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1、<p>  Last scanner control system development</p><p>  鞋楦掃描機(jī)的控制系統(tǒng)的開發(fā)</p><p>  1 Introduction </p><p>  In the global footwear industry, which has been China's footwear indu

2、stry is. A short period of 10 years, China has risen remarkably, to the world's largest footwear producer and exporter. The rapid development of the footwear industry was driven by the shoe last industry, more and mo

3、re shoe styles, and also requires constant renovation shoe last, which led to the shoe last from durable goods become consumables. Mechanical shoe last copying machine is used for processing principle, it implements</

4、p><p><b>  1 引言</b></p><p>  在全球制鞋業(yè)中,中國制鞋業(yè)可謂異軍突起。短短的十多年,中國一躍升為全球最大的鞋類生產(chǎn)國和出口國。制鞋業(yè)的迅猛發(fā)展也帶動(dòng)了鞋楦業(yè),鞋子的樣式越來越多,就要求鞋楦也要不斷翻新,這促成了鞋楦從耐用品變成易耗品。機(jī)械鞋楦機(jī)采用的是仿形加工的原理,它實(shí)現(xiàn)了鞋楦加工的批量生產(chǎn),帶來了鞋楦業(yè)的飛速發(fā)展。但是機(jī)械鞋楦機(jī)也有其不

5、可避免的缺點(diǎn):首先,從產(chǎn)品角度來講,它加工出來的鞋楦的鞋幫兩側(cè),總有幾道較明顯的縱痕,鞋楦很不光滑,這對于要求越來越高的制鞋業(yè)來說,是不能滿足要求的;其次,機(jī)械鞋楦機(jī)在實(shí)現(xiàn)鞋楦的縮放時(shí),需要工人憑經(jīng)驗(yàn)手工調(diào)整機(jī)器,這對工人要求比較高;再次,也是最重要的,傳統(tǒng)的加工方法無法建立工件尺寸的文件,也無法做任何的外形修改。</p><p>  2 NC-shoe last two figures of reverse e

6、ngineering system </p><p>  Last CNC machine can be avoided mechanical shoe last machine shortcomings. CNC machine using digital shoe last of the reverse engineering system, the digital system in the reverse

7、 engineering of the shoe last model 3D scanning, are three-dimensional model of data files, by addressing data file (such as dealing with a smooth surface, interpolation processing, etc.) Implementation of the shoe last

8、scalable model, and change the shoe last machined surface of the helix pitch, thereby improving the q</p><p>  Figure 1 NC shoe last for the number of reverse engineering flowchart     

9、Last abroad NC machine has been very well so far, in the practical application has been greatly affirmed. Our domestic Due to various reasons, a late start, the author of the reference laboratory in foreign machinery und

10、er the premise of the practical application as the main purpose of NC Machine for shoe last for domestic enterprises in the area to provide some reference. Last of the NC machines composed of two parts, p</p><

11、p>  2 數(shù)控鞋楦機(jī)的數(shù)字化逆向工程系統(tǒng)</p><p>  數(shù)控鞋楦機(jī)可以避免機(jī)械鞋楦機(jī)的缺點(diǎn)。數(shù)控鞋楦機(jī)采用數(shù)字化的逆向工程系統(tǒng),數(shù)字化的逆向工程系統(tǒng)在對鞋楦模型進(jìn)行三維掃描后,得到模型的三維數(shù)據(jù)文件,通過處理數(shù)據(jù)文件(如表面光滑處理,插值處理等),實(shí)現(xiàn)對鞋楦模型的縮放,并能改變鞋楦加工表面的螺旋線的螺距,從而改善加工表面的質(zhì)量。同時(shí),所得數(shù)據(jù)文件可以存入電腦,需要時(shí)可再調(diào)出來,同一類型的鞋楦只需掃描

