外文翻譯--連續(xù)擠壓機電纜護套鉛合金的發(fā)展

1、<p>　　畢業(yè)論文外文資料翻譯</p><p>　　專 業(yè)： 機械設計制造及其自動化 </p><p>　　姓 名： 王月 </p><p>　　學 號： 07100631 </p><p&

2、gt;　　外文出處：Development of a Continuous Extrusion Machine</p><p>　　for Sheathing Cable with Lead Alloys</p><p>　　附 件： 1.外文資料翻譯譯文 2.外文原文 </p><p>　　附件1：外文資料翻譯譯文</p><p&g

3、t;　　連續(xù)擠壓機電纜護套鉛合金的發(fā)展</p><p><b>　　問題：</b></p><p>　　早在五年前，一個探討改善鉛護套電纜的方式的工作小組已經(jīng)成立。顯然，這將合金的存在提供更好的抗蠕變強度和抗拉強度高，但很明顯，這些都不是完全適合的連續(xù)或間歇性擠壓。因此，工作組進行了兩種類型的研究類型：</p><p>　　1.為了尋找更好的合

4、金和鉛的替代材料等用途，四個項目在這個方向仍很活躍 或已順利完成。</p><p>　　2.要制定一個連續(xù)擠壓機現(xiàn)有的工作能力較高的鉛合金。類似這樣的程序已經(jīng)在考慮由約翰羅伯遜公司的布魯克林的工作的發(fā)展所產(chǎn)生的影響是由此可見作為臨港產(chǎn)業(yè)區(qū)和羅伯遜的共同努力</p><p><b>　　擠出機的發(fā)展</b></p><p>　　連續(xù)的兩個螺桿擠

5、出機的主要類型被方便形容為臥式和立式螺旋機。后者被選定為最適合這項研究工作。</p><p>　　它類似于一般常規(guī)水平螺桿機械。主要改變是一種改進的螺釘,螺桿的住房,增加的功率,和測溫及控制設備。</p><p>　　鉛合金熔滿一水壺將得到9000磅的鉛。它通過水壺里以防止兩折流板連接的渣滓,通過適當?shù)穆輻U擠出機管路的飼料。鉛液流經(jīng)水平連接管,并輸入的下端螺桿腔。上方的鉛合金凝固過程的入口

6、。</p><p>　　垂直溝槽或螺絲的槽腔內(nèi)壁旋轉(zhuǎn)防止固體鉛管造成的它的飛行螺桿作為螺桿旋轉(zhuǎn)使其塑性流動向上移動。頂上出現(xiàn)了螺桿腔，鉛流入其中一個模頭流分裂流過一個心軸重返頂部兩側(cè)，形成一個連續(xù)的管。</p><p>　　在這一點上,模頭的配置的鉛合金模頭做一個直角轉(zhuǎn)彎,流動現(xiàn)在可以安裝在水平位置。電纜芯包圍和攜帶鉛管。電加熱器和冷卻水通道保持理想的溫度時,沿著路線的關(guān)鍵控制點的鉛的流動

7、。</p><p>　　正如所提到的,這種類型的擠出機是能夠生產(chǎn)一個優(yōu)質(zhì)的鞘從白銀級別的領(lǐng)導和一些軸承銅軸承領(lǐng)先。早在1951年初，有人試圖在F- 3砷合金但經(jīng)過短期發(fā)生滑動，拖延，這可能是由于種族隔離制度。</p><p>　　要做一個光滑的工作和其他非常有用的合金F-3一個完整的修訂的溫度控制系統(tǒng)。不僅是一個很大的加熱和冷卻能力添加到那個傳統(tǒng)的機器,但它被安排,使每一個小面積的鉛流沿著

8、路線受到更多的精確控制。</p><p><b>　　擠出機的溫度控制</b></p><p>　　從融化的水壺里有兩組電熱器的總供熱能力90 k w的控制下,兩個熱電偶,其中之一是用于控制水壺輸入端熱量。第二,附近有控制加熱的電源插座。水壺里流出的溫度通過一個溫度控制儀表使其局限在一個狹小的范圍內(nèi),開關(guān)從三角形的加熱元件的Y連接。</p><p&

