光伏發(fā)電外文翻譯

1、<p><b>　　附錄A 英文文獻(xiàn)</b></p><p>　　1.The world's current situation and development of photovoltaic industry forecast </p><p>　　Solar cells is the use of the material effects of

2、 photovoltaic solar energy into electrical energy directly to the semiconductor devices, also known as photovoltaic cells. In 1954, the first practical silicon solar cells (η = 6%) and the first atomic power station at t

3、he same time in the United States was born in 1959 into the space solar cell applications, the energy crisis in 1973 after the application step by step to the ground. </p><p>　　Photovoltaic power generation

4、is divided into independent grid photovoltaic systems and photovoltaic systems. Independent PV power station, including the villages in remote areas the power supply system, solar household power system, communications,

5、 signal power, cathodic protection, such as solar street lamps withbatteries can run independently of the photovoltaic power generation system. </p><p>　　Grid PV system is connected with the power grid to fe

6、ed electricity grid PV power system. Currently technically achievable grid PV power system in the way: housing fixed-grid system and power plant system of the desert. Use of the existing roof system is the effective are

7、a of the roof construction, installation and network of photovoltaic power generation system, the size of a few kWp generally ranging from several MWp. Desert power plant is uninhabited desert area in the development an

8、d const</p><p>　　2.The Chinese PV market and industry status </p><p>　　2.1 China's solar market development </p><p>　　China started research on solar cells in 1958, in 1971, Chi

9、na successfully launched the first applies to the 2nd satellite Dongfanghong. Started in 1973 for ground-based solar cells. China's photovoltaic industry in 80 years ago is still in embryonic form, the annual product

10、ion of solar cells has been hovering below 10KW, price is also very expensive. </p><p>　　As a result of restrictions on prices and production, market development is very slow, and apart from, as the satellit

11、e power supply, on the ground only for low-power solar power systems, such as beacon lights, railway signal systems, weather station equipment alpine electricity, electricity Wai field, black light, fluorescent lamps, su

12、ch as DC power is normally a few watts to tens of watts. In the "65" (1981-1985) and "75" (1986-1990), the countries of photovoltaic PV industry and to give suppo</p><p>　　After the ninet

13、ies, with the shape of China's photovoltaic industry and to lower costs to the industrial application areas and application of the development of rural electrification, the market steadily expanding, and are included

14、 in the national and local government plans, such as Tibet "Project Sunshine" "bright work", "Ali photovoltaic project in Tibet", optical fiber communication power, oil pipeline cathod

15、ic protection, radio and television every village, a large-scale promotion of r</p><p>　　problems in China's PV market to promote rapid, substantial increase in . </p><p>　　At the same time,

16、 grid demonstration project began rapid development, from 5kW, 10kW to 100kW development of more than 1MW Expo in Shenzhen in 2004 and works as a grid PV applications in China highlights. The end of 2004, China's tot

17、al installed capacity of photovoltaic systems reached approximately 65MW. </p><p>　　Shenzhen, Shantou, Guangzhou and Zhejiang, solar garden lights, a large number of exports, with annual sales of as much as

18、500 million. Garden of the cells used are usually imported, and then with plastic packaging, simple process. The 6MW cells by as much as a year is a large solar applications (which are not into statistics). </p>&

19、lt;p>　　2.2 China's status of the industrialization of solar cells </p><p>　　Although the rapid development of China's photovoltaic industry, the size and technological level of industry have been

20、raised accordingly. But compared with developed countries, there is still a big gap, such as: the degree of domestic raw materials-specific is not high, species was incomplete, already made materials and components, its

21、performance is lower than abroad, such as silver, aluminum paste, EVA, etc. . Packaging components suede low iron glass, TPT has not yet been put on the market.</p><p>　　The upper reaches of small photovolta

22、ic industry chain, the lower reaches of large imbalances, the most serious is that the production of solar grade polysilicon is blank, entirely dependent on imports. The difference between the part of other aspects of th

23、e need to import, such as cells, silicon ingot / silicon, supporting materials. </p><p>　　The level of industrial equipment design and manufacturing capabilities behind. Poly-silicon casting furnace, wire sa

