外文翻譯--低成本防水材料的制備

1、<p><b>　　中文3800字</b></p><p>　　Preparation of low-cost waterproofing materials</p><p>　　Al—HadidyAI， Ⅳ Yi—qiu，DONG Ze-jiao，WANG Jia—ni</p><p>　　(School of Transporta

2、tion Science and Engineering,Harbin Institute of Technology,H-</p><p>　　arbin 150001,China,E-mail;abd—et76@yahoo.con)</p><p>　　Abstract：To address the need for producing a cheap,single—component

3、,hot-applied compound joint sealant with high quality for sealing joints and cracks in concrete and flexible pavements without using primer for installation,a hot-applied modifled asphalt sealant was produced by blending

4、 up about 30％ starch into 20％ citric acid.</p><p>　　The starch and the asphalt cement were mixed at a temperature of above 160 ℃.Thus the waterproofing asphalt was manufactured to protect the surface of vari

5、ous shapes and types from water leakage using the citric acid.Results indicate that this sealant complies with the requirements of ASTM D-1191,D-6690-06a and D-71 16-05.The citric acid is a kind of reliable materials for

6、 asphalt cement,which can be widely used in paving and waterproofing construction materials,and this offers profound engineer</p><p>　　Key words：joint sealant；starch；citric acid；waterproofing material；paving

7、 asphalt</p><p>　　CLC number：U214 Document code：A Article ID：1005-9l13(2008)04-0547-06</p><p>　　1 Background of the Study</p><p>　　The present study relates to waterproofing mater

8、ials,and in particular to water-</p><p>　　proofing asphalt cement and joint sealant.</p><p>　　Joint sealant and waterproofing asphalt is regarded as one of the important primary materials used i

9、n the field of civil engineering work.Their selection must always be a matter of compromise between price and performance.For example, Crack treatment,including crack sealing,crack filling,and crack repair,is one of the

10、most common maintenance activities performed on bituminous pavements by local governmental agencies.Crack sealing is the method of placing material in a crack to create a watertigh</p><p>　　Sealing cracks in

11、 asphalt pavements has long been regarded as an annual preventive maintenance procedure and is expected to have a growth rate of 3％-4％per year.With limited maintenance budgets and increasing labor and material costs,so-&

12、lt;/p><p>　　me means of reducing the life,cycle cost of crack seals is required.Polymer modified asphalt crack sealer materials,as defined by American Society for Testing and Materials[1,2],have demonstrated th

13、e potential to deliver 5 or more years of service life.Because the polymer modifiers that have been employed beneficially as asphalt modifiers are rather expensive，a need exists for alternative,lower-cost modifiers that

14、nonetheless impart improved properties comparable to those achived by using the mo</p><p>　　Highway agencies use different materials and methods to treat cracks in asphah concrete pavements.Some of these tre

15、atments are inherently better than others;howe-</p><p>　　ver,the use of starch as a modifier has not been investigated by other researchers in the world.</p><p>　　Substantial quantities of starc

16、h are potentially available widely in the world.</p><p>　　Starch is a fine white powder mainly composed of two carbohydrate polymers,amy-</p><p>　　lose and amylopection.It characterized with low

17、 weight is generally much cheaper(0．8$/kg)thanother conventional polymers such as ,styrene-butadiene-styrene,polyethy-</p><p>　　lene,and polypropylene. Starch granule size varies from (1-100)microns in dimet

18、er and shape.On the other hand,beta-hydroxytrisarboxy1ic(citric) acid is a fine white powder with an average partical size of 100 mesh.Citric acid is a very useful and effective preservative,obtained from naturally oecur

19、ring organic acids.It consists of 10 ppm heavy meatal,150 ppm sulphate,not more than 0.1 percent sulphate ash,0.2 ppm aluminum,less than 3 ppm ash,and 350 ppm oxalate.These characteristics makes citric</p><p&g

20、t;　　The causes of sealant failure depend on the types of sealant used,installation and service conditions.Sealant as a material can fail due to age and weather exposure．This type of failure is often characterised by disc

21、olouration,crazing and stiffening of the sealant surfaces,and is the result of the individual or combined effects of solvent evaporation,ozone attack,migration of plasticisers,ultraviolet radiation,etc.Failure can also o

