外文翻譯---關(guān)于高層民用建筑消防設(shè)計(jì)與實(shí)踐問(wèn)題研究

1、<p>　　附錄E 關(guān)于高層民用建筑消防設(shè)計(jì)與實(shí)踐問(wèn)題研究[8]</p><p>　　1.高層民用建筑消防撲救登高面和登高場(chǎng)地在火災(zāi)中的作用</p><p>　　高層民用建筑，一般功能復(fù)雜，體量較大，但由于高層建筑使用功能、城市規(guī)劃、街景及建筑學(xué)的需要，往往在高層民用建筑主體附建與高層建筑相連的裙房，用作商場(chǎng)、餐廳、營(yíng)業(yè)廳、會(huì)議廳等。尤其對(duì)高層建筑的裙房，登高面等諸多問(wèn)題設(shè)計(jì)時(shí)稍

2、有忽視。高層建筑一旦發(fā)生火災(zāi)，有以下幾個(gè)特點(diǎn)：（1）現(xiàn)有的電梯往往由于停電，不能正常使用，而多數(shù)高層建筑的疏散樓梯或剪刀梯都布置設(shè)計(jì)在建筑的筒體中部，火災(zāi)停電時(shí)往往無(wú)照明，消防電梯、疏散樓梯不能正常使用，給迎救人員、疏散人員帶來(lái)困難。（2）消防人員難以接近著火層撲救，由于人員在火災(zāi)時(shí)驚慌外逃，順樓梯或下或上，與消防人員逆向行走。極大的導(dǎo)致人員阻設(shè)等因素，給搶救和人員疏散帶來(lái)混亂。（3）火災(zāi)時(shí)往往是煙氣順其樓梯間、電梯間、豎向的管導(dǎo)井、電

3、纜井等上下漫延，由于高層建筑的煙囪效應(yīng)，煙氣在很短時(shí)間內(nèi)就會(huì)迷漫疏散樓梯間、電梯間、煙氣的毒性導(dǎo)致人員難以疏散。因此，高層民用建筑登高面的設(shè)計(jì)是保障火災(zāi)時(shí)搶救人員生命、逃生和撲滅火災(zāi)的重要保證。</p><p>　　2.現(xiàn)有標(biāo)準(zhǔn)和實(shí)際存在的設(shè)計(jì)缺陷問(wèn)題</p><p><b>　　1)現(xiàn)有規(guī)定</b></p><p>　　現(xiàn)有實(shí)施歷經(jīng)幾次局部修

4、訂的《高層民用建筑設(shè)計(jì)防火規(guī)范》第 4.1.7 條要求，“高層建筑的底邊至少有一個(gè)長(zhǎng)邊或周邊長(zhǎng)度的 1/4 且不小于一個(gè)長(zhǎng)邊長(zhǎng)度，不應(yīng)布置高度大于5 米、進(jìn)深大于 4 米的裙房，且在此范圍內(nèi)必須設(shè)有直通室外的樓梯或直通樓梯間的出口”。該條明確了高層建筑消防撲救登高面的基本要求。</p><p><b>　　2)存在問(wèn)題</b></p><p>　　隨城市化建設(shè)加快，中

5、心城市土地使用率的不斷提高，給高層民用建筑撲救面設(shè)計(jì)帶來(lái)許多不容忽視的問(wèn)題。</p><p>　　（1）裙房的設(shè)計(jì)問(wèn)題。在城市區(qū)域內(nèi)的高層建筑，多為追求商業(yè)價(jià)值，建筑裙房設(shè)計(jì)多在四層左右，由于裙房作商業(yè)用途，每層層高凈空多為 4-4.5 米以上，往往裙房高度超過(guò)防火規(guī)范 5 米要求，多數(shù)裙房的進(jìn)深也大于 4 米。</p><p>　　（2）幕墻問(wèn)題。城區(qū)內(nèi)的多數(shù)高層建筑，為達(dá)到設(shè)計(jì)美觀，協(xié)

