩人死亡或嚴(yán)重受傷3-19;或0.1-0.3萬(wàn)元人民幣的直接經(jīng)濟(jì)損失)意外發(fā)生在新農(nóng)村建設(shè), 1097建筑工人失去他們的生命(“中國(guó)建設(shè)統(tǒng)計(jì)年鑒”,2000年)。在1999年施工總勞動(dòng)人口為24286000,代表這些等級(jí)的I-IV的每10萬(wàn)名工人就有3.8人嚴(yán)重意外傷亡率。在這些重特大事故的死亡率是每10萬(wàn)名工人傷亡4.5人。這一數(shù)據(jù)嚴(yán)重低估了總死亡率,因?yàn)樗劳霾皇亲鳛樗袉我坏牡膱?bào)告。 (據(jù)估計(jì),美國(guó)的
9、實(shí)際病死率是根據(jù)NIOSH的,2003年每10萬(wàn)人15.2)本文介紹了一個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)化的問(wèn)卷調(diào)查方法并采訪中國(guó)建筑行業(yè)的安全管理目標(biāo)得出如下結(jié)果:</p><p> ?檢查行業(yè)安全管理的現(xiàn)狀;</p><p> ?探索建筑工地容易發(fā)生風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的活動(dòng);</p><p> ?確定施工現(xiàn)場(chǎng)安全的影響因素; ?提高安全性能并提出建議</p><p&g
10、t; 2 在中國(guó)施工安全背景</p><p> 2.1 政府在施工安全中的作用</p><p> 建設(shè)監(jiān)督部在中國(guó)建筑行業(yè)的整體責(zé)任是實(shí)施新的戰(zhàn)略和政策,包括制定發(fā)展計(jì)劃,規(guī)范建筑市場(chǎng)和建設(shè)單位,并起到監(jiān)督施工安全的主導(dǎo)作用。中央部的作為省級(jí)建設(shè)部門(mén)和獨(dú)立的直轄市的鏡子來(lái)監(jiān)督他們?cè)谑┕ぐ踩兴鶕?dān)負(fù)的責(zé)任(見(jiàn)圖1)。</p><p> 圖1 施工安全管理的治理
11、層次</p><p> 根據(jù)施工安全的有關(guān)法例,如建筑法,施工安全和施工企業(yè)勞動(dòng)保護(hù)法的檢驗(yàn)標(biāo)準(zhǔn),建設(shè)部每年聘請(qǐng)約50位安全審核員來(lái)開(kāi)展全國(guó)安全審計(jì)中的職權(quán)。審計(jì)的范圍包括施工企業(yè),勞動(dòng)保護(hù)措施,建筑工地的安全隱患,不同省份或主要城市的安全管理制度。</p><p> 2.2 施工企業(yè)的安全管理系統(tǒng) 由法律規(guī)定的勞動(dòng)保護(hù),職業(yè)病和在中國(guó)建造業(yè)的意外,例如,有50名員工或以上的建
12、設(shè)用地,主要承建商設(shè)立一名專職安全檢查員;面積超過(guò)10,000平方米必須有2-3個(gè)安全檢查員,施工面積超過(guò)50,000平方米時(shí)主要承建商必須建立一個(gè)安全的管理團(tuán)隊(duì)。</p><p> 2.3 建設(shè)項(xiàng)目監(jiān)理安全檢查</p><p> 自1989年以來(lái),中國(guó)已經(jīng)開(kāi)始采用建筑監(jiān)督檢查表,項(xiàng)目主管工程師的職責(zé)之一是監(jiān)督施工安全。施工監(jiān)理計(jì)劃在1996年建設(shè)項(xiàng)目監(jiān)督發(fā)行以來(lái),已在中國(guó)廣泛實(shí)行。根
13、據(jù)統(tǒng)計(jì),監(jiān)事的作用是通過(guò)介紹施工安全的名義在各施工階段的檢查和控制以加強(qiáng)施工監(jiān)理。根據(jù)目前建筑法“于1997年發(fā)行的第32條,監(jiān)理的職責(zé)是確保符合工程建設(shè)法規(guī),監(jiān)督執(zhí)行工作,監(jiān)督施工安全,制定監(jiān)督計(jì)劃,并通知政府一切違反有關(guān)法定立法的情況。</p><p> 2.4 建筑公司的所有權(quán)類型</p><p> 在中國(guó),所有的大型施工企業(yè)是傳統(tǒng)的計(jì)劃經(jīng)濟(jì)體制下的國(guó)有機(jī)構(gòu)。自1978年通過(guò)的改
14、革開(kāi)放政策實(shí)施以來(lái),傳統(tǒng)的計(jì)劃經(jīng)濟(jì)體制已逐步取代了在中國(guó)的市場(chǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì)體制。大量的農(nóng)民從傳統(tǒng)的種植和養(yǎng)殖工程中解放出來(lái),并組成家族企業(yè)和農(nóng)村建設(shè)工作隊(duì)(RCT)。這與經(jīng)濟(jì)的快速擴(kuò)張是密切相關(guān)的,隨著高容量的建設(shè)活動(dòng),使得中國(guó)成為世界上最大的建筑市場(chǎng)。截至1999年,RCT的比例已達(dá)到51%,10%的國(guó)業(yè)(國(guó)有企業(yè)),26%城市集體企業(yè)為(合眾),其它(包括上市分享控股,13%外商投資企業(yè)的),這體現(xiàn)了中國(guó)的建筑施工企業(yè)的所有制形式的巨大變化
15、。 </p><p> McVittie等人研究以往有規(guī)模的企業(yè)和事故發(fā)生率(Hinze Raboud,1988)發(fā)現(xiàn)其間的關(guān)系,事故發(fā)生率降低為企業(yè)增加大小的潛在因素,包括一定程度的規(guī)劃和組織大型企業(yè)與小企業(yè)在內(nèi)部健康和安全專業(yè)知識(shí)存在的資源共享,獲得有關(guān)健康和安全的外部支持,服務(wù)和使用各級(jí)政府的檢查和規(guī)模??經(jīng)濟(jì)的效果。隨機(jī)比較與對(duì)照在中國(guó)的國(guó)有企業(yè),員工的平均人數(shù)分別為735和150(“中國(guó)統(tǒng)計(jì)年鑒