24、wing, breaking completely the need to import ingot; PECVD silicon nitride deposition equipment, screen printing presses,battery-chipsorting machines, welding machines and other series can not meet the performance needs

25、of modern production. These devices will need to introduce a full set, and so on. </p><p>　　These gaps with the R&D base and weak industrial base. Enterprises through the introduction of digestion and ab

26、sorption in a short period of time a modern photovoltaic industry, but supporting a special materials and equipment also can not keep up, in which the solar-grade polysilicon material particularly conspicuous. Countries

27、 should be organized photovoltaic industry with chemical, mechanical and electrical equipment manufacturing industries joint research, at the same time actively seeking </p><p>　　3.China's PV market fore

28、casting and planning proposals </p><p>　　"11, the five" period, should be the implementation of the rural off-grid photovoltaic power generation plan, the implementation of open terrain (desert) a

29、nd large-scale PV power station network pilot projects, as well as "central cities and the construction of photovoltaic net" plan as a priority. For the commercial development of PV will also be actively suppor

30、t policies and support. </p><p>　　3.1 Rural off-grid photovoltaic power generation plans </p><p>　　There are about 28,000 of China's villages, 7 1 million, 3,000 million people without elect

31、ricity. These are the distribution of the population without electricity in western China and a number of islands, some of which are villages without electricity using diesel generators for power generation, power supply

32、 2-3 hours per day; some did not even diesel generators can only point of butter lamps, kerosene lamp and candle lighting. These areas without electricity have a wealth of solar energy res</p><p>　　Rural el

33、ectricity supply problem has been through the "power to the villages," the fundamental solution works. There are villages without electricity and household electric power supply issues need to be resolved. If e

34、very village without electricity in accordance with the 10KWp, households without electricity in accordance with each 400Wp planning, taking into account the expansion of the power station has been built, the potential m

35、arket is around 3,000 MWp. </p><p>　　From the current policy of national strength and perspective, by 2010, for the full settlement of the western region of more than 50 villages without electricity and 15%

36、of households living without electricity electricity issues 2006 and-2010 years, 10,000 to settle the village without electricity and 100 million households without electrical power problems, the amount of new photovolta

37、ic 265MWp, accumulated solar for rural electrification to reach 300 MWp. </p><p>　　3.2 Open to large-scale photovoltaic power plant construction and network </p><p>　　From the current policy of

38、 national strength and perspective, by 2010, should be open to carry out large-scale photovoltaic power plant tests, the test site chosen should have the following conditions: close to the trunk power system (preferably

39、within 50 kilometers), in order to reduce the additional transmission line of investment; backbone grid of sufficient bearing capacity, in the case of non-modified PV power station capable of transmission of el

40、ectricity; load center distance of</p><p>　　planned for 2010-2020 new installed PV power station 11,970 MWp, to open by the end of 2020 to a total of (Desert) photovoltaic power plants installed 12GWp. </

41、p><p><b>　　中文翻譯</b></p><p>　　世界光伏產(chǎn)業(yè)現(xiàn)狀和發(fā)展預(yù)測(cè)</p><p>　　太陽(yáng)電池是利用材料的光生伏打效應(yīng)直接將太陽(yáng)能變成電能的半導(dǎo)體器件，也稱光伏電池。1954 年，第一塊實(shí)用的硅太陽(yáng)電池（η＝6％）與第一座原子能發(fā)電站同時(shí)在美國(guó)誕生，1959 年太陽(yáng)電池進(jìn)入空間應(yīng)用，1973 年能源危機(jī)后逐步轉(zhuǎn)到地面應(yīng)用。