6、調(diào)繁榮城市的效果，許多高層建筑均設(shè)計(jì)有幕墻，尤其是設(shè)計(jì)玻璃幕墻且作為消防登高面考慮。</p><p>　?。?）登高面一側(cè)、直通室外的樓梯或直通樓梯間的出口設(shè)計(jì)問(wèn)題。臨街高層建筑底層均設(shè)計(jì)為商鋪。當(dāng)考慮作為登高面時(shí)，而多數(shù)設(shè)計(jì)為追求商業(yè)價(jià)值而規(guī)避設(shè)計(jì)布置直通室外疏散樓梯或直通樓梯間的出口，往往將疏散樓梯或出口布置在非登高面的另一側(cè)。</p><p>　　（4）消防車道的設(shè)計(jì)問(wèn)題。城區(qū)內(nèi)的高

7、層建筑為充分利用當(dāng)街的立面效果和商鋪的價(jià)值，許多建筑將消防登高撲救面布置在建筑的背街一側(cè)。然而，對(duì)環(huán)形消防車道和回車場(chǎng)的設(shè)計(jì)更多的是消防車道轉(zhuǎn)彎半徑不能滿足消防車輛的使用要求。</p><p>　　（5）幕墻下設(shè)計(jì)室外消火栓等問(wèn)題。高層建筑臨街面往往設(shè)計(jì)有裝飾幕墻，而室外消火栓，水泵結(jié)合器及消防水池等也宜臨沿街設(shè)置。稍有忽視，很容易將室外消火栓等布置在幕墻之下，一旦火災(zāi)幕墻坍塌，嚴(yán)重影響消防車吸水、供水等撲救。&

8、lt;/p><p>　?。?）登高消防車場(chǎng)地的設(shè)計(jì)問(wèn)題。許多高層建筑對(duì)登高消防車輛的操作場(chǎng)地考慮不周，多數(shù)僅以環(huán)形消防車道寬度來(lái)考慮。以此寬度作為登高消防車的場(chǎng)地，將遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)不能滿足登高消防車的操作空間要求。</p><p>　　3.結(jié)合實(shí)際、合理設(shè)計(jì)</p><p>　　樹(shù)立以人為本、安全發(fā)展觀念，以保障民生、保障公共消防安全為發(fā)展，以創(chuàng)新思想、合理設(shè)計(jì)高層民用建筑消防登

9、高撲救面的問(wèn)題非常重要。以下為作者結(jié)合現(xiàn)有的規(guī)范、標(biāo)準(zhǔn)在工作實(shí)踐中針對(duì)存在問(wèn)題與讀者作共同探討。</p><p>　　1)臨街登高面外墻設(shè)計(jì)建在市區(qū)或商業(yè)街的高層建筑，當(dāng)確定其臨街一面作為消防撲救登高面時(shí)，其優(yōu)點(diǎn)是可以充分利用臨街一側(cè)的道路保障登高消防車的場(chǎng)地需要，但特別要注意，設(shè)計(jì)時(shí)要避免在登高撲救面一側(cè)外墻設(shè)置玻璃幕墻。由于幕墻的設(shè)置增加了建筑外觀美的效果，對(duì)裝點(diǎn)城市起到了重要的作用，設(shè)計(jì)思路上考慮采用較多，

10、但往往一旦火災(zāi)，會(huì)給消防撲救帶來(lái)極為不便的后果?；馂?zāi)證實(shí)，玻璃幕墻在火的作用下會(huì)炸裂和塌落，導(dǎo)致消防人員撲救火災(zāi)時(shí)無(wú)法靠近建筑。同時(shí)、一旦幕墻下設(shè)計(jì)有消火栓、消防水泵接合器，火災(zāi)時(shí)由于幕墻的塌落下掉。這些滅火設(shè)施將無(wú)法使用，也容易導(dǎo)致?lián)渚热藛T的傷亡。</p><p>　　2)登高邊長(zhǎng)、裙房、疏散樓梯與出口設(shè)計(jì)</p><p>　　《高層民用建筑設(shè)計(jì)防火規(guī)范》第 4.1.7 條明確規(guī)定：“高