22、ccur if there is a large oint movement before the seal is fully </p><p>　　The various modes of failure experienced with sealants in service are illustrated in Fig.1[3,4].</p><p>　　①Adhesion Fail

23、ure</p><p>　　This is the most common type of failure due to the loss of bond between the sealant and the substrate(Fig.2)[3,4] .</p><p>　　②Cohesion failure</p><p>　　This is a failur

24、e within the sealant material.The effect of movement is likely to make the failure progressive(Fig.3)[3,4] .</p><p><b>　?、跾palling</b></p><p>　　This has similar consequences to adhes

25、ion failure.It occurs when the cohesive strength of the sealant is greater than that of the surface layers of the material to which it is applied.</p><p>　?、蹺xcessive extrusion</p><p>　　This is

26、ejection from the joint part of which becomes vulnerable to mechanical the sealant,damage impairs the future ability of the sealant remaining joint to perform its function.</p><p>　　⑤Intrusion</p><

27、;p>　　This is common in horizontal ioints in traffic areas.It occurs when the sealant surface is penetrated by grit and debris.On subsequent closing，the grit is not ejected,causing abrasion and eventual failure of the

28、sealant and in extreme case impairing the functioning of the joint.</p><p>　?、轍ardening/weathering/crazing</p><p>　　Hardening of the sealant leads to the formation of cracks crazing.It can be br

29、ought about by the loss of solvent or plasticisers and by the action of ultraviolet radiation and ozone.</p><p>　　⑦Softening</p><p>　　Sealant failure caused by softening may be due to improper c

30、uring or by thermal/photochemical degradation of the polymer.</p><p><b>　?、郤lumping</b></p><p>　　Sealant flows downwards as a result of gravity.Softened sealants sometimes slump on v

31、ertica1 joint.The failure may also result in staining on the facade.</p><p><b>　?、醀aisting</b></p><p>　　A change in sealant shape resulting from viscous flow,which finally leads to t

32、hinning of the sealant in a part of the joint.</p><p>　　2 Detailed Description of the Study</p><p>　　The following description is included to demonstrate preferred embodiments of the study.It sh

33、ould be appreciated by those of skill in the art that the method disclosed in the description which follows represent method discovered by the author to function well in the practice of the study,and thus can be consider

34、ed to constitute preferred mode for its practice.However,those of skill in the art should,in light of the present disclosure,appreciate that one may make many changes in the specific embo</p><p>　　Starch rep

35、resents an ideal material for inclusion as an asphalt modifier for a number of reasons.First,it exists as microscopic white grains that are insoluble in alcohol,ether,and cold water.Second,it is a highly organized mixtur

36、e of two carbohydrate polymers,amylose and amylopection .Third,substantial quantities,of starch are potentially available widely in the world at low cost.Finally,unlike many other materials such as used tires.starch come

37、s from its source as a fine,freeflowing powder,whi</p><p>　　As a result of binder modification with starch and citric acid,the physical and chemical properties of the binder are improved.This improvement tak

38、es place because of the change in the chemical properties of the binder.This modification results in higher resistance againstchemicals and fue1.</p><p>　　There is one approach for producing a statch modifie

39、d asphalt is to blend starch into the asphalt by using hot water (60± l℃ ).Starch granules when heated in water gradually ab sorb water and swell in size,causing the mixture to thicken.With contin-</p><p&

40、gt;　　ued heating however,the swollen granule fragments become less thick, and amylose and amylopectin become soluble in the hot mixture.This process of granule swelling and fragmenring is called"gelatinization”.Beca

41、use of the larger size of the swollen granules compared to the size of amylose and amylopection,the viscosity of the swollen granules mixture is much hi gher than the viscosity of the amylose/amylope-</p><p>

42、;　　ction mixtures.</p><p>　　In employing this blending method it is extremely important to allow sufficient time to ensure that the starch is uniformly distributed through the asphalt.As a little as 5 minute

43、s or as long as 10 minutes of mixing may be required，depending on the shear rate,which in turn depends 0n the blade configuration of the mixer impeller and the speed of the motor.In addition,it is necessary to continue s

