國(guó)際貿(mào)易外文翻譯--外商直接投資對(duì)清潔能源的使用碳排放和經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)的貢獻(xiàn)（節(jié)選）

1、<p>　　中文5300漢字，2700單詞，1.4萬(wàn)英文字符</p><p>　　出處：Lee J W. The contribution of foreign direct investment to clean energy use, carbon emissions and economic growth[J]. Energy Policy, 2013, 55(4):483-489.</p&

2、gt;<p>　　外 文 資 料 翻 譯</p><p>　　專 業(yè)：國(guó)際經(jīng)濟(jì)與貿(mào)易</p><p><b>　　姓 名： </b></p><p><b>　　指導(dǎo)教師：</b></p><p>　　The contribution of foreign direct i

3、nvestment to clean energy use, carbon emissions and economic growth</p><p>　　Jung Wan Lee</p><p><b>　　Abstract</b></p><p>　　The paper investigates the contributions of f

4、oreign direct investment (FDI) net in?ows to clean energy use, carbon emissions, and economic growth. The paper employs cointegration tests to examine a long-run equilibrium relationship among the variables and ?xed effe

5、cts models to examine the magnitude of FDI contributions to the other variables. The paper analyzes panel data of 19 nations of the G20 from 1971 to 2009. The test results indicate that FDI has played an important role i

6、n economic grow</p><p>　　Keywords: Clean energy use; Foreign direct investment; Carbon emissions</p><p>　　1. Introduction</p><p>　　Within policy circles, there is a widespread belie

7、f that foreign direct investment (FDI) enhances the productivity of host countries and promotes economic growth. The notion supports FDI may not only provide direct capital ?nancing but may also create positive externali

8、ties via the adoption of foreign technology and know-how. Batten and Vo (2009) have shown that FDI stimulates economic growth through technology transfer, spillover effects, productivity gains, and the introduction of ne

9、w processe</p><p>　　The historical data released by the World Bank indicate that FDI may have played an important role in addressing the growth challenges, in particular, in the group of twenty (G20) countri

10、es.The G20 is a group of heads of government or state from 20 leading economies, 19 countries plus the European Union, includ- ing Argentina, Australia, Brazil, Canada, China, France, Germany, India, Indonesia, Italy, Ja

11、pan, South Korea, Mexico, Russia, Saudi Arabia, South Africa, Turkey, the United Kingdom, and</p><p>　　Table 1 displays the summary statistics of 19 countries of the G20 during 1971–2010. There is a great de

12、al of variation in mean per capita income with the highest mean per capita income levels 50,746 US dollars in Australia and the lowest 1375 US dollars in India with exhibiting an average of 23,078 US dollars in the G20,

13、which is 252 percent higher than that of the world, an average of 9157 US dollars per capita in 2010. FDI net in?ows per capita indicate a great deal of variation with the h</p><p>　　According to a report

14、 by the International Energy Agency (2011), the CO2 emission levels are relatively high in most of the G20 countries. Table 1 displays that the mean CO2 emission per capita ranges from 1.46 metric tons in India to 18.56

15、metric tons in Australia with exhibiting an average of 8.70 metric tons in the G20, which is 183 percent larger than that of the world, an average of 4.76 metric tons per capita in 2009. Along with the rapid economic gro

16、wth in the G20 countries, the emission </p><p>　　In the 2008 G20 Summit, the G20 discussed clean energy, economic growth, and the ?scal elements of growth. Since the meeting, understanding the determinants o

17、f energy demand and the use of clean energy is essential for making better energy policies in the future. A better understanding of how to manage global emissions of greenhouse gases is critical because energy related em

18、issions make up mainly the bulk of CO2 emissions. In this regard, the challenge facing the G20 is how to develop policy re</p><p>　　In sum, this paper assumes that FDI contributes to economic growth whereas

19、it may also lead to an increase in energy consumption, and thus result in high CO2 emissions. Following the assumption above, FDI leads to an increase in CO2 emissions while it may also lead to the increased use of clean

20、 energy.</p><p>　　2. Literature review and hypotheses</p><p>　　2.1 FDI and economic growth</p><p>　　Hypothesis 1. FDI leads to economic growth.</p><p>　　The role of

21、capital investment in economic growth has been considered one of the basic principles in economics. Many research- ers conclude that the rate of capital formation determines the rate of economic growth (Blomstrom et al.,