11、層建筑的底邊至少有一個(gè)長(zhǎng)邊或周邊長(zhǎng)度的1/4且不小于一個(gè)長(zhǎng)邊長(zhǎng)度，不應(yīng)布置高度大于 5 米、進(jìn)深大于 4 米的裙房，且在此范圍內(nèi)必須設(shè)有直通室外的樓梯或直通樓梯間的出口”。我們?cè)谶M(jìn)行消防設(shè)計(jì)時(shí)要盡力考慮規(guī)范的強(qiáng)制規(guī)定。其意義是登高邊不應(yīng)小于 1/4 周邊長(zhǎng)度且不小于一個(gè)長(zhǎng)邊的長(zhǎng)度。尤其是一些矩形建筑、多邊形平面的建筑應(yīng)考慮滿足一個(gè)長(zhǎng)邊的長(zhǎng)度作登高撲救邊；其二是在登高撲救面一側(cè)必須設(shè)置有直通室外的樓梯或直通樓梯間的出口。其三，是對(duì)裙房高度

12、和進(jìn)深的要求，其目的是保證登高消防車曲背靠近高層建筑施救的需要。3．合理設(shè)計(jì)高層建筑的登高場(chǎng)地</p><p>　　一幢高層建筑登高面確定之后，緊接著要有能滿足各類登高消防車的登高場(chǎng)地，登高場(chǎng)地在高層民用建筑設(shè)計(jì)防火規(guī)范內(nèi)沒(méi)有條文明示，往往在設(shè)計(jì)時(shí)容易被忽視。登高場(chǎng)地應(yīng)布置在高層建筑撲救面一側(cè)，同時(shí)要結(jié)合消防車道一同考慮。根據(jù)目前國(guó)內(nèi)登高消防車的最大長(zhǎng)度 15.6 米，以及車道寬度，在留有余地情況下，登高場(chǎng)地不宜

13、小于 18 米長(zhǎng)×13米寬。登高場(chǎng)地是供登高消防車撲滅火災(zāi)搶救人員使用，根據(jù)不同登高車技術(shù)參數(shù)，要求登高場(chǎng)地邊緣與建筑物外墻不應(yīng)小于 5 米，同時(shí)其最外一點(diǎn)至建筑物登高邊緣的水平距離也不應(yīng)大于 15 米。對(duì)于幾個(gè)單元組合的板式住宅及底層整體裙房而上部多個(gè)塔樓或不規(guī)則多邊形建筑的高層建筑應(yīng)針對(duì)每個(gè)單元和塔樓布置登高場(chǎng)地，也可以根據(jù)建筑內(nèi)部防火分區(qū)的劃分、靠室外樓梯間的布置及建筑周邊的消防車道實(shí)際情況分段設(shè)計(jì)登高場(chǎng)地?？傊?，筆者認(rèn)

14、為高層民用建筑防火撲救登高面及其施救場(chǎng)地的設(shè)計(jì)要與地方經(jīng)濟(jì)社會(huì)發(fā)展需求緊密結(jié)合，與相關(guān)的城市規(guī)劃、城市的總體抗災(zāi)能力、當(dāng)?shù)氐南姥b備、建筑周邊環(huán)境道路等情況統(tǒng)籌考慮，力求從保障生命安全至上的角度整體完成消防工程設(shè)計(jì)。</p><p>　　Appendix E Research on the design and practice of high-rise civil building fire</p>

15、;<p>　　1.High building fire fighting aerial surface and climb the field role in fire</p><p>　　High civil buildings, general function complex, large size, but due to the high building use function, the

16、 urban planning, the street and the needs of the architecture, often in high civil buildings with tall buildings built and main body connected podium, used for stores, restaurants, business hall, a conference hall, etc.