44、tirring the blend until it is about to be used.</p><p>　　Citric acid is mixed with asphalt at diferent weight percentages(10％,20％,&30％)for 7 min at temperature of 160 ± 5 ℃ to produce an economicall

45、y mastic,water proofing and damp proofing asphalt cement.Three modified binders are thus performed from the virgin asphalt.</p><p>　　The Starch jpint sealant samples are prepared in the following procedure;A

46、 20％citric acid modified asphalt that comply with the physical requirements of asphalt mastic(ASTM D-491)is heated to the desired temperature in a three,neck flask provided with stirrer and contact thermometer.The temper

47、ature is held constant by an automatic control system while stirring intensively.The starch iS dispersed into the citric acid modified asphalt by using hot water(60±1℃).The resultant asphalt is then combine</p>

48、;<p>　　2、1Expermintal</p><p>　　2、1、1Asphalt cement</p><p>　　The test is conducted on asphalt cement according to ASTM[1].The result of these tests are listed in Tab.1.</p><p>

49、;<b>　　2、1、2</b></p><p>　　Stone aggregates are crushed and mineral filler obtained by passing the crushed stone through a 200 mesh sieve.The chemical and physical properties of filler are reported

50、 in Tab.2.</p><p>　　2．1．3 Starch</p><p>　　Starch has a chemical unit[C6H10O5]n=100-1000 and purity of 99.2％.The composition of starch is reported in Tab.3.</p><p>　　2．1．4 Citric aci

51、d</p><p>　　Citric acid,with an average partical size of 100 mesh,is a white powder material having purity of 99.98％.</p><p>　　2．2 Tests of Samples</p><p>　　A series of conventional

52、tests which are still in use throughout the world are carried out in the asphalt industry to characterize the mixtures designed for different percentages of cetric acid according to ASTM[1].</p><p>　　These t

53、ests include：</p><p>　　1．Penetration test;ASTM D-5.</p><p>　　2．Ductility test;ASTM D-1 l3.</p><p>　　3．Softening point test;ASTM D-36.</p><p>　　4．Solubility test;ASTM D-

54、2042;and</p><p>　　5．Compatibility test;ASTM D-4124.</p><p>　　Weather,the following tests are carried out on starch ioint sealant samples according to ASTM [1]methods.</p><p>　　1．Pen

55、etration test before and after aging;ASTM D-5.</p><p>　　2．Softening point test;ASTM D-36.</p><p>　　3．Flow test;ASTM D-1191.</p><p>　　4．Recovery test before and after aging;ASTM D-53

56、29.</p><p>　　5．Flexibility test;ASTM D-5329.</p><p>　　6．Compatibility test;ASTM D-5329.</p><p>　　7．Density test;ASTM D-70.</p><p>　　8．Tensile adhesion;ASTM D-4l2 Die C.

57、</p><p>　　9．Chemical resistance;ASTM D-147.</p><p>　　10．Fuel resistance;ASTM D-3569.</p><p>　　A descfi btion of some of ioint sealant tests are in the following paragraphs:</p>

58、;<p>　　2．2．1Tensile adhesion to concrete</p><p>　　Nine specimens of each mixture are prepared to determine the tensile properties using Materials Testing System (MTS一810).Specimens are divided into th

59、ree groups.The first group placed in water bath at 25 ℃,and then loaded at a ratio of 12．7 mm/min.The second group is cured in a cooling room maintaining a temperature of-19 ℃ for more than 3 h，and then loaded at a ratio

60、 of 0.05 mm/min.The third group is immersed in benzene solvent for 4 h,and then loaded at a ratio of 12.7 mm/min,and the stress an</p><p>　　2．2．2 Chemical(Alkali and acid) resistance test</p><p>

61、;　　Two groups of starch joint sealant samples are subjected to alkali and acid resistance test in accordance with ASTM D147.The first group is placed in 40 percent NaOH at 21℃ solution for 1000 hours.The second group is

62、immersed in 95 percent Hcl at 21℃ solution for 1000 hours.The samples are then brought toweight loss determination as designated as alkali and acid-resisting.Chemical resistance test results are summarized in Tab.4.</

