中英文翻譯--計算機(jī)與制造業(yè)

1、<p>　　The Computer and Manufacturing</p><p>　　The computer is bringing manufactuing into the Information Age.This new tool, long a familiar one in business and management operation, is moving into the f

2、actory, and its advent is changing manufacturing as certainly as the stean engine changed it more than 200 years ago.</p><p>　　The basic metalworking processes are not likely to change fundamentally, but the

3、ir organization and contral definitely will.</p><p>　　In one respect , manufacturing could be said to be coming full circle. The first manufacturing was a cottage industry: the designer was also the manufact

4、urer, conceiving and fabricating products one at a time.Eventually,the concept of the interchangeability of parts was developed, producted thousanda at a time.</p><p>　　Today , although the designer and manu

5、facturer may not become one again, the functions are being drawn close in the movement toward an integrated manufacturing system.</p><p>　　It ia perhaps ironic that, at a time when the market demands a hinh

6、degree of product diversification, the manufacturing enteprises have to increase productivity and reduce costs, Customers are demanding hinh quality and diversified products for less money.</p><p>　　The comp

7、uter is the key to meet these requirements. It is the only tool that can provide the quick reflexes, the flexibility and speed, to meet a diversified market. And it is the only tool that enables the detailed analysis an

8、d the accesssibilty of accurate data necessary for the integration of the manufacturing system.</p><p>　　It may well be that, in the future, the computer may be essential to a company’s survival. Many of tod

9、ay’s businesses will fade away tobe replaced by more-productive combinations. Such more-productive combinations are superquality, superproductivity plants. The goal is to design and operate a plant that would produce 100

10、% satisfactory parts with good productivity.</p><p>　　A sophisticated, competitive world is requiring that manufacturing begin to settle for more, to become itself sophisticated. To meet competition, for exa

11、mple, a company will have to meet the somewhat conflicting demands for greater product diversification, hinher quality, improved productivity, and low prices.</p><p>　　The company that seeks to meet these de

12、mands will need a sophisticated tool, one that will allow it to respond quickly to customer needs while getting the most out of its manufacturing resources.</p><p>　　The computer is that tool.</p><

13、;p>　　Becoming a “superquality, superproductivity” plant requires the integration of an extremely complex system. This can be accomplished only when all elements of manufacturing-design, fabrication and assembly, quali

14、ty assurance, management, materials handling-are computer integrated.</p><p>　　In product design, for example, interactive computer-aided-design(CAD) systems allow the drawing and analysis tasks to be perfo

15、rmed in a fraction of the time previously required and with greater accuracy. And programs for prototype testing and evaluation further speed the design process.</p><p>　　In manufacturing planning, computer

16、-aided process planning permits the selection, from thousands of possible sequences and schedules, of the optinun process.</p><p>　　On the shop floor, distributed intelligence in the form of microprocessors

17、controls machines, runs automated loading and unloading equipment, and collects data on current shop conditions.</p><p>　　But such isolated revolutions are not enough, What is needed is a totally automated

18、system, linked by common software from front door to back..</p><p>　　Essentially,computer integration provides widely and instantaneously available, accurate information, improving communication between depa

19、rtments, permitting tighter control, and generally enhancing the overall quality and efficiency of the entire system.</p><p>　　Improved communication can mean, for example, designs that are more producible.

20、The NC programmer and the tool designer have a chance to influence the product designer,and vice versa.</p><p>　　Engineering changes, thus, can be reduced, and those that are required can be handled more eff

21、iciently. Not only does the computer permit them to be specified more quickly, but it also alerts subsequent users of the data to the fact that a change has been made.</p><p>　　The instantaneous updating of

22、production-control data permits better planning and more-effective scheduling. Expensive equipment, therefore, is used more productively, and parts move more efficiently through production, reducing work-in-process costs

23、.</p><p>　　Product quality, too, can be improved. Not only are more-accurate designs produced, for example, but the use of design data by the quality-assurance department helps eliminate errors due to misund

24、erstandings.</p><p>　　People are enabled to do sheir jobs better. By eliminating tedious calculation and paperwork-not to mention time wasted searching for information-the computer mot only allows workers to

25、 be more productive but also frees them to do what only human beings can do :think creatively.</p><p>　　Computer integration may also lure new people into manufacturing. People are attracted because they wan

26、t to work in a modern, technologically sophisticated environment.</p><p>　　In manufacturing engineering, CAD/CAM decreases tool-design, NC-programming, and planning times while speeding the response rate, wh

27、ich eill eventually permit in-house staff to perform work that is currently being contracted out.</p><p><b>　　計算機(jī)與制造業(yè)</b></p><p>　　計算機(jī)正在將制造業(yè)帶入信息時代。計算機(jī)長期以來在商業(yè)和管理方面得到了廣泛的應(yīng)用，它正在作為一種新的工具

28、進(jìn)入到工廠中，而且它如同蒸汽機(jī)在200多年前使制造業(yè)發(fā)生改變那樣，正在使制造業(yè)發(fā)生著變革。</p><p>　　盡管基本的金屬切削過程不太可能發(fā)生根本性的改變，但是它們的組織形式和控制方式必將發(fā)生改變。</p><p>　　從某一發(fā)面可以說，制造業(yè)正在完成一個循環(huán)。最初的制造業(yè)使家庭手工業(yè)：設(shè)計者本身也是制造者，產(chǎn)品的構(gòu)思與加工有同一人完成。后來形成了零件的互換性這個概念，生產(chǎn)被依照專業(yè)功