16、”,2001年)。然而,前者的死亡率是后者(“中國(guó)建筑業(yè)統(tǒng)計(jì)年鑒”,2000年)的三倍。國(guó)有企業(yè)的死亡率是每10萬(wàn)人和2.0和 6.0的隨機(jī)對(duì)照試驗(yàn),這與建筑公司在中國(guó)的業(yè)務(wù)性質(zhì)密切相關(guān)。幾乎所有大小不同的中國(guó)建筑公司在建筑市場(chǎng)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)同樣的工作,類似的項(xiàng)目,結(jié)果在存在昂貴的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)和微薄的利潤(rùn)及管理,特別是大型國(guó)有企業(yè),它需要一個(gè)龐大的營(yíng)業(yè)額來(lái)維持其正常運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)。</p><p> 盡管上述各方在施工安全中扮演著良好的角
17、色,在中國(guó)建筑工地的安全性能仍然是令人失望的。職業(yè)事故沒(méi)有得到有效的預(yù)防。對(duì)比1998年和1999年的數(shù)字,施工現(xiàn)場(chǎng)的重特大事故增加了21.2%,而死亡人數(shù)增加了15.1%。</p><p> 3 影響安全性能的根源</p><p> 各種因素影響建造業(yè)的安全管理。這些因素可分為人為因素,組織,管理,技術(shù),工業(yè)關(guān)系等。由于在文化,管理和市場(chǎng)結(jié)構(gòu)的差異,這些因素對(duì)施工安全有不同的影響。&
18、lt;/p><p><b> 4 研究方法</b></p><p> 在上述基礎(chǔ)上,設(shè)計(jì)了一項(xiàng)問(wèn)卷調(diào)查,通過(guò)合并25種影響安全施工的因素,調(diào)查的目的是探討中國(guó)的建筑施工安全管理的地位。這項(xiàng)調(diào)查是在200個(gè)大、中型上市建設(shè)公司的質(zhì)量體系認(rèn)證體系下進(jìn)行的,作為ISO 9000認(rèn)證的公司已經(jīng)接受了他們從理論上說(shuō)的質(zhì)量體系,安全管理,從而可以更好地履行安全。采用結(jié)構(gòu)式問(wèn)卷調(diào)查
19、和訪談,收集必要的信息和數(shù)據(jù),發(fā)出問(wèn)卷包括安全檢查員,經(jīng)理和董事,在詞典中列出了ISO 9000認(rèn)證的企業(yè),建筑公司,負(fù)責(zé)安全的安全代表。問(wèn)卷調(diào)查方面總結(jié)如下: ?安全管理制度 ?安全行為和安全的措施 ?施工意外對(duì)公司的影響 ?影響安全管理的因素 ?政府的支持</p><p> 已收到六十份完成的問(wèn)卷,回應(yīng)率為30%,一個(gè)建筑公司建造業(yè)的平均回應(yīng)率通常不符合問(wèn)卷的填寫(xiě)。此
20、外,建設(shè)行政主管部門(mén)的政府官員被采訪如何重點(diǎn)負(fù)責(zé)施工安全,由政府發(fā)出的安全政策和程序,安全標(biāo)準(zhǔn),影響安全管理的因素。</p><p> 在調(diào)查中,所有的200家建筑公司是ISO 9000認(rèn)證,代表比例按如上圖片在所述的平均公司的安全管理。其中60家單位作出回應(yīng),他們分為兩類:52個(gè)國(guó)有(87%)和8個(gè)上市的共享控股企業(yè)(13%)的所有權(quán)。所有的應(yīng)訴企業(yè),52家(87%)聘用超過(guò)1001人,四家公司(6.5%)在
21、501和1000人之間的,四家公司(6.5%),低于500人。</p><p><b> 5 結(jié)果討論</b></p><p> 5.1 安全手冊(cè)和程序</p><p> 使用安全手冊(cè)的目的是溝通項(xiàng)目的安全政策,確定安全因素,確定責(zé)任和控制安全管理制度。作為管理系統(tǒng)的骨干,本手冊(cè)定義了安全程序與說(shuō)明,并規(guī)定了具體的要求。受訪者被問(wèn)及他們是
22、否有一個(gè)安全手冊(cè)和安全程序, 62%的受訪者聲稱他們沒(méi)有記錄安全手冊(cè),而有38%的受訪者有這方面的安全程序,所有的受訪者表示,他們已經(jīng)記錄了現(xiàn)場(chǎng),這就形成了部分ISO 9000的過(guò)程控制程序(第4.9條)的安全管理程序:1994。不過(guò),大部分受訪者(92%)聲稱大多數(shù)工人不知道程序,這意味著他們的質(zhì)量管理體系定義一個(gè)安全程序,但不是一個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)化的安全管理系統(tǒng)與安全手冊(cè)。5.2 提供個(gè)人防護(hù)裝備</p><p>
23、 為工人提供個(gè)人防護(hù)裝備(PPE)的現(xiàn)狀。提供的最常見(jiàn)個(gè)人防護(hù)裝備為手套,安全帽和護(hù)目鏡。然而,許多工人認(rèn)為安全帽使得他們的操作不方便。</p><p> 5.3 安全會(huì)議和培訓(xùn)</p><p> 定期安全會(huì)議是必要用以溝通各方面的安全信息。 36%的受訪者聲稱他們有定期的安全會(huì)議,且對(duì)安全問(wèn)題進(jìn)行了討論,并在其他如建設(shè)規(guī)劃會(huì)議中提出。然而,87%的受訪者認(rèn)為高層管理人員很少參加安全會(huì)
24、議。受訪者被問(wèn)及他們是否提供了第一線工人的安全培訓(xùn),24%的受訪者聲稱提供系統(tǒng)的培訓(xùn); 65%的受訪者稱沒(méi)有提供定期的培訓(xùn);及其他(11%)受訪者稱很少提供任何培訓(xùn)。在建造業(yè),建筑工人流動(dòng)性高和他們經(jīng)常切換到另一個(gè)公司。建筑工人的過(guò)渡性質(zhì)使得它很難培訓(xùn)工人,缺乏有效的勞動(dòng)培訓(xùn)在安全管理中事關(guān)重大。</p><p> 5.4 現(xiàn)場(chǎng)意外的影響</p><p> 問(wèn)卷為建筑公司現(xiàn)場(chǎng)意外的最顯
25、著的影響因素是什么,其可能的答案是成本上升打斷了施工進(jìn)度,損害公司的聲譽(yù),對(duì)工人施加心理負(fù)擔(dān)。如顯示的結(jié)果,68%的受訪者認(rèn)為,作為影響最嚴(yán)重的工地意外損害公司的聲譽(yù)且打斷了建設(shè),提高成本和工人心理負(fù)擔(dān),強(qiáng)加于工人的時(shí)間表。</p><p> 5.5 現(xiàn)場(chǎng)嚴(yán)重事故的概率</p><p> 建筑現(xiàn)場(chǎng)表現(xiàn)出其獨(dú)特的危險(xiǎn)特性,例如,工人都擠在一個(gè)重型機(jī)器和設(shè)備高度使用和運(yùn)行在的戶外現(xiàn)場(chǎng)。問(wèn)卷