63、p><p>　　2．2．3 Z resistance test</p><p>　　Three groups of starch ioint sealan t samples are tested for fuel resistance in accordance with ASTM D5329.The first group is immersed in JP-4 fuel bath at

64、40±1℃ for 24 h.The second group is placed in hydraulic bath at 25±1℃ for 7d.The third group is immersed in glycol/water(50/50) bath at 25±1℃ for 7d.The samples are then brought to weight loss determination

65、 as designated as fue1-resisting.Fuel resistance test results are summarized in Tab.4.</p><p>　　3、Results and Discussion</p><p>　　The physical and chemical properties of citric acid-asphalt bind

66、ers are evaluated and the results are presented in Tab.5.The results indicate that citric acid is effective in improving the rheological properties of asphalt cement.</p><p>　　Examining Tab.5,it can be seen

67、that the modified asphalt with citric acid is complies with the ASTM-specifications(D-312 and D-449)[5] for asphalt used in roofing，dampproofing and waterproofing except for the penetration property at 46℃ .</p>&

68、lt;p>　　Fig.5 ilustrates the relationship between the asphahenes percent and citric acid contents.It can be seen that citric acid is well dissolved in asphalt matrix.</p><p>　　The effect of starch contents

69、 on the physica1,me-chemical and chemical properties of the starch joint sealant are shown in Tab.4.To investigate the novel improvement of the properties of the starch ioint sea1ant,the results are compared with the AS

70、TM specifications and MaiBe department of transportation[6].</p><p>　　Examining Tab.4 indicates that sample SJS of joint sealant comply with ASTM D-1191,D-6690-06a and D-7116-05 requirements for ioint sealan

71、t,hot type,fuel resistance types for Portland cement concrete and asphalt concrete Pavements.Howev-</p><p>　　er,these joint sealant samples are resistant to water,fuel,oil and most other liquids and chemical

72、s in a range of conditions,and provide a high level of sealing properties for extended periods of time.It is therefore,recommended for sealinghorizontal and inclined joints on highways,airport runways,bridges,driveway- s

73、,and for interior uses including sealing joints in industrial floors,garage floors ,airplane hangar floor witho-</p><p>　　ut using primer for installation.</p><p>　　In view of the above disclosu

74、re,one skill in the art should understand that one illustrative embodiment of the present study includes a manufactured waterproofing materials with up to about 20％citric acid and 30％starch. A final ilustrative embodi-&l

75、t;/p><p>　　ment of the present study is a method for producing starch jbint sealant, which include the steps of blending asphalt with up to about 20％citric acid and 30％starch at a temperature above about 160 ℃.

76、This blending carried out with the use of a liquid blending agent such as water to disperse the starch particles.</p><p>　　References：</p><p>　　[1]Annual Book of ASTM Standards.2000.Section 4.04

77、-03.</p><p>　　[2]Cagle C V.Handbook of Adhesion Bonding.New York; McGraw-Hill Book Co.,</p><p>　　1973.1-l1.1-13.2 -6. </p><p>　　[3]CIRIA.Civil Engineering Sealant in Wet Conditions

78、.CIR-IA.Technical Note </p><p><b>　　128.1987.</b></p><p>　　[4]Neville A M.Properties of Concrete.London;Longman,1995.</p><p>　　[5] ASTM Standard Specification.2000.

79、D312.04-04.</p><p>　　[6]Maine Department of Transportation.Longitudinal Joint Treatment.Transportation </p><p>　　Research Division.Technical Report 00-18.2006.</p><p>　　[7]Standard

80、 Specification of Asphalt/Rubber Joint Sealant.Section 508.Joint Sealing-</p><p>　　Asphalt to Concrete.2005.298.</p><p>　　[8]Jet Fuel Resistant Joint Sealant.Pacific Polymers lntemationa1.Techni

81、cal Data.</p><p>　　Garden Grove;Elasto-Thane 200Inc.2005.</p><p>　　低成本防水材料的制備</p><p>　　Al—Hadidy AI、譚憶秋、董澤嬌、王佳妮</p><p>　　摘要：為了滿足生產(chǎn)廉價(jià)，單組份，可以密封接縫、混凝土路面裂縫及不使用底漆柔性路面裂縫的高質(zhì)量熱