9、gt;　　離開水壺、鉛流經(jīng)一個在2-kwbayonet加熱器的控制下的一個在熱電偶附近的連接口端部。這條管道通至螺桿腔的底端。這是一種固有的安全設計,自從在不可靠的事件中失效的6自動溫度控制和七個手動控制冷卻線圈的這個觀點被認可,鉛液在水壺里能上升到僅有的高度，低于螺桿腔的頂端是安全的。</p><p>　　螺桿的空間大約3英尺長，被分為三種可控制的加熱區(qū)。電熱器的總?cè)萘繛?0至27kw，加熱在螺旋槽周圍的空間，

10、并受三個并排安裝的八熱電偶控制。此外，有五種水冷卻通道被加工在外殼上。水流量由轉(zhuǎn)子流量計手動控制方式，根據(jù)預設的時間表進行控制。</p><p>　　這樣詳細的規(guī)定,預示著一個艱難的控制加熱溫度問題,事實上，是這樣。首先考慮擠出機的運作，應對不同合金的不同熔點范圍的冶金性能的問題，一部分由于它們的冷卻和凝固率。</p><p>　　此外,固體合金是被迫流過螺桿和螺絲腔表面,約5平方英尺，所

11、有的力都來自螺桿。在這種情況下，50馬力中很大的一部分通過摩擦轉(zhuǎn)化成熱量。在螺桿腔內(nèi)溫度的控制，是成功運作的一個至關(guān)重要的因素。</p><p>　　現(xiàn)在，鉛被迫流入機頭本身。這里再次有兩個水冷卻回路，三個電熱偶其中的兩個控制頂部和底部裝配的溫度。首先，流過護套內(nèi)表面結(jié)構(gòu)復雜的心軸。新興的一端,它上空核心芯棒的地方,通過管道水形成冷卻從而調(diào)節(jié)厚度的護套</p><p>　　在模具的冷卻塊大

12、部分是通過在兩個較低的冷卻水盤管浮子流量計控制。這些消除在模具塊摩擦產(chǎn)生的熱量并保持在溫度約232℃。如果不冷卻，這個模具塊的溫度將達到560F。模具塊和芯棒十分相似，盡管它們在顛倒的位置，因為鉛是從上面喂料而不是從下面。</p><p><b>　　規(guī)格</b></p><p>　　壓力機的研制工作是在一個50馬力1750轉(zhuǎn)的電機前提下進行的。雖然這是可行的，但經(jīng)驗

13、表明，可以有更大的發(fā)展空間，把一個75馬力的電動機安裝在模型上。提出了使用100馬力的電機。在運行穩(wěn)定的前提下，加熱對兩英寸電纜護套的擠出動力可以達到120KW。</p><p>　　馬達安裝在螺桿垂直區(qū)域內(nèi)，驅(qū)動螺桿通過一個70比1的齒輪減速器。兩個齒輪和推力軸承是被強制潤滑和油冷卻的。</p><p>　　伸入到原型螺桿中的銷釘被鉆孔到可以通過35冷卻水管中.由于這一研究成果，目前，商

14、業(yè)單位都配備了六個組合，提供所有的必要冷卻的靈活性。這個空間攜帶一個襯套和從21至42的垂直螺絲，防止銷釘旋轉(zhuǎn)。在里面有八個熱電偶和其中三個控制三個電熱器。另外，加熱元件也是被這些控制的。盡管這些精心設計的控制系統(tǒng)是生產(chǎn)設備所必要的，但已被大大簡化。</p><p>　　冷卻控制螺桿區(qū)域的的校準與最大流量的0.01GPM治理通過5個冷卻回路的冷卻水流量到0.11GPM（每分鐘加侖）五轉(zhuǎn)子流量計。模頭和模具冷卻是實