22、 1996; Ekanayake and Vogel, 2003; Tsang and Yip, 2007). For example, De Long et al. (1992) found a strong causal relationship between equipment investment and economic growth. Blomstrom et al. (1996) also reported that t

23、he growth rate is more closely related to the ca</p><p>　　FDI is of special interest due to its supposed positive effects on growth. There is a widely accepted view that FDI promotes growth not only directly

24、 by augmenting capital formation in the recipient economy, but also indirectly by inducing human capital growth, helping technology transfers, and strengthening competi- tion (Aitken et al., 1997; Kneller and Pisu, 2007)

25、. Thanks to these potential merits of FDI, both developing and developed countries have become more receptive to FDI in?ows, and th</p><p>　　Aitken et al. (1997) have shown evidence of bene?cial spillovers f

26、rom multinational enterprises to the host economy, whereas Hsiao and Shen (2003) reported that economic growth is one of the important factors in attracting FDI, in particular in developing countries. Some studies indica

27、te that the direction of causality between economic growth and FDI is subject to country-speci?c factors (Zhang, 2001). Kim and Seo (2003) reported that FDI has a positive but insigni?cant effect on GDP growth, whi</p

28、><p>　　Economic growth, energy consumption and CO2 emissions</p><p>　　Hypothesis 2. Economic growth is in positive relation to CO2 emissions.</p><p>　　A fairly large amount of literatu

29、re ?nds a causal relationship between energy consumption and economic growth, especially in OECD countries (Lee et al., 2008), in the G7 countries (Narayan and Smyth, 2008), in OPEC member countries (Squalli, 2007)

30、, in African countries (Akinlo, 2008; Wolde-Rufael, 2009), in Central America (Apergis and Payne, 2009), in South America (Yoo and Kwak, 2010), in the Middle East (Al-Iriani, 2006; Narayan and Smyth, 2009), in Asian coun

31、tries (Chen et al., 2007; L</p><p>　　Though the general consensus of these studies is that there is a positive correlation between economic growth and energy con- sumption, some results contradict. For examp

32、le, Huang et al. (2008) and Costantini and Martini (2009) argued that the causal relationship between economic growth and energy consumption is mixed depending on the functional form adopted and the sample of countries a

33、nalyzed. More recently, some researchers have examined the time series dynamics between income and CO2 emissio</p><p>　　In this regard, many researchers employ a combined approach by examining the dynamic re

34、lationships between economic growth, energy consumption, and CO2 emissions together, especially in the EU (Keppler and Mansanet-Bataller, 2010), in Asian-Paci?c countries (Niu et al., 2011), in the BRIC countries (Pao an

35、d Tsai, 2010), in France (Ang, 2007), in India (Ghosh, 2010), and in China (Zhang and Cheng, 2009). They ?nd that economic growth is in positive relation to CO2 emissions. The results of other </p><p>　　2.3

36、FDI, energy consumption, clean energy use and CO2 emissions</p><p>　　Hypothesis 3. FDI is in positive relation to CO2 emissions.</p><p>　　Hypothesis 4. FDI is in positive relation to clean energ

37、y use.</p><p>　　While there is a fairly large amount of literature investigating the link between economic growth and energy demand, the impact of FDI on the demand for energy is a topic that has received li

38、ttle attention. Mielnik and Goldemberg (2002) found a positive relationship between FDI and energy intensity in a sample of 20 developing countries. Sadorsky (2010) also found a positive and statistically signi?cant rela

39、tionship between FDI and energy consumption in a sample of 22 developing economies. FDI a</p><p>　　In addition, the G20 economies undergoing a process of rapid industrialization and urbanization will grow co

40、ntinuously, which may inevitably cause a large increase in CO2 emissions. Besides ,the CO2 emissions in a country do not necessarily depend on its income level alone; FDI may be another source. Where governments attract

41、FDI to accelerate their economic growth this may instigate an increase in CO2 emissions. There is much evidence of the signi?cant in?uence of FDI on CO2 emissions. Zhang (2</p><p>　　However, List and Co (200

42、0) reported that the in?ow of FDI helps promote the energy ef?ciency of the host countries and cut CO2 emissions. Tamazian et al. (2009) reported that FDI helps enterprises promote technology innovation and adopt new tec