26、探討的現(xiàn)場(chǎng)將導(dǎo)致死亡事故的嚴(yán)重事故的概率上升。問(wèn)受訪者選擇最有可能發(fā)生嚴(yán)重意外的現(xiàn)場(chǎng)(可以從多個(gè)由作者編寫(xiě)的意外),可能會(huì)導(dǎo)致死亡的結(jié)果可以看出,高處落物被認(rèn)為是最危險(xiǎn)的(92%)(Larsson and Field,2002年)。降序排列的其他意外被擊中墮下物料的概率,土方坍塌,使用重型機(jī)器和觸電的結(jié)果具有可比性(與觸電排名除外)的安全統(tǒng)計(jì)數(shù)據(jù),在中國(guó)建筑行業(yè),結(jié)果表明,除觸電事故的頻率與死亡和嚴(yán)重受傷成正相關(guān)。從高處墜落事故和死亡記
27、錄下降,事故總量的比例達(dá)到50%,這是明顯比其他任何意外嚴(yán)重。 524名建筑工人(48%)由于從高處墜落失去了他們的生命,1999年。</p><p> 5.6 相對(duì)重要性因素</p><p> 受訪公司最高領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人缺乏安全意識(shí)和安全意識(shí)差排名,第一和第三的項(xiàng)目經(jīng)理,分別為0.93和0.89,RII。這表明領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人在施工安全管理中發(fā)揮了非常重要的作用,以高層管理人員的設(shè)置定義安全政策和資源
28、分配適當(dāng)?shù)陌踩h(huán)境。最高領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人的態(tài)度在培養(yǎng)良好的安全文化中起著重要的作用(Seppala,1995年)。然而,在實(shí)踐中,并不是所有的企業(yè)領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人高度重視安全管理,因?yàn)槿缙渌麡I(yè)務(wù)的盈利驅(qū)使,進(jìn)度和質(zhì)量目標(biāo)始終為自己的時(shí)間和資源(Hakkinen,1995年)的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)。由此可以看出,從對(duì)問(wèn)卷的答復(fù),只有一小部分高層管理人員參加安全會(huì)議。由于承辦商必須在指定的時(shí)間內(nèi)完成的工作并完成一定的工藝標(biāo)準(zhǔn),大多數(shù)人專注于眼前的問(wèn)題,只查看他們的首要任務(wù),為
29、滿足生產(chǎn)進(jìn)度,配額和成本目標(biāo)及質(zhì)量要求,只有實(shí)現(xiàn)這些目標(biāo)后,他們將給予一定的考慮到安全(Tam 等,2001)。</p><p><b> 6 政府規(guī)定的要求</b></p><p> 政府應(yīng)在建筑行業(yè)安全管理中發(fā)揮重要作用(Kartam等,2000)。在這次調(diào)查中,受訪者被要求提供他們的意見(jiàn),在開(kāi)放式的格式上,政府可以支持安全管理的方式,圖8顯示的結(jié)果。62%的
30、受訪者表示完成態(tài)度作為主要工具。然而,根據(jù)受訪者,在施工部負(fù)責(zé)施工安全的官員,根據(jù)現(xiàn)行的政府政策提供財(cái)政援助是不可行的。 31%的受訪者認(rèn)為,政府應(yīng)該進(jìn)行有效的檢查。目前沒(méi)有進(jìn)行有效的檢查,因?yàn)椴豢赡苡凶銐虻臋z查員在所有時(shí)間訪問(wèn)所有工作場(chǎng)所和所有可能出現(xiàn)新的危險(xiǎn)(MacCollum,1995年)。在目前情況下,通過(guò)政府的管理是最可行的方法,是提供安全培訓(xùn)和嚴(yán)格執(zhí)行適當(dāng)法律框架的前提。</p><p><b&
31、gt; 7 結(jié)論</b></p><p> 由于建設(shè)獨(dú)特的性質(zhì)所以它是最危險(xiǎn)的行業(yè)其之一。按照國(guó)際標(biāo)準(zhǔn),中國(guó)的施工現(xiàn)場(chǎng)的安全紀(jì)錄不佳。每年的報(bào)告記錄大約有1000人死亡在建筑工地和大量的職業(yè)事故,但是這些數(shù)字只顯示了大量未報(bào)告的死亡人數(shù)和事故的冰山一角。在大多數(shù)中國(guó)施工企業(yè)的安全管理需要關(guān)注如下所示: ?承建商沒(méi)有記錄適當(dāng)?shù)陌踩芾碇贫鹊男杳鞔_安全手冊(cè);這是令人驚訝的發(fā)現(xiàn),只有小部分承建商
32、為工人提供足夠的必要的個(gè)人防護(hù)裝備; ?高層管理人員很少出席安全會(huì)議可以看出他們對(duì)安全管理有敷衍的態(tài)度 ?只有少數(shù)承建商提供系統(tǒng)的安全培訓(xùn),大部分(68%)的受訪者視為最影響工地意外的因素,而其中一些(5%)認(rèn)為工人嚴(yán)重的心理負(fù)擔(dān)是影響安全的因素,這印證了對(duì)施工組織管理的消極態(tài)度的看法。</p><p> 雖然有許多因素影響安全性能因素,受訪者認(rèn)為主要因素是:</p><p&
33、gt; ?高層領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人的安全意識(shí)差;?缺乏訓(xùn)練;?項(xiàng)目經(jīng)理的安全意識(shí)差;?不愿投入安全資源;?盲目操作</p><p> 在分析的基礎(chǔ)上,可以得出結(jié)論,該行業(yè)應(yīng)該更積極地組織培訓(xùn)課程從而提高工人的安全意識(shí)。關(guān)于建筑企業(yè)之間的惡性競(jìng)爭(zhēng),政府應(yīng)采取以下措施:</p><p> ?規(guī)范建筑市場(chǎng),將其分割成不同的階層,例如,根據(jù)大,中,小型項(xiàng)目類別注冊(cè)市場(chǎng)基礎(chǔ)的承建商,上層建筑,地盤(pán)平