82、改性密封劑的要求，熱改性瀝青密封劑的生產(chǎn)應(yīng)混合大約20％的檸檬酸和30％的淀粉。淀粉和瀝青水泥的混合溫度在160℃以上。因此，混合檸檬酸的防水瀝青的制造是用于保護(hù)各種形狀和類型的表面漏水。結(jié)果表明,該密封膠符合ASTM(美國材料試驗(yàn)協(xié)會(huì))D-1191，D-45690-06a和D-7116-05的要求。檸檬酸是一種適合于瀝青水泥，可廣泛用于鋪路和建筑防水的可靠材料，這提供了深刻的工程意義和經(jīng)濟(jì)優(yōu)勢。</p><p>

83、;　　關(guān)鍵詞：接縫密封；淀粉；檸檬酸；防水材料；鋪路瀝青</p><p>　　中圖分類號(hào)：U214 文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼：A 文章編號(hào)：1005-9113（2008）04-0547-06</p><p><b>　　一、研究背景</b></p><p>　　本研究涉及防水材料，特別是防水瀝青水泥和接縫密封。</p><p>

84、;　　接縫密封膠和防水瀝青被認(rèn)為是在民用工程領(lǐng)域中使用的主要材料之一。它們的選擇始終徘徊在價(jià)格和性能之間。例如，裂縫處理，包括密封裂縫，裂縫填充處理和裂縫修補(bǔ)，是當(dāng)?shù)卣畽C(jī)構(gòu)對瀝青路面進(jìn)行維修的最常見工作之一。裂縫密封是將材料放置在裂縫中創(chuàng)建一個(gè)防水屏障的方法。經(jīng)常進(jìn)行橫向和縱向裂縫密封，可以防止或大大減少滲透水進(jìn)入路面結(jié)構(gòu)，延長路面使用壽命。</p><p>　　瀝青路面裂縫密封長期以來被視為一年一度預(yù)防維修工

85、程，預(yù)計(jì)每年按3％-4％的速度增長。在有限的維修預(yù)算、雇傭大量勞動(dòng)力和原材料成本昂貴的條件下，減少裂縫密封壽命周期成本是必要的。聚合物改性瀝青裂縫密封材料，由美國測試和材料協(xié)會(huì)[1,2]定義，已經(jīng)證明可以提供5年或更久的服務(wù)壽命。</p><p>　　公路部門用不同的材料和方法來對待瀝青混凝土路面裂縫。一些處理方法比理想，然而，淀粉改性劑的使用并沒有受到世界各國研究人員的重視。 </p><p

86、>　　淀粉是一種性能優(yōu)良的白色粉末，主要由兩個(gè)碳水化合物，直鏈淀粉和支鏈淀粉組成。它的特點(diǎn)是重量輕，比其他傳統(tǒng)的聚合物要便宜得多（0.8美元/公斤）。例如聚乙烯，苯乙烯，丁二烯，苯乙烯，聚丙烯等常規(guī)聚合物。淀粉顆粒大小不等，直徑1-100微米。β-羥基羧酸（檸檬酸）酸是平均粒徑為100目的白色粉末， 是一種非常有益和有效的防腐劑，從天然有機(jī)酸中獲得。 它由10％的重金屬，1 50 ppm的硫酸，不超過0.1個(gè)百分點(diǎn)硫酸化灰分，0.

87、2 ppm的鋁，小于3 ppm的灰分，和350 ppm的草酸鈣組成。這些特性使得檸檬酸和淀粉尤其適合開發(fā)低成本防水材料。</p><p>　　密封膠作為一種防水材料能由于年限和天氣的原因?qū)е率?。這種類型的失效特點(diǎn)往往是變色，開裂和密封劑的表面變硬，而且是溶劑蒸發(fā)，臭氧攻擊，增塑劑遷移，紫外線輻射等個(gè)別作用或聯(lián)合作用的結(jié)果。失效的發(fā)生也可能是由于密封膠沒有完全固化之前發(fā)生移動(dòng)。在其他情況下，密封膠失效的發(fā)生是因?yàn)?/p>