43、hnologies and thus increase energy ef?ciency and advance low carbon economic growth. Sadorsky (2009) reported that renewable energy consumption is related to income. In sum, it seems that the nexus of FDI, energy consump

44、tion, clean energy use and CO2 emis</p><p>　　3.Data and methodology</p><p><b>　　3.1 Data</b></p><p>　　This section describes the data and outlines the methodology used i

45、n the growth or selection of the indicators and the normal- ization of the data.</p><p><b>　　3.1.1 GDP</b></p><p>　　The real GDP is used to measure economic growth. Real GDP ?gures a

46、llow us to calculate a GDP growth rate, which tells us how much a country’s production has increased or decreased in comparison with the previous year.</p><p><b>　　3.1.2 CO2</b></p><p&

47、gt;　　CO2 emissions are used to measure the level of environmental degradation. Data is in thousand metric tons. The CO2 Information Analysis Center and the International Energy Agency collect data and publish these stati

48、stics.</p><p><b>　　FDI</b></p><p>　　FDI net in?ows are used to measure FDI. FDI is the sum of equity capital, reinvestment of earnings, other long-term capital and short-term capital

49、 as shown in the balance of payments. Data is in current US dollars.</p><p><b>　　Energy</b></p><p>　　Energy represents energy use in thousand metric tons of oil equivalent. Energy us

50、e refers to the use of primary energy that refers to the energy forms before transformation to other end-use fuels, which is equal to indigenous production plus imports and stock changes, minus exports and fuels supplied

51、 to ships and aircraft engaged in international transport. Primary energy dis- tinguishes from energy carriers, which correspond to the concept of secondary energy in energy statistics. The Internati</p><p>

52、　　Clean energy</p><p>　　Clean energy is non-carbohydrate energy that does not pro- duce carbon dioxide when generated. It includes hydropower, nuclear, geothermal, and solar power, among others. Clean energy

53、 use represents alternative and nuclear energy use as a percentage of the total energy use. The International Energy Agency collects data and publishes these statistics.</p><p>　　The sample is restricted to

54、the period for which annual data are available: from 1971 to 2009 (39 observations for each country). The above time series data are collected and retrieved from the World Growth Indicator database published by the World

55、 Bank. Since some indicators are expressed as thousand metric tons while others are expressed as US dollars, the normalization of the data is necessary before any aggregation can be made. Therefore, trans- formation into

56、 a natural log is carrying out t</p><p>　　Table 2 displays the results of Pearson correlation analysis among the panel series. Correlations between FDI and GDP, energy use, CO2 emissions, and clean energy us

57、e are all highly signi?cant. FDI is positively related to GDP and positively related to energy use and clean energy use. All in pairs exhibit positively and highly signi?cant correlation. The pairwise relationship may ch

58、ange when all variables are included in panel based multivariate regression models.</p><p>　　外商直接投資對(duì)清潔能源的使用，碳排放和經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)的貢獻(xiàn)</p><p>　　Jung Wan Lee</p><p>　　本文研究了外商直接投資（FDI）凈流入對(duì)清潔能源的使用，碳排

59、放和經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)的貢獻(xiàn)。本文運(yùn)用協(xié)整檢驗(yàn)來(lái)研究變量和固定效應(yīng)模型之間的長(zhǎng)期均衡關(guān)系，以考察外商直接投資對(duì)其他變量貢獻(xiàn)的大小。本文分析了二十國(guó)集團(tuán)中19個(gè)國(guó)家自1971至2009年的面板數(shù)據(jù)。研究結(jié)果表明，外商直接投資對(duì)二十國(guó)集團(tuán)的經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)起到了非常重要的作用，但同時(shí)又限制了其在經(jīng)濟(jì)中對(duì)碳排放增長(zhǎng)的影響力。研究也發(fā)現(xiàn)對(duì)于外商直接投資與清潔能源使用的聯(lián)系沒有令人信服的證據(jù)來(lái)證明。根據(jù)研究結(jié)果，文章討論了外商直接投資在實(shí)現(xiàn)綠色增長(zhǎng)目標(biāo)中的潛在作用