42、 </p><p>　　光伏發(fā)電分為獨(dú)立光伏系統(tǒng)和并網(wǎng)光伏系統(tǒng)。獨(dú)立光伏電站包括邊遠(yuǎn)地區(qū)的村莊供電系統(tǒng)，太陽(yáng)能戶用電源系統(tǒng)，通信信號(hào)電源，陰極保護(hù)，太陽(yáng)能路燈等各種帶有蓄電池的可以獨(dú)立運(yùn)行的光伏發(fā)電系統(tǒng)。 </p><p>　　并網(wǎng)光伏發(fā)電系統(tǒng)是與電網(wǎng)相連并向電網(wǎng)饋送電力的光伏發(fā)電系統(tǒng)。目前從技術(shù)上可以實(shí)現(xiàn)的光伏發(fā)電系統(tǒng)并網(wǎng)的方式有：屋定并網(wǎng)發(fā)電系統(tǒng)和沙漠電站系統(tǒng)。屋頂系統(tǒng)是利用現(xiàn)有建筑的

43、屋頂有效面積，安裝并網(wǎng)光伏發(fā)電系統(tǒng)，其規(guī)模一般在幾個(gè)kWp 到幾個(gè) MWp 不等。沙漠電站則是在無(wú)人居住的沙漠地區(qū)開發(fā)建設(shè)大規(guī)模的并網(wǎng)光伏發(fā)電系統(tǒng)，其規(guī)模從10MWp 到幾個(gè)GWp 的規(guī)模不等。 近年來(lái)，世界太陽(yáng)電池年產(chǎn)量迅速增加，連續(xù)8 年增速在30%左右，2004 年的年增長(zhǎng)率甚至超過(guò)60%，達(dá)到1200MW。</p><p>　　2中國(guó)光伏發(fā)電市場(chǎng)和產(chǎn)業(yè)現(xiàn)狀</p><p>　　2.

44、1 中國(guó)太陽(yáng)電池的市場(chǎng)發(fā)展</p><p>　　我國(guó)于1958 年開始研究太陽(yáng)電池，于1971 年成功地首次應(yīng)用于我國(guó)發(fā)射的東方紅二號(hào)衛(wèi)星上。于1973 年開始將太陽(yáng)電池用于地面。我國(guó)的光伏工業(yè)在80年代以前尚處于雛形，太陽(yáng)電池的年產(chǎn)量一直徘徊在10KW 以下，價(jià)格也很昂貴。 </p><p>　　由于受到價(jià)格和產(chǎn)量的限制，市場(chǎng)的發(fā)展很緩慢，除了作為衛(wèi)星電源，在地面上太陽(yáng)電池僅用于小功率電

45、源系統(tǒng)，如航標(biāo)燈、鐵路信號(hào)系統(tǒng)、高山氣象站的儀器用電、電圍欄、黑光燈、直流日光燈等，功率一般在幾瓦到幾十瓦之間。在“六五”(1981－1985)和“七五”(1986－1990)期間，國(guó)家開始對(duì)光伏工業(yè)和光伏市場(chǎng)的發(fā)展給以支持，中央和地方政府在光伏領(lǐng)域投入了一定資金，使得我國(guó)十分弱小的太陽(yáng)電池工業(yè)得到了鞏固并在許多應(yīng)用領(lǐng)域建立了示范，如微波中繼站、部隊(duì)通信系統(tǒng)、水閘和石油管道的陰極保護(hù)系統(tǒng)、農(nóng)村載波電話系統(tǒng)、小型戶用系統(tǒng)和村莊供電系統(tǒng)等。

46、同時(shí)，在“七五”期間，國(guó)內(nèi)先后從國(guó)外引進(jìn)了多條太陽(yáng)電池生產(chǎn)線，除了一條1MW 的非晶硅電池生產(chǎn)線外，其它全是單晶硅電池生產(chǎn)線，</p><p>　　使得我國(guó)太陽(yáng)電池的生產(chǎn)能力猛增到4.5MWp/年，售價(jià)也由“七五”初期的80 元/Wp 下降到40 元/Wp 左右。 </p><p>　　九十年代以后，隨著我國(guó)光伏產(chǎn)業(yè)初步形成和成本降低，應(yīng)用領(lǐng)域開始向工業(yè)領(lǐng)域和農(nóng)村電氣化應(yīng)用發(fā)展，市場(chǎng)穩(wěn)步擴(kuò)