17、Especially for high-rise building podium, face the problems such as the design slightly to ignore. High-rise building once fire, has the following characteristics: (1) the ex</p><p>　　2.Design defects in the

18、 existing standards and practical problems</p><p>　　1)The existing provisions </p><p>　　Existing implementation after several local amended "high civil buildings of the code for fire protec

19、tion design the first article 4.1.7 requirements," the lower side of the high-rise building at least a long side or around a quarter of the length and not less than a long side length, should not be more than 5 m, d

20、ecorate height more than four meters deep into the podium, and in the range of direct must have outdoor stairs or through the export of stairs." "The clear the high-rise building fire </p><p>　　2)T

21、he existing problems </p><p>　　Along with the urbanization construction speed up, the center city land utilization rate rise ceaselessly, to save face high civil buildings designed to bring many problem that

22、 nots allow to ignore. </p><p>　　(1) the skirt building design problem. In areas of the city high-rise building, much as the pursuit of commercial value, building the skirt building design more in the four o

23、r so, due to the podium for commercial use, each layer upon layer for four more headroom high-4.5 meters, often the skirt building height more than the code for fire protection 5 meters request, most the podium over 4 me

24、ters deep also. </p><p>　　(2) curtain wall. Most of the high-rise buildings in the city, to achieve the design is beautiful, coordinate the effect of thriving city, many high-rise building curtain wall desig

25、n are, especially design glass curtain wall and for fire up surface consideration. </p><p>　　(3) the climb on one side of the face, direct outdoor stairs or through the export of stair design problem. High-r

26、ise building ground floor are street design for shops. When considering the as to the surface, and most design as the pursuit of commercial value and avoiding design layout ended at outdoor ladders or through the export

27、of stair, often will ladders or export arrangement in the climb up the other side. </p><p>　　(4) fire lane design problem. In the city of high-rise buildings to make full use of the elevation effects and sho

28、ps in the streets of value, many buildings will fire the climb in the building layout save face the back side. However, for the ring fire lane and back to the design of the lot more fire lane is turning radius cannot mee

29、t the requirement of the fire trucks. </p><p>　　(5) under the curtain wall design outdoor fire hydrant. High-rise building LinJieMian often design have adornment wall, and outdoor fire hydrant, pumps with em

30、ulators, and also the fire-fighting should set up along the street. A slight ignored, it's very easy to outdoor fire hydrant, decorate in curtain wall under, once the fire wall collapsed, the serious influence water,

31、 water supply, fire fighting. </p><p>　　(6) the design problem of the fire truck. Many high-rise building to climb up the fire trucks operation site thoughtfulness, most in the ring fire lane width only to c

32、onsider. This width as the truck's site, will be far from meeting the requirements of the fire trucks operating space.</p><p>　　3.Combined with the actual and reasonable design </p><p>　　Est

33、ablish people-oriented, safety development idea, in order to ensure the people's livelihood, ensuring public security fire control for the development, to the innovative ideas, the reasonable design high civil buildi

34、ngs fire up the fighting is very important. The following is based on the existing standard, the standard practice in the existing problems and discusses the common reader. </p><p>　　1)The exterior Wall Stre

35、et face design built in the city or commercial street of the high-rise building, when determine its side street as fire fighting climb up to the surface, can make full use of its advantage is a street side of the road ra

36、ce the venue of the need to ensure fire, but special attention should be paid to, when the design to avoid the side wall save face in set glass curtain wall. Because of the increased building curtain wall set appearance

37、beautiful effect, city of deck can p</p><p>　　2)The climb, the skirt building, with sides ladders and export design </p><p>　　The high civil buildings of the code for fire protection design the

38、first article 4.1.7 specified: "the lower side of the high-rise building at least a long side or around a quarter of the length and not less than a long side length, should not be more than 5 m, decorate height more

39、 than four meters deep into the podium, and in the range of direct must have outdoor stairs or through the export of stairs." We in the fire fighting design to do my best to consider when standard compulsive regulat

40、io</p><p>　　A high-rise building up face was determined, and then to have to meet all kinds of the climb the ascent of the fire, the climb in the high civil buildings within the code for fire protection desi

41、gn of no rules express, often in the design easy to ignore. The field should be arranged in high-rise building save face side, at the same time, to combine the fire lane considered together. According to the current dome