60、。</p><p><b>　　引言</b></p><p>　　在政治領(lǐng)域，有一種普遍的看法，外商直接投資（FDI）增強(qiáng)了東道國(guó)的生產(chǎn)力并促進(jìn)了經(jīng)濟(jì)的增長(zhǎng)。此概念表明外商直接投資不僅可能提供直接融資的資本，也可以通過采用國(guó)外技術(shù)和技術(shù)訣竅來(lái)創(chuàng)造積極的外部效應(yīng)。Batten和Vo（2009）提出外商直接投資通過技術(shù)轉(zhuǎn)讓、溢出效應(yīng)、生產(chǎn)力提高以及新的流程和管理技術(shù)的引進(jìn)

61、來(lái)刺激經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)。Fernandes和Paunov（2012）最近表明外商直接投資對(duì)創(chuàng)新活動(dòng)和生產(chǎn)效率產(chǎn)生了積極的影響。Hermes和Lensink（2003）指出外商直接投資在實(shí)現(xiàn)經(jīng)濟(jì)現(xiàn)代化和促進(jìn)經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)中扮演著重要的角色。</p><p>　　世界銀行公布的歷史數(shù)據(jù)表明，外商直接投資可能在應(yīng)對(duì)經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)的挑戰(zhàn)中發(fā)揮中重要作用，特別是對(duì)二十國(guó)集團(tuán)（G20）國(guó)家而言。二十國(guó)集團(tuán)是由來(lái)自于20個(gè)主要經(jīng)濟(jì)體中的政府或國(guó)家

62、元首組成的團(tuán)體，即19個(gè)國(guó)家加上歐盟，包括阿根廷，澳大利亞，巴西，加拿大，中國(guó)，法國(guó)，德國(guó)，印度，印度尼西亞，意大利，日本，韓國(guó)，墨西哥，俄羅斯，沙特阿拉伯，南非，土耳其，英國(guó)和美國(guó)?？偟膩?lái)說，根據(jù)世界經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)指標(biāo)數(shù)據(jù)，二十國(guó)集團(tuán)經(jīng)濟(jì)體占據(jù)著超過80％的世界生產(chǎn)總值，80％的世界貿(mào)易量和62％的世界人口數(shù)量。大多數(shù)二十國(guó)集團(tuán)經(jīng)濟(jì)體正在迅速發(fā)展，并且隨著經(jīng)濟(jì)的增長(zhǎng)他們對(duì)能源的需求也在增加。國(guó)際能源署（2007年）的數(shù)據(jù)顯示，2005年至2

63、030年世界能源需求預(yù)計(jì)將以1.8％的年平均增長(zhǎng)率增長(zhǎng)。二十國(guó)集團(tuán)經(jīng)濟(jì)體將導(dǎo)致全球能源需求增加84％。</p><p>　　表1顯示了二十國(guó)集團(tuán)中的19個(gè)國(guó)家在1971年至2010年中的匯總統(tǒng)計(jì)數(shù)據(jù)。從數(shù)據(jù)可見各國(guó)在人均收入方面存在著巨大差異，最高人均收入水平在澳大利亞，達(dá)50746美元，最低水平在印度，為1375美元，同時(shí)也顯示了二十國(guó)集團(tuán)的平均收入水平是23078美元，這比2010年世界平均人均收入9157美

64、元高出了252個(gè)百分點(diǎn)。外商直接投資人均凈流入也有很大的差異，最高人均外商直接投資水平在英國(guó)，達(dá)24678美元，最低在印度，為163美元，二十國(guó)集團(tuán)的平均水平為6284美元。這比1971年至2010年期間的世界平均值2853美元高出220個(gè)百分點(diǎn)。人均平均能源使用量的范圍是從加拿大7481千克的石油當(dāng)量到印度的559千克，二十國(guó)集團(tuán)平均水平為3470千克，這比2010年世界人均平均水平1790千克高出194個(gè)百分點(diǎn)。</p>

65、<p>　　表1 二十國(guó)集團(tuán)匯總統(tǒng)計(jì)量</p><p>　　(1)2010年人均GDP（美元時(shí)值）</p><p>　　(2)2009年人均碳排放（公噸）</p><p>　　(3)2010年人均能源用量（公斤石油當(dāng)量）</p><p>　　(4)清潔能源使用量（能源使用的百分比）</p><p>　　