88、循環(huán)移動(dòng)超越了自身的極限。</p><p>　　各種實(shí)驗(yàn)失效的密封膠結(jié)構(gòu)示意圖，如圖1[3,4]。</p><p>　　粘接破損 銜接失敗</p><p>　　剝 落 過度擠壓</p><p>　　入 侵

89、 硬化/風(fēng)化/龜裂</p><p>　　軟 化 支持力</p><p><b>　　濕陷性</b></p><p><b>　　圖1 各種失效形式</b></p><p><b>　?、僬辰悠茡p</b></p&

90、gt;<p>　　這是失效的最常見的類型，由于之間的密封劑和基體結(jié)合的損失。（圖2）[3,4]。</p><p><b>　　②銜接失敗</b></p><p>　　這是移動(dòng)導(dǎo)致的密封材料失效。該運(yùn)動(dòng)的影響很可能使進(jìn)一步發(fā)展失效。（圖3）[3,4]。</p><p>　　圖2 粘接破損 圖3

91、銜接失敗</p><p><b>　?、蹌兟?lt;/b></p><p>　　這破損類似粘接的后果。密封劑粘結(jié)強(qiáng)度大于所采用的材料的表面層強(qiáng)度時(shí)發(fā)生。</p><p><b>　?、苓^度擠壓</b></p><p>　　這是密封膠結(jié)合部分，容易受損壞而無法實(shí)現(xiàn)其功能作用。</p><

92、p>　?、萑肭?這是在交通領(lǐng)域普遍存在的水平接縫。它被砂礫及雜物侵入發(fā)生在密封膠表面。在密封劑粘合后，砂礫不彈出，造成磨損，在極端情況下，損害使得密封劑最終失效。</p><p>　?、抻不?風(fēng)化/龜裂 該密封劑硬化導(dǎo)致裂紋、裂縫的形成。紫外線輻射和臭氧可以使溶劑或增塑劑損失。</p><p><b>　?、哕浕?lt;/b></p>&

93、lt;p>　　不合理的固化熱或光化學(xué)降解的聚合物可能引起密封膠軟化。 ⑧濕陷性 密封膠流動(dòng)，是向下重力的結(jié)果。密封劑失效也可能導(dǎo)致對表面的染色。 ⑨支持力 形狀變化造成的密封膠黏性流動(dòng),最終導(dǎo)致密封部分變細(xì)變薄。</p><p>　　二、詳細(xì)描述研究 淀粉作為改性瀝青劑的一種理想材料有很多原因。首先，它的微觀存在形式是白色顆粒不溶于乙醇，乙醚和冷水。其次，它是由兩個(gè)碳

94、水化合物、直鏈淀粉和支鏈淀粉高度混合的聚合物。再次，大量的低成本淀粉可在世界范圍內(nèi)廣泛使用。 最后，淀粉與其他材料不同，如輪胎，它來源廣泛，是一種自由流動(dòng)的粉末，省卻任何預(yù)處理，直接加入與瀝青攪拌。另一方面，檸檬酸是一種具有防水性能的現(xiàn)成材料，比例如苯乙烯丁二烯苯乙烯（SBS）等聚合物材料要便宜。</p><p>　　由于淀粉粘結(jié)劑和檸檬酸混合的結(jié)果，該粘合劑的物理和化學(xué)性能得到改善。這種改善發(fā)生在粘結(jié)劑的化學(xué)性

95、質(zhì)發(fā)生變化的地方。這種改善的結(jié)果是耐化學(xué)腐蝕和耐高溫性能的提高。</p><p>　　有一種生產(chǎn)的淀粉改性瀝青的方法是淀粉和瀝青融入熱水（60±1℃）中。淀粉顆粒在水中加熱時(shí)逐漸吸收水分膨脹而變厚。如果繼續(xù)加熱，直鏈淀粉和支鏈淀粉顆粒開始變薄，形成的混合物溶于水中。這種顆粒膨脹和破碎化的過程稱為糊化。相比之下，直鏈淀粉和支鏈淀粉顆粒膨脹尺寸較大，膨脹顆?；旌衔镎扯冗h(yuǎn)高于直鏈淀粉或支鏈淀粉的混合物粘度?；?/p>