34、整,排水,土建等,以減少在某些領(lǐng)域競(jìng)爭(zhēng)的承包商數(shù)量。 ?建立一個(gè)適當(dāng)?shù)脑u(píng)審制度,投標(biāo)價(jià)格的形成作為評(píng)價(jià)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)之一。此外,過(guò)去對(duì)安全的表現(xiàn)、質(zhì)量和管理的態(tài)度應(yīng)包括在內(nèi)。</p><p> 參考文獻(xiàn):[1] Blank, V.L.G., Laflamme, L., Andersson, R. 安全科學(xué)學(xué)報(bào)26(3),1997[2] Center to Protect Workers_ Rights,全國(guó)議
35、會(huì)上工效,安全,衛(wèi)生建設(shè),1993[3] Chen, J.J. 中國(guó)建筑業(yè)與外國(guó)投資,建筑研究與信息26,1997[4] “中國(guó)統(tǒng)計(jì)年鑒”,中國(guó)統(tǒng)計(jì)出版社(北京),2001[5] Ding, C.B., Deng, Q., Yao, C.W. 中國(guó)的安全建設(shè),中國(guó)建筑工業(yè)年鑒出版社,2000 [6] Fellner, D.J., Sulzer-Azaroff, B. 中國(guó)安全研究,1984[7] Glendon, A.I.,
36、Stanton, N.A. 對(duì)安全文化的觀點(diǎn),安全科學(xué)34,2000[8] Gun,R.T. 法規(guī)在預(yù)防職業(yè)傷害的作用,安全科學(xué)16,47-66,1993[9] Hakkinen, K. 提高高層管理人員安全意識(shí),安全科學(xué)20,299-304,1995 [10] Mattila, M., Hyodynmaa, M. 促進(jìn)建筑安全的</p><p> Identifying elements of cons
37、truction</p><p> safety management </p><p> C.M. Tam a,*, S.X. Zeng a,b, Z.M. Deng a a Department of Building and Construction, City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong
38、Kong b Aetna School of Management, National University of Fenland, Received 9 April 2002; received in revised form 23 April 2003; accepted 12 May 2003</p><p><b> Abstract:</b></p><p&g
39、t; Construction is one of the most hazardous industries due to its unique nature. Measured by international standards, construction site safety records in China are poor. This paper aims to examine the status of safety
40、management in the Chinese construction industry, explore the risk-prone activities on construction sites, and identify factors affecting construction site safety. The findings reveal that the behavior of contractors on s
41、afety management are of grave concern, including the lack of pr</p><p> Keywords: Construction; Occupational accident; Safety; Factor analysis</p><p> 1. Introduction</p><p> Al
42、l over the world, construction is one of the most hazardous industries due to its unique nature (Jannadi and Bu-Khamsin, 2002). Construction safety is always a grave concern for both practitioners and researchers. A numb
43、er of causes influencing safety performance in the construction industry have been identified that include workers_ attitudes (Hinze, 1981); construction company size, safety policy, project coordination, and economic pr
44、essure (Hinze and Raboud, 1988); management training (Gun,</p><p> As regards construction safety in China, the record is poor in terms of international standards. In 1999, 923 site accidents of Grade IV 1
45、and above (each accident involves two fatalities; or 3–19 severe injuries; or 0.1–0.3 million RMB Yuan in direct economic losses) were recorded at countryside construction, in which 1097 construction workers lost their l