12、一次,管理非常方便。顯然,這樣的數(shù)字化逆向工程系統(tǒng)才是滿足現(xiàn)代鞋楦業(yè)的發(fā)展的。數(shù)控鞋楦機(jī)的數(shù)字逆向工程流程圖如圖1所示:</p><p>  圖1 數(shù)控鞋楦機(jī)的數(shù)字逆向工程流程圖</p><p>  國外的數(shù)控鞋楦機(jī)到目前為止已經(jīng)非常完善了,在實(shí)際應(yīng)用中也得到極大肯定。我們國內(nèi)由于種種原因,起步較晚,所以筆者所在實(shí)驗(yàn)室在參考國外機(jī)器的前提下,以實(shí)際應(yīng)用作為主要目的,進(jìn)行數(shù)控鞋楦機(jī)的研制,為

13、國內(nèi)在該領(lǐng)域的企業(yè)提供一些參考。該數(shù)控鞋楦機(jī)有兩部分組成,一部分是掃描機(jī),它通過掃描得到鞋楦的三維數(shù)據(jù),另一部分是刻楦機(jī),它利用掃描得到的三維數(shù)據(jù)加工出鞋楦。本文主要討論鞋楦掃描機(jī)的控制系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì),只有掃描得到的數(shù)據(jù)文件準(zhǔn)確,才能保證加工出來的鞋楦的質(zhì)量,因此鞋楦掃描機(jī)是實(shí)現(xiàn)鞋楦加工的基礎(chǔ)和前提。</p><p>  3 shoe last scanners scan Principle </p>&

14、lt;p>  First, a brief introduction to the shoe last scanner scanning principle, as shown in Figure 2. </p><p>  Figure 2 shoe last scanners scan schematic      As shown below, driven

15、shoe last X-axis of rotation, Y-axis is at the center shoe last, in the Z-axis length shoe last move, that is, the direction of mobile scanning round. Last scanner using contact measurement, measurement tools used for sc

16、anning round, it installed in the Y-axis direction, scanning round rely on the shoe last, behind by the pump withstand, scanning round of the campaign with the shoes before and after moving, behind the wheel </p>

17、<p>  3 鞋楦掃描機(jī)的掃描原理</p><p>  首先,簡要介紹一下鞋楦掃描機(jī)的掃描原理,如下圖2所示。</p><p>  圖2 鞋楦掃描機(jī)的掃描原理圖</p><p>  如上圖所示,X軸帶動(dòng)鞋楦的自轉(zhuǎn),Y軸為指向鞋楦中心線,Z軸在鞋楦長度方向移動(dòng),即掃描輪移動(dòng)的方向。鞋楦掃描機(jī)采用接觸式測量方式,所用測量工具為掃描輪,它安裝在Y軸方向,掃描輪

18、靠在鞋楦上,其后面由氣泵頂著,掃描輪隨著鞋子的運(yùn)動(dòng)而前后移動(dòng),掃描輪后面的光柵尺采集鞋楦數(shù)據(jù)。</p><p>  4 shoe last scan machine control system outlined    Last scanner using PC as a PC, using the object-oriented language VC + + software desi

19、gn, development, through the Motion Control Card drive system and three-axis collection of data by scanning data files, for use in processing. PC operating as a scanner interface, complete data analysis, processing and t

20、he implementation of the control, and other tasks. Motion Control Card as a control center, sending and receiving complete pulse. Accept boa</p><p>  Figure 3 diagram of the control system    

21、;  Below are introduced Motion Control Card, servo motor and optical grating choice and control.</p><p>  4 鞋楦掃描機(jī)的控制系統(tǒng)概述</p><p>  鞋楦掃描機(jī)采用PC機(jī)作為上位機(jī),利用面向?qū)ο蟮恼Z言VC++進(jìn)行軟件設(shè)計(jì)、開發(fā),通過運(yùn)動(dòng)控制卡驅(qū)動(dòng)系統(tǒng)并采集三根軸的數(shù)據(jù)