47、大，并被列入國(guó)家和地方政府計(jì)劃，如西藏“陽(yáng)光計(jì)劃”、“光明工程”、“西藏阿里光伏工程”、光纖通訊電源、石油管道陰極保護(hù)、村村通廣播電視、大規(guī)模推廣農(nóng)村戶用光伏電源系統(tǒng)等。進(jìn)入21 世紀(jì)，特別是近3 年的“送電到鄉(xiāng)”工程，國(guó)家投資20 億，安裝20MW，解決了我國(guó)800 個(gè)無(wú)電鄉(xiāng)鎮(zhèn)的用電問(wèn)題，推動(dòng)了我國(guó)光伏市場(chǎng)快速、大幅度增長(zhǎng)。 </p><p>　　與此同時(shí)，并網(wǎng)發(fā)電示范工程開始有較快發(fā)展，從5kW、10kW 發(fā)

48、展到100kW 以上，2004 年深圳世博園1MW 并網(wǎng)發(fā)電工程成為我國(guó)光伏應(yīng)用領(lǐng)域的亮點(diǎn)。截止2004 年底，我國(guó)光伏系統(tǒng)的總裝機(jī)容量約達(dá)到65MW。 深圳、汕頭、廣州和浙江等地，大量出口太陽(yáng)能庭院燈，年銷售額達(dá)5 億之多。庭院燈用的電池片通常進(jìn)口，然后用膠封裝，工藝簡(jiǎn)單。所用電池片每年達(dá)6MW 之多，是太陽(yáng)電池應(yīng)用的一個(gè)大戶(這部分未入統(tǒng)計(jì))。</p><p>　　2.2中國(guó)太陽(yáng)電池的產(chǎn)業(yè)化現(xiàn)狀</p&

49、gt;<p>　　雖然我國(guó)光伏產(chǎn)業(yè)發(fā)展迅速，產(chǎn)業(yè)規(guī)模和技術(shù)水平都有相應(yīng)提高。但同發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家相比，仍存在很大差距，如：專用原材料國(guó)產(chǎn)化程度不高，品種不全，已經(jīng)實(shí)現(xiàn)國(guó)產(chǎn)化的材料和部件，其性能比國(guó)外偏低，如銀、鋁漿、EVA 等。組件封裝低鐵絨面玻璃、TPT 尚未投放市場(chǎng)。 </p><p>　　光伏產(chǎn)業(yè)鏈上游小、下游大的不平衡狀態(tài)，其中最嚴(yán)重的是太陽(yáng)級(jí)多晶硅生產(chǎn)是空白，完全依賴進(jìn)口。其它環(huán)節(jié)的差額部分需要

50、進(jìn)口，如電池片、硅錠∕硅片，配套材料等。 產(chǎn)業(yè)設(shè)備設(shè)計(jì)水平和制造能力落后。多晶硅鑄造爐、線鋸、破錠機(jī)完全需要進(jìn)口；PECVD 氮化硅沉積設(shè)備、絲網(wǎng)印刷機(jī)、電池片分選機(jī)、串聯(lián)焊接機(jī)等性能均不能滿足現(xiàn)代化生產(chǎn)需要。這些設(shè)備都需要全套引進(jìn)，等等。 </p><p>　　這些差距同研發(fā)基礎(chǔ)和工業(yè)基礎(chǔ)薄弱有關(guān)。企業(yè)通過(guò)引進(jìn)消化吸收能夠在短時(shí)間內(nèi)建立起現(xiàn)代光伏產(chǎn)業(yè)，但配套的專用材料和設(shè)備一時(shí)還跟不上，其中太陽(yáng)級(jí)多晶硅材料尤其

51、突出。國(guó)家應(yīng)組織光伏產(chǎn)業(yè)同化工、機(jī)電設(shè)備制造產(chǎn)業(yè)聯(lián)合攻關(guān)，同時(shí)積極尋求國(guó)際合作，以太陽(yáng)能級(jí)硅為切入點(diǎn)，避開半導(dǎo)體級(jí)硅的技術(shù)封鎖。</p><p>　　3中國(guó)光伏發(fā)電的市場(chǎng)預(yù)測(cè)和規(guī)劃建議</p><p>　　“十一、五”期間，應(yīng)把實(shí)施農(nóng)村離網(wǎng)光伏發(fā)電計(jì)劃，落實(shí)開闊地（荒漠）大型并網(wǎng)光伏電站先導(dǎo)項(xiàng)目以及“中心城市建筑光伏并網(wǎng)”計(jì)劃作為重點(diǎn)。對(duì)于光伏商業(yè)化發(fā)展也給予政策方面的積極扶持和支持。&l