29、能分割開來，可以成批地生產(chǎn)數(shù)以千計的相同零件。</p><p>　　今天，盡管設(shè)計者與制造者不可能再是同一個人，但在向集成制造系統(tǒng)前進(jìn)的途中，這兩種功能已經(jīng)越來越靠近了。</p><p>　　可能具有諷刺意味的是，在市場需求高度多樣化的產(chǎn)品的同時，制造業(yè)必須提高生產(chǎn)率和降低成本。消費(fèi)者要求用較少的錢去購買高質(zhì)量和多樣化的產(chǎn)品。</p><p>　　計算機(jī)是滿足這些要

30、求的關(guān)鍵因素。它是能夠提供快速反應(yīng)能力、柔性和來滿足多樣化市場的唯一工具。而且，它是實現(xiàn)制造系統(tǒng)集成所需要的、能夠進(jìn)行詳細(xì)分析和利用精確數(shù)據(jù)的唯一工具。</p><p>　　在將來計算機(jī)可能會是一個企業(yè)生存的基本條件，許多現(xiàn)今的企業(yè)將會被生產(chǎn)能力更高的企業(yè)組合所取代。這些生產(chǎn)能力更高的企業(yè)組合是一些具有非常高的質(zhì)量、非常高的生產(chǎn)率的工廠。目標(biāo)是設(shè)計和運(yùn)行一個能夠以搞生產(chǎn)率的方式生產(chǎn)100%合格產(chǎn)品的工廠。<

31、/p><p>　　一個采用先進(jìn)技術(shù)的、競爭的世界正在促使制造業(yè)開始做更多的工作，使其本身采用先進(jìn)的技術(shù)。為了適應(yīng)競爭，一個公司會滿足一些在某種程度上相互矛盾的要求，諸如產(chǎn)品多樣化、提高質(zhì)量、增加生產(chǎn)率、降低價格。在努力滿足這些要求的過程中，公司需要一個采用先進(jìn)技術(shù)的工具，一個能夠?qū)︻櫩偷男枨笞鞒隹焖俜磻?yīng)，而且從制造資源中獲得最大收益的工具。</p><p>　　計算機(jī)就是這個工具。</p

32、><p>　　成為一個具有“非常高的質(zhì)量、非常高的生產(chǎn)率”的工廠，需要對一個非常復(fù)雜的系統(tǒng)進(jìn)行集成。這只有通過采用計算機(jī)對制造業(yè)的所有組成部分—設(shè)計、加工、裝配、質(zhì)量保證、管理和材料裝卸及輸送進(jìn)行集成才能夠完成。</p><p>　　例如，在產(chǎn)品設(shè)計期間，交互式的計算機(jī)輔助設(shè)計系統(tǒng)使得完成繪圖和分析工作所需要的時間比原來減少了幾倍，而且精確程度得到了很大的提高。此外，樣機(jī)的試驗與評價程序進(jìn)一步

33、加快了設(shè)計過程。</p><p>　　在制訂制造計劃時，計算機(jī)輔助編制工藝規(guī)程可以從數(shù)以千計的工序和加工過程中選擇最好的加工方案。</p><p>　　在車間里，分布式智能以微處理器這種形式來控制機(jī)床、操縱自動裝卸料設(shè)備和收集關(guān)于當(dāng)前車間狀態(tài)的信息。</p><p>　　但是這些各自獨(dú)立的改革還遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)不夠。我們所要的是由一個共同的軟件從始端到終端進(jìn)行控制的全部自動化的

34、系統(tǒng)。</p><p>　　一般來說，計算機(jī)集成可以提供廣泛的、及時的和精確的信息，可以改進(jìn)各部門之間的交流與溝通，實施更嚴(yán)格的控制，而且通常能增強(qiáng)整個系統(tǒng)的全面質(zhì)量和效率。</p><p>　　例如，改進(jìn)交流和溝通意味著會使設(shè)計具有更好的可制造性。數(shù)控編程人員和工藝裝備設(shè)計人員有機(jī)會項產(chǎn)品設(shè)計人員提出意見，反之亦然。</p><p>　　因而可以減少技術(shù)方面的變更

35、，而對于那些必要的變更，可以更有效地進(jìn)行處理。計算機(jī)不僅能夠更快地對變更之處作出詳細(xì)說明，而且還能夠把變更之后的數(shù)據(jù)告訴隨后的使用者。</p><p>　　利用及時更新的生產(chǎn)控制數(shù)據(jù)可以制訂更好的工藝規(guī)程和更有效率的生產(chǎn)進(jìn)度。因而，可以使昂貴的設(shè)備得到更好的利用，提高零件在生產(chǎn)過程中的運(yùn)送效率，減少在制品的成本。</p><p>　　產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量也可以得到改進(jìn)。例如，不僅可以提高設(shè)計精度，還可

36、以使質(zhì)量保證部門利用設(shè)計數(shù)據(jù)，避免由于誤解而產(chǎn)生錯誤。</p><p>　　可以使人們更好地完成他們的工作。通過避免冗長的計算和書寫工作---這還不算查找資料所浪費(fèi)的時間---計算機(jī)不僅使人們更有效地工作，而且還能把它們解放出來去做只有人類才能做的工作：創(chuàng)造性地思考。</p><p>　　計算機(jī)集成制造還會吸引新的人才進(jìn)入制造業(yè)。人才被吸引過來的原因是他們希望到一個現(xiàn)代化的、技術(shù)先進(jìn)的環(huán)境