15、現(xiàn)了類似的冷卻水通道控制。</p><p>　　第二組的儀器是冷卻控制部分，這是由七個轉(zhuǎn)子流量計組成，每一個都有0.01 ~ 0.11之間美制加侖/分鐘。</p><p>　　第三組的其它各種儀器測量操作變量</p><p>　　1.電纜速度記錄儀，每分鐘0至150英尺。2.電機負載指示和記錄電流表。3.電機轉(zhuǎn)速，轉(zhuǎn)速表指示和記錄。4.運行時間記錄。5.電能

16、表。6.相關(guān)的油和水壓力計。</p><p>　　附件2：外文原文（復印件）</p><p>　　Development of a Continuous Extrusion Machine for Sheathing Cable with Lead Alloys</p><p>　　The Problem</p><p>　　

17、As early as 5 years ago, a task group was formed within the LIA to look into ways of improving lead-sheathed cable. Apparently alloys existed which would provide better creep strength and high tensile strength, but it wa

18、s evident that none of these was entirely suitable for continuous or intermittent extrusion. Therefore, the task group undertook two types of research:</p><p>　　1. To find better alloys and alternate lead ma

19、terials for such uses. Four projects in this direction are still active or already successfully completed.</p><p>　　2. To develop a continuous extrusion machine capable of working existing higher alloys of l

20、ead. A program similar to this had been under consideration by the John Robertson Company of Brooklyn, N. Y .Work on the development was therefore undertaken as a joint effort of LIA and</p><p>　　Robertson.&

21、lt;/p><p>　　Developing the Extruder</p><p>　　The two principal types of continuous screw extrusion machines are conveniently described as horizontal and vertical screw machines. The latter was sele

22、cted as the most promising for this research.</p><p>　　In general it is similar to conventional horizontal screw machines. The principal changes are a modified screw and screw housing, increased power, and t

23、he temperature-measuring and control equipment.(The die head has been rotated through 90 degrees in the schematic of Fig. 1. Actually, the cable core is fed from behind the plane of the illustration and the sheathed cabl

24、e emerges toward the reader.)</p><p>　　Lead alloy is melted in a kettle which will hold 9,000 pounds of lead. In the kettle it passes two baffle plates which prevent dross from passing through the connection

25、 pipe which feeds the extruder proper. Molten lead flows through the horizontal connection pipe and enters the lower end of the screw chamber. Just above the entrance the lead alloy solidifies.</p><p>　　Vert

26、ical grooves or flutes in the inner wall of the screw chamber prevent the solid lead tube from rotating while the flight of the screw causes it to move upward (in plastic flow) as the screw is rotated. Emerging from the

27、top of the screw chamber, the lead flows into a die head where the stream is split to flow past both sides of a mandrel to rejoin at the top, forming a continuous tube.</p><p>　　At this point the configurati

28、on of the die head forces the lead alloy to make a right-angle turn, flowing now horizontally.The cable core is surrounded by the lead tube and carried along by it. Electric heaters and cooling water passages hold the de

29、sired temperatures at critical points along the route of the lead flow.</p><p>　　As has been mentioned, this type of extrusion machine is capable of producing a good-quality sheath from silver bearing lead a

30、nd some grades of copper bearing lead. As early as 1951, it was tried on F-3 arsenical alloy but after a short run slippage and stalling occurred, probably owing to segregation.</p><p>　　To do a smooth job w

31、ith F-3 and the other desirable alloys a complete revision of the temperature control system was made. Not only was a great deal of heating and cooling capacity added to that of the conventional machine, but it was arran

32、ged so that each small surface area along the route of lead flow was brought under more accurate control.</p><p>　　TEMPERATURE CONTROLS OF THE EXTRUDER</p><p>　　Starting at the melting kettle th

33、ere are two groups of electric heaters with a total heating capacity of 90 k w under the control of two thermocouples, one of which is located at, and controls heat to, the input end of the kettle. The second, located ne

34、ar the outlet, controls heating there. The outflow temperature at the kettle is confined to a narrow range by means of a temperature control instrument which switches the heating elements from delta to Y connections.<