46、ives (China Statistical Yearbook of Construction, 2000). The total construction workforce was 24,286,000 in 1999, representing a rate of thes</p><p> ? to examine the status of safety management in the indu
47、stry;</p><p> ? to explore the risk-prone activities on construction sites;</p><p> ? to identify the factors affecting construction site safety; and</p><p> ? to propose suggest
48、ions for improving safety performance.</p><p> 2. Background of construction safety in China</p><p> 2.1. Role of government in construction safety</p><p> The Ministry of Constr
49、uction takes the overall responsibility in overseeing the construction industry in China. It takes the leading role in implementing the new strategies and policies including preparing development programs, regulating con
50、struction markets and construction institutions, and monitoring construction safety. The role of the central Ministry is mirrored by the provincial construction departments and those of the independent municipalities. Th
51、ey are charged with the responsibility</p><p> Fig. 1. Governance hierarchy for construction safety management</p><p> Under powers in the relevant legislation on construction safety, such as
52、Construction Law, Inspection Standards for Construction Safety and Inspection Standards for Labour Protection in Construction Enterprises, the Ministry of Construction annually hires about 50 safety auditors to conduct
53、nationwide safety audits. The scope of the audits includes the safety management system of the construction firms, labour protection measures, safety pitfalls on construction sites and so on in different pro</p>&
54、lt;p> 2.2. Safety management system of construction firms</p><p> Protection of labour from occupational diseases and accidents in the construction industry of China is defined by law; for example, for
55、construction sites having 50 employees or more, main contractors have to nominate a full-time safety inspector; for sites with an area exceeding 10,000 m2 there must be 2–3 safety inspectors; wherever the site exceeds 50
56、,000 m2, the main contractor has to establish a safety management team.</p><p> 2.3. Construction project supervisors’ inspection on safety</p><p> Since 1989 China has begun adopting the Cons
57、truction Supervision Scheme_. One of the project-supervisor engineer_s responsibilities is to monitor construction safety. Since the issuance of the Regulation on Construction Project Supervision in 1996, the constructi
58、on supervision scheme has been extensively practiced in China. According to the system, the role of the supervisors is to enhance construction supervision by introducing checks and control at various construction stages
59、on behalf of the</p><p> 2.4. Types of ownership of construction firms</p><p> In China, all large construction firms were state-owned establishments under the traditional planned economy syst