22、,得到掃描數(shù)據(jù)文件,以用于加工。上位機(jī)作為掃描機(jī)的操作界面,完成數(shù)據(jù)分析、處理以及對執(zhí)行機(jī)構(gòu)的控制等任務(wù)。運(yùn)動(dòng)控制卡作為控制核心,完成發(fā)送及接收脈沖。伺服電機(jī)接受板卡發(fā)送的脈沖,驅(qū)動(dòng)各個(gè)軸運(yùn)動(dòng),同時(shí),伺服電機(jī)編碼器反饋給運(yùn)動(dòng)控制。整個(gè)控制系統(tǒng)簡圖如下圖3所示。</p><p>  圖3 控制系統(tǒng)總框圖</p><p>  下面主要介紹運(yùn)動(dòng)控制卡,伺服電機(jī)以及光柵尺的選擇及控制。</p

23、><p>  4.1 Motion Control Card choice and control    In the scanning system, the Motion Control Card is the core of the whole system, choose a suitable motion control card is very important.  

24、  In the scanning process, the motion control card and the need to control the X-axis Z-axis servo motors, motion control card not only to send pulses to the motor drives, servo motor at the same time accept encode

25、r feedback pulses. Motion Control Card also accepted optical grating feedback signal. Because it </p><p>  Figure 4 S-curve velocity and acceleration    Since S curve in a trapezoidal mode runs a

26、t the merits of this system are used in the operation mode S-curve. Before the start of the scan, in order to measure the floor straight shoe last longer need to shoe last turn certain angle, and then use fixed-length op

27、eration mode. In the scanning process, the Z-axis and the X-axis but at the same time the implementation of an independent movement, and movement is continuous. This two-axis at the same tim</p><p>  4.1 運(yùn)動(dòng)控

28、制卡的選擇及控制  在掃描系統(tǒng)中,運(yùn)動(dòng)控制卡是整個(gè)系統(tǒng)的核心,因此選擇合適的運(yùn)動(dòng)控制卡是很重要的。    在掃描過程中,運(yùn)動(dòng)控制卡需要控制Z軸和X軸的伺服電機(jī),運(yùn)動(dòng)控制卡不僅要發(fā)送脈沖給電機(jī)驅(qū)動(dòng)器,同時(shí)接受伺服電機(jī)編碼器反饋的脈沖數(shù)。運(yùn)動(dòng)控制卡還接受光柵尺反饋信號(hào)。由于是采集鞋楦三維的數(shù)據(jù),采樣點(diǎn)越密集,加工出來的產(chǎn)品越光滑。在本系統(tǒng)中,設(shè)定鞋楦轉(zhuǎn)一圈需要采樣幾百個(gè)點(diǎn),因此對運(yùn)動(dòng)控制卡的

29、驅(qū)動(dòng)輸出脈沖要求比較高,對編碼器輸入頻率也有一定要求,控制軸數(shù)要求三軸。綜合考慮各種性能以及經(jīng)濟(jì)性等,選擇深圳雷賽公司的DMC3000系列運(yùn)動(dòng)控制卡。    本系統(tǒng)的運(yùn)動(dòng)控制卡是基于PCI總線的高性能運(yùn)動(dòng)控制卡,可控制多達(dá)四軸步進(jìn)或伺服電機(jī)。此系列具有即插即用、最高4MHz脈沖頻率、S曲線減振功能、編碼器反饋、隨時(shí)變速等高級(jí)功能。    本運(yùn)動(dòng)控制卡的每一軸的兩個(gè)信號(hào)輸

30、出口PUL和DIR可用來輸出脈沖和方向信號(hào),這兩個(gè)輸出口可以由程序設(shè)成正脈沖+反脈沖(雙脈沖)模式或脈沖+方向模式(單脈沖)。本系統(tǒng)采用脈沖+方向形式,并設(shè)定脈沖為差分輸出方式,在差分輸出模式下,每一個(gè)信號(hào)</p><p>  圖4 S曲線速度及加速度</p><p>  由于S曲線運(yùn)行模式較于梯形速度運(yùn)行模式的優(yōu)點(diǎn),本系統(tǒng)中均采用S曲線運(yùn)行模式。在掃描開始前,為了測量鞋楦的底板直長,需要