66、(5)1971~2010年人均外商直接投資凈流入量（美元時(shí)值）</p><p>　　一份由國(guó)際能源署（2011）發(fā)布的報(bào)告稱，大多數(shù)二十國(guó)集團(tuán)國(guó)家的碳排放水平都相對(duì)較高。表1顯示了人均碳排放平均值在印度的1.46公噸到澳大利亞的18.56公噸這個(gè)范圍內(nèi)，經(jīng)計(jì)算二十國(guó)集團(tuán)國(guó)家的平均碳排放為8.70公噸，這比2009年世界人均碳排放平均值4.76公噸高出183個(gè)百分點(diǎn)。隨著二十國(guó)集團(tuán)國(guó)家經(jīng)濟(jì)的飛速增長(zhǎng)，排放水平也與日

67、俱增。雖然二十國(guó)集團(tuán)國(guó)家之間存在著很大差距，但是外商直接投資和一些如制造業(yè)和基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施這樣的特定行業(yè)的發(fā)展卻可能給本國(guó)能源資源和環(huán)境造成巨大的壓力。然而，因?yàn)槠浔举|(zhì)上的復(fù)雜性和超越國(guó)界的特點(diǎn)，環(huán)境問題是沒有經(jīng)濟(jì)界限的。</p><p>　　在2008年的G20峰會(huì)上，二十國(guó)集團(tuán)討論了清潔能源、經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)及其增長(zhǎng)的財(cái)政因素。通過此次會(huì)議，各國(guó)認(rèn)為了解能源需求和清潔能源使用的決定因素對(duì)未來(lái)制定更好的能源政策是至關(guān)重要的。

68、同時(shí)更好的了解如何治理溫室氣體在全球的排放也是不容忽視的，因?yàn)槟茉磁欧旁斐闪舜罅康亩趸寂欧拧＞瓦@一點(diǎn)而言，二十國(guó)集團(tuán)面臨的挑戰(zhàn)是如何制定政策來(lái)應(yīng)對(duì)當(dāng)前環(huán)境問題和氣候變化所帶來(lái)的影響，并奠定可持續(xù)增長(zhǎng)的基礎(chǔ)，即在實(shí)現(xiàn)經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)的同時(shí)減少經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)所帶來(lái)的二氧化碳排放量。此外，外商直接投資在經(jīng)濟(jì)方面日益增長(zhǎng)的重要性也為政府制定最有效的政策框架提出了新的問題，即如何鼓勵(lì)經(jīng)濟(jì)的持續(xù)增長(zhǎng)、二氧化碳排放量的減少、能源資源的有效利用和清潔能源使用的增

69、加。</p><p>　　總之，本文假設(shè)外商直接投資促進(jìn)了經(jīng)濟(jì)的增長(zhǎng)，而這也可能引起能源消耗的增加，進(jìn)而導(dǎo)致較高的二氧化碳排放量。基于以上假設(shè)，外商直接投資導(dǎo)致了二氧化碳排放量的增加，然而它也可能促進(jìn)了清潔能源使用的擴(kuò)大。</p><p><b>　　文獻(xiàn)綜述與假設(shè)</b></p><p>　　外商直接投資與經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)</p>&l

70、t;p>　　假設(shè)1.外商直接投資促進(jìn)經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)</p><p>　　在經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)中，資本投資的作用一直被認(rèn)為是經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)的基本原則之一。許多研究人員認(rèn)為，資本形成率決定了經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)率(Blomstrom等，1996；Ekanayake和Vogel，2003；Tsang和Yip，2007)。例如，De Long等人（1992）發(fā)現(xiàn)設(shè)備投資與經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)之間存在著很強(qiáng)的因果聯(lián)系。Blomstrom等人（1996）也發(fā)布報(bào)道稱

71、相比于當(dāng)代的或先前的資本形成率，經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)率與后續(xù)時(shí)期的資本形成率聯(lián)系更加密切。Alfaro等人（2010）研究結(jié)果顯示，外商直接投資促進(jìn)了發(fā)達(dá)經(jīng)濟(jì)體實(shí)現(xiàn)更高的額外增長(zhǎng)。Lee和Chang（2009）表示外商直接投資對(duì)經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)產(chǎn)生了較大的直接影響，并對(duì)與外商直接投資相關(guān)的潛在收益進(jìn)行了延展。</p><p>　　因其對(duì)經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)所謂的積極影響，外商直接投資很受人矚目。有一種被廣泛接受的觀點(diǎn)，即外商直接投資不僅直接通過