60、em. Since the adoption of the reform and opening policies in 1978, the traditional planned economy system has been gradually replaced by the market economy in China. A great number of peasants were liberated from traditi
61、onal cultivation and farming works and organized themselves into ruralvillage- enterprises and rural construction teams (RCT). This was closely associated with the rap</p><p> Previous research has revealed
62、 that there is a relationship between sizes of firms and accident rates (Hinze and Raboud, 1988). A study by McVittie et al. (1997) indicated that accident rates decrease as the sizes of firms increase. The underlying fa
63、ctors include the degree of planning and organization in large firms versus that of small firms, the presence of in-house health and safety expertise or resources, the degree of unionization, access to and use of externa
64、l support services relating to</p><p> Fig. 2. Categories of construction firms of various ownerships in 1999</p><p> In spite of the well-defined roles of the above parties in construction sa
65、fety, the safety performance on construction sites is still disappointingly poor in China. Occupational accidents have not been effectively prevented. When comparing the figures of 1998 and 1999, the serious accidents on
66、 construction site had increased by 21.2% while the number of fatalities had increased by 15.1%.</p><p> 3. Root causes affecting safety performance</p><p> There are various factors influenci
67、ng safety management in the construction industry. These factors can be grouped into people_s role, organization, management, technology, industrial relationship and so on. Due to differences in culture, management and t
68、he market structure, these factors have diverse influence on construction safety. The related literature to date on safety management is tabulated in Table 1, based upon a literature search in our libraries.</p>&
69、lt;p><b> Table 1</b></p><p> Previous researches on safety management</p><p> 4. Research methodology</p><p> Based on the above, a questionnaire survey was desig
70、ned by incorporating 25 factors affecting construction safety. The objective of the survey is to explore the status of construction safety management in China. The survey was conducted in 200 large and medium-sized const
71、ruction firms listed in the Dictionary of Quality System Certificated Enterprises. As ISO 9000 certified companies have embraced safety management in their quality systems, they should, theoretically, perform better in s
72、afety. T</p><p> ? safety management system;</p><p> ? safety behaviors and safety measures;</p><p> ? impact of site accidents on companies;</p><p> ? factors affe
73、cting safety management; and</p><p> ? government support.</p><p> Sixty completed questionnaires have been received, a response rate of 30%, an average response rate for the construction indu