52、t;/p><p>　　3.1農(nóng)村離網(wǎng)光伏發(fā)電計(jì)劃 </p><p>　　我國(guó)還有大約28,000 個(gè)村莊，7 百萬(wàn)戶，3,000 萬(wàn)人口無(wú)電。這些無(wú)電人口大都分布在我國(guó)西部地區(qū)和一些海島，其中一些無(wú)電村莊使用柴油發(fā)電機(jī)發(fā)電，每日供電2－3 小時(shí)；有些連柴油發(fā)電機(jī)也沒(méi)有，只能點(diǎn)酥油燈、煤油燈和蠟燭照明。這些無(wú)電地區(qū)有很豐富的太陽(yáng)能資源，光伏發(fā)電在這樣的地區(qū)有廣闊的市場(chǎng)前景。 </p&

53、gt;<p>　　無(wú)電鄉(xiāng)的供電問(wèn)題已經(jīng)通過(guò)“送電到鄉(xiāng)”工程基本解決。還有無(wú)電村和無(wú)電戶需要解決供電問(wèn)題。如果每個(gè)無(wú)電村按照10KWp,每個(gè)無(wú)電戶按照400Wp 規(guī)劃，再考慮到已建電站的擴(kuò)容，則潛在市場(chǎng)大約是3,000 MWp。 </p><p>　　從目前的國(guó)力和政策看，2010 年以前，爭(zhēng)取全部解決西部50 戶以上的無(wú)電村和15%的散居無(wú)電戶的用電問(wèn)題，2006-2010 年間，爭(zhēng)取解決100

54、00 個(gè)無(wú)電村和100 萬(wàn)無(wú)電戶的用電問(wèn)題,新增光伏用量265MWp，累計(jì)用于農(nóng)村電氣化的太陽(yáng)電池達(dá)到300 MWp.</p><p>　　3.2開闊地大型并網(wǎng)光伏電站建設(shè) </p><p>　　從目前的國(guó)力和政策看，2010 年以前，應(yīng)先開展開闊地大型光伏電站試驗(yàn)，所選擇的試驗(yàn)地點(diǎn)應(yīng)當(dāng)具備如下條件：靠近主干電網(wǎng)（最好在50 公里以內(nèi)），以減少新增輸電線路的投資；主干電網(wǎng)具有足夠的承載能

55、力，在不改造的情況下有能力輸送光伏電站的電力；距離用電負(fù)荷中心在100 公里以內(nèi)，以減少輸電損失；如果附近沒(méi)有用電負(fù)荷中心，則最好有大型水電站，可以將光伏電站的電力通過(guò)抽水蓄能轉(zhuǎn)換。規(guī)劃在2010 年以前建立2－3 座10－20MWp 左右的開闊地(荒漠)先導(dǎo)示范電站，總裝機(jī)達(dá)到30MWp，以實(shí)驗(yàn)其技術(shù)和經(jīng)濟(jì)的可行性。2010－2020 年正式啟動(dòng)中國(guó)開闊地（荒漠）光伏電站計(jì)劃，爭(zhēng)取2010-2020年新增光伏電站裝機(jī)11,970MW

56、p，到2020 年底累計(jì)開闊地(荒漠)光伏電站裝機(jī)12GWp。</p><p><b>　　結(jié)論</b></p><p>　　1、中國(guó)有很好的太陽(yáng)能資源，有足夠的建筑屋頂和沙漠／荒漠資源，具有大規(guī)模發(fā)展光伏發(fā)電的條件； </p><p>　　2、光伏將在中國(guó)未來(lái)的電力供應(yīng)中扮演重要角色，預(yù)計(jì)中國(guó)光伏工業(yè)將以每年不低于40％ 的速度增長(zhǎng)； &l