96、合時(shí)間需要5到10分鐘，這主要取決于混合器的葉輪葉片的配置和電機(jī)的速度而定。此外，有必要繼續(xù)攪拌混合，直到它即將被使用。</p><p>　　檸檬酸與瀝青按不同重量百分比（10％，20％及30％）在160±5℃溫度下混合7分鐘，產(chǎn)生乳香經(jīng)濟(jì)型防水防潮瀝青水泥。</p><p><b>　　2、1實(shí)驗(yàn)</b></p><p><b

97、>　　測試元件的組合：</b></p><p><b>　　2、1、1瀝青水泥</b></p><p>　　該瀝青水泥測試按ASTM(美國材料試驗(yàn)協(xié)會(huì))[3,4]進(jìn)行。這些測試結(jié)果列于表1。</p><p>　　表1 瀝青水泥測試結(jié)果</p><p><b>　　2、1、2碳酸鈣</b

98、></p><p>　　石骨料是碎石和礦物填料通過碎石通過200目篩網(wǎng)獲得。填料的物理和化學(xué)性質(zhì)見表2。</p><p>　　表2 碳酸鈣的物理化學(xué)性質(zhì)</p><p>　　2、1、3淀粉 淀粉化學(xué)式[C6H10O5]n=100—1000，純度為99.2％。淀粉組成見表3。</p><p><b>　　表3 淀粉組成&

99、lt;/b></p><p><b>　　2、1、4檸檬酸</b></p><p>　　檸檬酸，平均粒徑為100目，是一種白色粉末材料，具有純度為99.98％。2、2樣品測試 ①滲透測試：美國ASTM D-5。 ②延展性測試：美國ASTM D-113。 ③軟化點(diǎn)測試：美國ASTM D-36。 ④溶解度測試：美國ASTM D-2O

100、42。 ⑤相容性試驗(yàn)：美國ASTM D-4124。 此外，進(jìn)行以下測試樣品的淀粉接縫密封按美國ASTM[1]方法。</p><p>　　①老化前后的測試：ASTM D-5。</p><p>　　②軟化點(diǎn)試驗(yàn)：美國ASTM D-36。 ③流量試驗(yàn)：美國ASTM D-1191。 ④老化前和后回收率試驗(yàn)：美國ASTM D-5329。</p><

101、p>　?、萑嵝詼y試：美國ASTM D-5329。 ⑥兼容性測試：美國ASTM D-5329。 ⑦密度測試：美國ASTM D-70。 ⑧拉伸附著力：美國ASTM D-4l2。 ⑨耐腐蝕性：美國ASTM D-147。</p><p>　?、饽透邷兀好绹鳤STM D-3569。</p><p>　　在下述段落中描述接縫密封試驗(yàn)：</p><

102、;p>　　2、2、1混凝土粘附拉伸</p><p>　　準(zhǔn)備九個(gè)試樣，使用材料拉伸性能測試系統(tǒng)（MTS一810）測試。試樣分為三組。第一組置于25℃水浴，然后以12.7毫米/分鐘的比例添加。第二組是在零下19 ℃條件下冷卻固化維持3小時(shí)以上，然后以0.05毫米/分鐘比例添加。第三組是在苯溶液中沉浸4小時(shí)，然后以12.7毫米/分鐘的比例添加，記錄壓力值。拉伸附著力測試結(jié)果見表4。</p>&l

103、t;p>　　2、2、2化學(xué)（堿、酸）性試驗(yàn) 兩種淀粉接縫密封組樣本按ASTM D147進(jìn)行耐酸、堿性試驗(yàn)。第一組是將樣品溶液放置在21℃的40％的氫氧化鈉溶液中浸泡1000小時(shí)。第二組是將樣品溶液放置在21℃的95％的鹽酸溶液中浸泡1000小時(shí)。測定在酸堿溶液中樣品溶液的重量損失。耐化學(xué)腐蝕性試樣測試結(jié)果見表4。</p><p>　　2、2、3燃料電阻測試</p><p>