72、刺激受援國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)的資本形成來(lái)促進(jìn)增長(zhǎng)，也間接通過引導(dǎo)人力資源增長(zhǎng)、協(xié)助技術(shù)轉(zhuǎn)移和增強(qiáng)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力來(lái)實(shí)現(xiàn)增長(zhǎng)目的（Aitken等，1997；Kneller和Pisu，2007）。由于外商直接投資的這些潛在優(yōu)點(diǎn)，發(fā)展中國(guó)家和發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家都變得更易接受外商直接投資流入，除了在1982年至1983年，1991年至1992年，2001年至2003年和2008年至2010年這幾個(gè)時(shí)段的短期下降，全球的外商直接投資流量一直在持續(xù)增加。</p>&l

73、t;p>　　Aitken等人（1997）已經(jīng)發(fā)布了證明跨國(guó)公司對(duì)東道國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)存在有利的溢出效應(yīng)的證據(jù)，然而Hsiao和Shen（2003）報(bào)告稱，經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)是吸引外商直接投資的重要因素之一，尤其是對(duì)于發(fā)展中國(guó)家。一些研究表明，經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)與外商直接投資之間因果關(guān)系的方向取決于國(guó)家的具體情況（張，2001）。Kim和Seo（2003）認(rèn)為，外商直接投資對(duì)國(guó)內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總值產(chǎn)生了積極但并不顯著的影響，而國(guó)內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總值卻對(duì)韓國(guó)未來(lái)的外商直接投資水平有顯

74、著且高度持久的影響。齊（2007）報(bào)告稱，過分依賴于石油出口的國(guó)家與其他得益于外商直接投資的國(guó)家相比存在著更多的困難，并且對(duì)石油出口國(guó)而言總投資對(duì)經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)的拉動(dòng)作用也相對(duì)較弱。文獻(xiàn)的研究結(jié)果表明，一個(gè)國(guó)家利用外商直接投資外部性的能力可能受當(dāng)?shù)貤l件的限制。</p><p>　　經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)，能源消耗和二氧化碳排放</p><p>　　假設(shè)2.經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)與二氧化碳排放呈正相關(guān)</p>

75、<p>　　大量文獻(xiàn)顯示能源消耗與經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)之間存在著必然聯(lián)系，特別是在經(jīng)合組織國(guó)家（Lee等，2008），七國(guó)集團(tuán)國(guó)家（Narayan和Smyth，2008），歐佩克成員國(guó)（Squalli，2007），非洲國(guó)家（Akinlo,2008;Wolde-Rufael,2009），中美洲（Apergis和Payne,2009），南美（Yoo和Kwak,2010），中東（Al-Iriani,2006;Narayan和Smyth,2009

76、），亞洲國(guó)家（Chen等，2007；Lee和Chang,2008），共同財(cái)富獨(dú)立國(guó)家聯(lián)合體（Apergis和Payne,2010），歐洲國(guó)家（Ciarreta和Zarraga，2010），發(fā)展中國(guó)家（Lee,2005;Sari和Soytas,2007），和發(fā)達(dá)及發(fā)展中國(guó)家（Chontanawat等，2008；Mahadevan和Asafu-Adjaye,2007;Sharma,2010）。他們發(fā)現(xiàn)從長(zhǎng)期來(lái)看，經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)對(duì)能源消耗產(chǎn)生了格蘭

77、杰因果關(guān)系影響，而就短期而言，能源消耗卻指向產(chǎn)出增長(zhǎng)。</p><p>　　雖然這些研究的普遍共識(shí)是經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)與能源消耗呈正相關(guān)，但是一些研究結(jié)果卻與之相矛盾。例如，Huang等人（2008）與Costantini和Martini（2009）認(rèn)為，經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)與能源消耗之間的因果關(guān)系是不確定的，它取決于所采用的函數(shù)形式和被分析的國(guó)家樣本。近期，一些學(xué)者已經(jīng)研究了收入與二氧化碳排放量之間的時(shí)間序列動(dòng)態(tài)來(lái)推斷因果關(guān)系的方向

78、，例如對(duì)于共同財(cái)富獨(dú)立國(guó)家聯(lián)合體（Apergis和Payne,2010），109個(gè)國(guó)家的面板數(shù)據(jù)（Lee和Lee，2009），43個(gè)發(fā)展中國(guó)家的面板數(shù)據(jù)（Narayan和Narayan，2010），和發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家（Coondoo和Dinda，2002）的研究。然而，經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)與二氧化碳排放之間的關(guān)系的實(shí)證結(jié)果卻是不確定的。</p><p>　　在這方面，許多研究人員采用整合的方式來(lái)綜合研究經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)、能源消耗和二氧化碳排