31、將鞋楦轉(zhuǎn)過一定角度,這時(shí)采用定長運(yùn)行模式。在掃描過程中,Z軸和X軸執(zhí)行同時(shí)但獨(dú)立的運(yùn)動(dòng),并且是連續(xù)運(yùn)動(dòng)。同時(shí)保證這兩根軸以一定的比例速度運(yùn)動(dòng)。實(shí)際情況證明,本運(yùn)動(dòng)控制卡能滿足本系統(tǒng)的要求,實(shí)現(xiàn)鞋楦數(shù)據(jù)的三維掃描,從而得到鞋楦三維據(jù)文件。</p><p>  4.2 servo motor control and choice Since the control system for the real-tim

32、e requirement is relatively high, motion control card sent to the motor drive pulses to the pulse motor immediately, not delayed, not wrong. Thus the control system could not be used stepper motor and servo motor systems

33、 must be used. At the same time servo motor control with high accuracy, strong Guozainaili, speed response performance, and reliable operation of a series of advantages. In this system, we have selecte</p><p&g

34、t;  4.2 伺服電機(jī)的選擇及控制</p><p>  由于本控制系統(tǒng)對實(shí)時(shí)性要求比較高,運(yùn)動(dòng)控制卡發(fā)送脈沖給電機(jī)驅(qū)動(dòng)器,要求電機(jī)立即發(fā)脈沖,不得延遲,不得有誤。因此本控制系統(tǒng)不能采用步進(jìn)電機(jī),而必須采用伺服電機(jī)系統(tǒng)。同時(shí)伺服電機(jī)具有控制精度高,較強(qiáng)的過載能力,速度響應(yīng)性能好,運(yùn)行性能可靠等一系列優(yōu)點(diǎn)。在本系統(tǒng)中,我們選用Panasonic全數(shù)字式交流伺服驅(qū)動(dòng)器MSDA0231A1A,配置的伺服電機(jī)為MSM02

35、2A1。驅(qū)動(dòng)器所帶電機(jī)的額定輸出功率為1.5kw,旋轉(zhuǎn)編碼器為增量型2500P/r,輸入電源為3相220V,額定速度為2000r/m。 本系統(tǒng)中要求到位比較準(zhǔn)確迅速,由于在鞋楦轉(zhuǎn)一圈(即X軸轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)一圈)需要采樣幾百個(gè)點(diǎn),因此對伺服系統(tǒng)的響應(yīng)要求比較高。同時(shí),伺服電機(jī)的參數(shù)對掃描質(zhì)量也有一定影響。在系統(tǒng)采用的控制模式下,將伺服電機(jī)的參數(shù)調(diào)整到比較好的情況,主要是以下幾個(gè)參數(shù)。</p><p>  1.參數(shù)NO

36、.10(第一位置環(huán)增益)定義位置控制的響應(yīng)曲線,增益設(shè)定越高,定位時(shí)間越快。    2.參數(shù)NO.11(第一速度環(huán)增益)和參數(shù)NO.10一起獲得伺服系統(tǒng)的總響應(yīng)曲線。盡可能設(shè)定高增益。    3.參數(shù)NO.15(速度前饋)設(shè)定位置控制中速度前饋量。在電機(jī)恒速運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)時(shí),若將此值設(shè)為100%,位置偏差幾乎為零。此值設(shè)定得較高,可在較小的位置偏差獲得較快反應(yīng),但可能會(huì)導(dǎo)致超

37、調(diào)。 通過對NO.46,NO.4B參數(shù)的設(shè)置,可以很方便的與各種頻率的指令脈沖相匹配,以達(dá)到理想的控制分辨率(角度/脈沖)。二者的值差異過大會(huì)造成控制精度下降。所以推薦設(shè)置NO.46/NO.4B(即:電子齒輪比)為:1/50<電子齒輪比<20。4.3 optical grating choice and control         