74、stry as construction firms are normally found not helpful in completing questionnaires. In addition, interviews were conducted with government officials of the construction departments in charge of construction safety, f
75、ocusing on safety policies and procedures issued by the government, safety standards, and factors affecting safety on construction sites.</p><p> In the survey, all the 200 construction firms are ISO 9000 c
76、ertified, representing a better picture of safety management than in the average company as described above. Among the 60 responded, they fall into two categories of ownership: 52 stateowned (87%) and eight public-listed
77、 sharing-holding enterprises (13%). Out of all the responding firms, 52 firms (87%) employ over 1001 people, four firms (6.5%) between 501 and 1000, and four firms (6.5%) below 500.</p><p> 5. Results and d
78、iscussion</p><p> 5.1. Safety manual and procedures</p><p> The purpose of the safety manual is to communicate a firm_s safety policy, identify the safety factors, define responsibility and co
79、ntrol the safety management system. As the backbone of the management system, the manual defines the safety procedures and instructions and identifies the specific requirements. The respondents were asked whether they ha
80、ve a safety manual and safety procedures. 62% of the respondents claimed that they did not have documented safety manuals, while 38% had. With respe</p><p> 5.2. Provision of personal protection equipment&l
81、t;/p><p> The status of the provision of personal protection equipment (PPE) for workers is illustrated in Fig. 3. Fig. 3 shows that the most common PPE provided are gloves, hard hats and eye goggles. However,
82、 many workers consider that hard hats are not convenient for their operations.</p><p> 5.3. Safety meeting and training</p><p> Regular safety meetings are necessary for communicating safety i
83、nformation to all parties. 36% of the respondents claimed that they had regular safety meetings, and the others indicated that safety issues were discussed and presented at other meetings, such as construction planning m
84、eetings. However 87% argued that the top management seldom attended the safety meetings. The respondents were asked whether they had provided safety training for the first-line workers. 24% of the respondents claimed<
85、/p><p> Fig. 3. Personal protective equipment provided by contractors</p><p> 5.4. Impact of site accidents</p><p> The questionnaire asked what the most significant impact of site
86、accidents on construction firms was. The possible answers were increase in cost, interrupted construction schedule, impairing reputation of firms, imposing psychological burden on workers, and others. Fig. 4 shows the re
87、sults. Fig. 4 shows that 68% of the respondents considered impairing reputation of firms as the most serious impact of site accidents. Interrupted construction schedule increase in cost and imposing psychological bu</