79、放之間的動(dòng)態(tài)關(guān)系，特別是對(duì)歐盟（Keppler和Mansanet-Bataller,2010），亞太國(guó)家（Niu等，2011），金磚國(guó)家（Pao和Tsai，2010），法國(guó)（Ang,2007），印度（Ghosh,2010）和中國(guó)（Zhang和Cheng，2009）的考量。他們發(fā)現(xiàn)經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)與二氧化碳排放是正相關(guān)的關(guān)系。其他研究結(jié)果表明經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)、能源消耗和二氧化碳排放在經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)的不同階段存在著不同的因果聯(lián)系（Dinda和Coondoo,20

80、06;Soytas和Sari,2009）?？傊搜芯空J(rèn)為較高的經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)可能需要更大的能量消耗，從而導(dǎo)致高二氧化碳排放量。</p><p>　　外商直接投資，能源消耗，清潔能源使用與二氧化碳排放</p><p>　　假設(shè)3.外商直接投資與二氧化碳排放呈正相關(guān)</p><p>　　假設(shè)4.外商直接投資與清潔能源的使用是正相關(guān)關(guān)系</p><p>

81、;　　雖然有相當(dāng)大量的文獻(xiàn)研究經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)與能源需求之間的聯(lián)系，可是外商直接投資對(duì)能源需求的影響卻是很少受到關(guān)注的一個(gè)話題。Mielnik和Goldemberg（2010）通過一個(gè)包含20個(gè)發(fā)展中國(guó)家的樣本，發(fā)現(xiàn)外商直接投資與能源強(qiáng)度是正相關(guān)的關(guān)系。Sadorsky（2010）也從一個(gè)22個(gè)發(fā)展中經(jīng)濟(jì)體的樣本中發(fā)現(xiàn)外商直接投資與能源消耗之間存在著同向的、統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)上的顯著聯(lián)系。外商直接投資可以使企業(yè)成本更低，且/或更容易獲得金融資本，這可以用來(lái)

82、擴(kuò)大現(xiàn)有業(yè)務(wù)或興建新廠房和工廠，所有的這些都增加了對(duì)能源的需求。與觀點(diǎn)外商直接投資帶來(lái)了更大的經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)相一致的觀點(diǎn)是，外商直接投資的增加應(yīng)該對(duì)能源需求產(chǎn)生積極的影響。如果外商直接投資對(duì)能源需求有影響，那么這種聯(lián)系將影響能源政策和碳排放戰(zhàn)略。</p><p>　　此外，二十國(guó)集團(tuán)經(jīng)濟(jì)體正在經(jīng)歷的快速工業(yè)化和城市化的進(jìn)程將繼續(xù)發(fā)展，這可能會(huì)不可避免地造成二氧化碳排放的大量增加。另外，一個(gè)國(guó)家的二氧化碳排放量不一定僅僅

83、取決于收入水平；外商直接投資可能是另一個(gè)來(lái)源。政府吸引外商直接投資以加速其經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)的同時(shí)可能會(huì)促使二氧化碳排放量的增加。有很多證據(jù)可以表明外商直接投資對(duì)二氧化碳排放量有顯著影響。張（2011）表示在中國(guó)，外商直接投資對(duì)二氧化碳排放量的增長(zhǎng)起著舉足輕重的作用。Xing和Kolstad（2002）報(bào)道稱，外商直接投資與污染物排放在東道國(guó)中存在正相關(guān)關(guān)系。</p><p>　　然而，List和Co（2000）報(bào)道，外商

84、直接投資的流入有助于提高東道國(guó)的能源效益并減少二氧化碳排放量。Tamazian等人（2009）報(bào)道，外商直接投資可以幫助企業(yè)推動(dòng)技術(shù)創(chuàng)新和引進(jìn)新技術(shù)，從而提高能源效益和促進(jìn)低碳經(jīng)濟(jì)的發(fā)展。Sadorsky（2009）報(bào)道稱可再生能源消耗與收入有關(guān)?？傊?，迄今為止，外商直接投資、能源消耗、清潔能源使用和二氧化碳排放之間的關(guān)系并不明確，因此進(jìn)一步的實(shí)證研究是非常必要的。</p><p><b>　　數(shù)據(jù)與方