38、         </p><p>  In the control system, grating Y-axis device for the collection of data, it installed in the back of scanning round, the scanning process, moving around constantly

39、 scanning round, which will stimulate mobile device grating, grating device to collect feedback to the pulse signal movement control card. With practical applications, considering the accuracy, reliability, economy, and

40、other factors, we selected FAGOR MVX-225 linear optical grating. It uses the glass chrome scale Ceju 20 um, accuracy </p><p>  4.3 光柵尺的選擇及控制  在本控制系統(tǒng)中,光柵尺用于采集Y軸數(shù)據(jù),它安裝在掃描輪的后面,在掃描過程中,掃描輪不斷前后移動(dòng),從而帶動(dòng)光柵

41、尺移動(dòng),光柵尺采集到的脈沖信號(hào)反饋到運(yùn)動(dòng)控制卡。結(jié)合實(shí)際應(yīng)用情況,考慮精度、可靠性、經(jīng)濟(jì)性等各種因素,我們選用FAGOR MVX-225線性光柵尺。它采用的玻璃鍍鉻刻度柵距為20um,精度為±5um,分辨率為1um,其輸出信號(hào)為差動(dòng)TTL信號(hào),輸出信號(hào)周期“T”為4um,最大速度為60m/min。由于在本系統(tǒng)中,光柵尺需要不停前后移動(dòng),而該光柵尺讀數(shù)頭移動(dòng)采用滾動(dòng)軸承,可最小限度減小磨損,大大提高使用壽命,該光柵尺的移動(dòng)壽命超

42、過9000km。  FAGOR反饋系統(tǒng)提供的電信號(hào)是通過鍍刻在直尺上的鉻線柵格,通過光電處理轉(zhuǎn)換成電信號(hào)。FAGOR反饋系統(tǒng)用紅外線發(fā)光二極管作為光源,這種光源具有安全、可靠和壽命長的特點(diǎn)。  為在測量中提供一個(gè)絕對參考點(diǎn),在線性光柵尺臨近反饋刻線的某些位置提供參考點(diǎn)標(biāo)記信號(hào)。此標(biāo)記信號(hào)是由特定的刻線產(chǎn)生的一個(gè)脈沖,當(dāng)運(yùn)行通過該點(diǎn)時(shí)能確定機(jī)床的絕對位置,這主要是為防止數(shù)控機(jī)床掉電后軸意外移動(dòng)而

43、產(chǎn)生誤差。FAGOR線性光柵尺</p><p>  5 CONCLUSION                      As mentioned, motion control card, servo systems and optical grati

44、ng pose a shoe last scanners digital control system. Actual proof, the entire control system stable operation, the data will be scanning documents for shoe last carved Last machining, processing the products very smooth

45、and completely avoid the mechanical shoe last of the shortcomings will be able to meet the needs of the market. </p><p>  5 結(jié)束語   如上,運(yùn)動(dòng)控制卡,伺服系統(tǒng)和光柵尺構(gòu)成了鞋楦掃描機(jī)的數(shù)字控制系統(tǒng)。實(shí)際證明,整個(gè)控制系統(tǒng)運(yùn)作非常穩(wěn)定,將掃描得到的數(shù)據(jù)文件用于鞋

46、楦刻楦機(jī)加工,加工出來的產(chǎn)品很光滑,完全避免了機(jī)械鞋楦機(jī)的缺點(diǎn),能夠滿足市場的需求。References:      1. Xu Qin Sun library for a long, "3-D reverse engineering" China's measures Press      2. Shenzhen Lead

47、shine DMC3000 hardware manual control panel      3. Shenzhen Leadshine DMC3000 manual control panel software      4. Panasonic AC servo motor drive MINAS A series of Use  &

48、#160;   5. FAGOR grating device for use</p><p>  參考文獻(xiàn):    1.許智欽 孫長庫 編著 《3D逆向工程技術(shù)》 中國計(jì)量出版社    2.深圳雷賽DMC3000控制板硬件手冊    3.深圳雷賽DMC3000控制板軟件手冊  

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