88、p><p> 5.5. Perceived probability of serious accidents on sites</p><p> Construction sites exhibit unique hazardous characteristics; for example, workers are crowded together on sites, operating
89、at height and outdoors, with the use of heavy machine and equipment. The questionnaire explores the perceived probability of serious accidents on construction sites, which will lead to fatalities. The respondents were as
90、ked to choose the most probable serious site accidents (can be more than one from a list of accidents prepared by the authors) that may lead to fatalities an</p><p> Fig.4. Impacts of site accidents</p&g
91、t;<p> Fig.5. Perceived probability of serious accidents on construction sites</p><p><b> Table 2</b></p><p> Safety accidents in the construction industry (in 1999)</p&
92、gt;<p> Sources: China Construction Statistical Yearbook (2000, p. 105).</p><p> a The figure in parentheses indicates the percentage of the total.</p><p> 5.6. Relative importance of
93、factors</p><p> The respondents ranked _poor safety awareness of firms top leaders and poor safety awareness of project managers first and third, with a RII of 0.93 and 0.89. It indicates that leaders play
94、a very important role in construction safety management. The top management sets up appropriate environments for safety by defining the safety policy and allocating resources. The attitude of the top leaders plays an imp
95、ortant role in cultivating a good safety culture (Seppala, 1995). However, in practice, no</p><p><b> Table 4</b></p><p> RII of factors affecting construction site safet</p>
96、<p> 6. Demands for governmental support</p><p> The government should play an important role in safety management in the construction industry (Kartam et al., 2000). In this survey, respondents wer
97、e asked to provide their opinions on an open-ended format on the ways that the government can support safety management. Fig. 8 shows the results. Fig. 6 shows that 62% of the respondents indicated _financial aid_ as the
98、 major tool. However, according to an interviewee, an official in the Ministry of Construction in charge of construction safety, th</p><p> Fig. 6. Demands for governmental support</p><p> 7.
99、Conclusions</p><p> Construction is one of the most hazardous industries due to its unique nature. By international standards, the construction site safety record of China is poor. Every year there are abou
100、t 1000 recorded fatalities in construction sites and a large number of reported occupational accidents; however, it is believed that the figures show only the tip of an iceberg with a large number of unreported fatalitie
101、s and accidents (Table 5). The safety management in most Chinese construction firms is of grav</p><p> ? most contractors do not have a proper documented safety management system laid down clearly in the sa
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