85、法</b></p><p><b>　　數(shù)據(jù)</b></p><p>　　本節(jié)介紹了引用的數(shù)據(jù)，并概述了各項(xiàng)指標(biāo)在產(chǎn)生或選擇時(shí)使用的方法和數(shù)據(jù)的歸一化。</p><p>　　國(guó)內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總值（GDP）</p><p>　　實(shí)際國(guó)內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總值是用來(lái)衡量經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)的。實(shí)際國(guó)內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總值數(shù)據(jù)使我們可以計(jì)算出國(guó)內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總值的增長(zhǎng)

86、率，它會(huì)告訴我們一個(gè)國(guó)家的生產(chǎn)量與前一年相比增加或減少了多少。</p><p><b>　　二氧化碳（CO2）</b></p><p>　　二氧化碳的排放量是用來(lái)測(cè)量環(huán)境退化的水平的。數(shù)據(jù)以萬(wàn)公噸計(jì)量。二氧化碳信息分析中心和國(guó)際能源署收集數(shù)據(jù)并發(fā)布這些統(tǒng)計(jì)信息。</p><p>　　外商直接投資（FDI）</p><p>

87、;　　外商直接投資凈流入是用來(lái)衡量外商直接投資的。外商直接投資是國(guó)際收支平衡表中顯示的股權(quán)資本、收益的再投資、其他長(zhǎng)期資本和短期資本的總和。數(shù)據(jù)是以美元時(shí)值計(jì)量。</p><p><b>　　能源</b></p><p>　　能源代表能源利用，以萬(wàn)公噸石油當(dāng)量作為單位。能源利用是指初級(jí)能源的使用，初級(jí)能源是轉(zhuǎn)化成其他最終用途燃料之前的能源形式，它等于國(guó)內(nèi)產(chǎn)量加上進(jìn)口和

88、存量變化，再減去出口量和供應(yīng)從事國(guó)際運(yùn)輸?shù)拇缓惋w機(jī)的燃料。初級(jí)能源區(qū)別于能源載體，它們?cè)谀茉唇y(tǒng)計(jì)的概念里相對(duì)于二次能源。國(guó)際能源署收集數(shù)據(jù)并公布這些統(tǒng)計(jì)信息。</p><p><b>　　清潔能源</b></p><p>　　清潔能源是非碳水化合物能源，即它在生成時(shí)不會(huì)產(chǎn)生二氧化碳。它包括水電、核電、地?zé)岷吞?yáng)能等等。清潔能源的利用是指替代能源和核能的使用，以占據(jù)能

89、源使用總量的百分比計(jì)量。國(guó)際能源署收集數(shù)據(jù)并發(fā)布這些統(tǒng)計(jì)信息。</p><p>　　樣本僅限于其年度數(shù)據(jù)可利用的期限內(nèi)：從1971年至2009年（每個(gè)國(guó)家39個(gè)觀察主體）。上述時(shí)間序列數(shù)據(jù)的收集和檢索來(lái)自于由世界銀行公布的世界經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)指標(biāo)數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)。由于一些指標(biāo)以千公噸來(lái)計(jì)量，而另一些以美元為單位計(jì)量，所以在匯總整理前對(duì)數(shù)據(jù)的歸一化是十分必要的。因此，我們將其轉(zhuǎn)化為自然對(duì)數(shù)來(lái)減少該序列動(dòng)態(tài)屬性可能存在的失真。對(duì)數(shù)轉(zhuǎn)化

90、是一個(gè)優(yōu)選的方法，因?yàn)榛貧w方程中產(chǎn)生出來(lái)的每一個(gè)系數(shù)都表示了彈性，即函數(shù)的對(duì)數(shù)的增量相對(duì)于自變量的對(duì)數(shù)的增量的比率。</p><p>　　表2顯示了對(duì)面板序列數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行Pearson相關(guān)性分析的結(jié)果。外商直接投資與國(guó)內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總值、能源使用、二氧化碳排放和清潔能源使用之間的相關(guān)性都非常顯著。外商直接投資與國(guó)內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總值、能源使用和清潔能源使用都是正相關(guān)的關(guān)系。所有的配對(duì)都表現(xiàn)出同向且高度顯著的相關(guān)性。當(dāng)所有的變量都包含在