35、/p><p>　　Leaving the kettle, the lead flows through a connection pipe with a 2-kwbayonet heater under control of a thermocouple near the exit end of the pipe. This pipe delivers the lead to the lower end of the

36、 vertical screw chamber. This is an inherently safe design since, in the unlikely event of failure of the six automatic temperature controls and seven manually controlled cooling coils from this point on, molten lead cou

37、ld rise only to its level in the kettle, which is safely below the top of the s</p><p>　　The screw housing, about 3 feet long, is divided into three controlled heating zones. Electric heaters with a total ca

38、pacity of 20 to 27 k w are carried in machined spiral grooves surrounding the housing and are controlled by three of the eight thermocouples mounted in a vertical row. In addition, there are five water-cooling channels m

39、achined into the housing wall. The water flow is controlled manually by means of rotameters, according to a preset schedule.</p><p>　　Such elaborate provisions for temperature control bespeak a difficult hea

40、t problem, and indeed, this is the case. Consider first that the extrusion machine must operate with a variety of alloys of varying melting ranges whose metallurgical properties are controlled, in part, by their cooling

41、and solidification rates.</p><p>　　Furthermore, the solid alloy is forced to flow past the screw and screw housing wall surfaces, approximately 5 square ft (feet) in all, solely by the force exerted by the s

42、crew. Under such conditions a large part of the applied 50-hp (horsepower) is converted to heat by friction. Control of temperature in the screw chamber is the most critical requirement for a successful operation.</p&

43、gt;<p>　　Now, the lead is forced to flow into the die head itself. Here again there are two water-cooling circuits and two of the three thermocouples in the head control heaters at the top and bottom of the assemb

44、ly. First, the lead flows over a complex mandrel which forms the inner surface of the sheath. Emerging from the end of the mandrel it passes over a core where the pipe is formed and then through water cooled dies which r

45、egulates the thickness of the sheath.</p><p>　　Most of the cooling in the die block is accomplished by the two lower water cooling coils under rotameter control. These remove the heat generated by friction i

46、n the die block and hold the temperature to about 450 F. Without this cooling the die block temperature would rise to about 560 F. The die block and mandrel are quite similar to those used in the intermittent press, alth

47、ough they lie in an inverted position, since lead is fed from beneath rather than from above.</p><p>　　SPECIFICATIONS</p><p>　　Development work on the extrusion machine was carried on with a 50-

48、hp 1,750-rpm motor. While this was workable,experience showed the desirability of more power, and a 75-hp motor was installed on the prototype. Proposed larger units will be powered by 100-hp motors. In steady operation,

49、 the combination of heating and driving power for extrusion of sheath on 2-inch cable will average about 120 kw.</p><p>　　The motor is mounted vertically beside the screw housing and drives the screw through

50、 a 70-to-1 gear reduction train . Both gears and thrust bearing are force-lubricated and cooled by oil.</p><p>　　The prototype's screw housing was drilled and piped with water-cooling circuits and flexib

51、le hose connections to permit 35 cooling combinations.As a result of this research, present commercial units are equipped with six cooling combinations which provide all of the flexibility necessary. The housing carries

52、a liner with from 21 to 42 vertical flutes to prevent rotation of the lead by the screw. There are eight thermocouple locations in the housing and three electric heaters to be controlled fro</p><p>　　Cooling

53、 of the screw housing is controlled by five rotameters calibrated to the nearest 0.01I gpm (gallons per minute)with a maximum flow of 0.11 gpm to govern flow of cooling water through the five cooling circuits within the

54、housing wall. Die head and die cooling are achieved by similar cooling water passages and rotamneter control.</p><p>　　The second group of instruments is the cooling control section. This is made up of seven

55、 rotameters, each with a range of 0.01 to 0.11 gpm.</p><p>　　The third group of instruments measures a variety of other operating variables:</p><p>　　1. Cable speed recorder-0 to 150 feet per mi

56、nute.</p><p>　　2. Motor load-indicating and recording ammeter.</p><p>　　3. Motor speed-indicating and recording tachometer.</p><p>　　4. Running-time recorder.</p><p>