外文翻譯--液壓油

1、<p><b>　　附錄2</b></p><p><b>　　英文原文</b></p><p>　　Hydraulic fluids</p><p>　　Hydraulic fluids are a large group of fluids used as the motive medium in hydra

2、ulic machinery. Fluid types include synthetic compounds, mineral oil, water, and water-based mixtures. The fluids are found in machinery and equipment ranging from brakes, power steering systems, and transmissions to bac

3、khoes, excavators, garbage trucks and industrial shredders. Hydraulic systems are very common in aircraft flight control systems. </p><p>　　Hydraulic systems like the ones mentioned above will work most effi

4、ciently if the hydraulic fluid used has low compressibility. </p><p>　　Because industrial hydraulic systems operate at hundreds to thousands of PSI and temperatures reaching hundreds of degrees Celsius, seve

5、re injuries and death can result from component failures and care must always be taken when performing maintenance on hydraulic systems. </p><p>　　Fire resistance is a property available with specialized flu

6、ids. </p><p>　　The use of hydraulic systems in aircraft almost certainly began with braking systems.[citation needed] As aircraft performance increased in mid-20th century, the amount of force required to op

7、erate mechanical flight controls became excessive, and hydraulic systems were introduced to reduce pilot effort. The hydraulic actuators are controlled by valves; these in turn are operated directly by input from the air

8、crew (hydro-mechanical) or by computers obeying control laws (fly by wire). See flight c</p><p>　　Hydraulic power is used for other purposes. It can be stored in accumulators to start an auxiliary power unit

9、 (APU) for self-starting the aircraft's main engines. Many aircraft equipped with the M61 family of cannon use hydraulic power to drive the gun system, permitting reliable high rates of fire. </p><p>　　T

10、he hydraulic power itself comes from pumps driven by the engines directly, or by electrically driven pumps. Electric pumps can provide both redundancy and the means of operating hydraulic systems without starting the eng

11、ines, which can be very useful during maintenance. </p><p>　　Aircraft hydraulic fluids fall under various specifications: Exposure to hydraulic fluids occurs mainly in the workplace. Drinking certain types

12、of hydraulic fluids can cause death in humans, and swallowing or inhaling certain types of hydraulic fluids has caused nerve damage in animals. Contact with some types of hydraulic fluids can irritate your skin or eyes.

13、These substances have been found in at least 10 of the 1,428 National Priorities List sites identified by the Environmental Protection</p><p>　　What is hydraulic fluids? </p><p>　　Hydraulic flui

14、ds are a large group of liquids made of many kinds of chemicals. They are used in automobile automatic transmissions, brakes, and power steering; fork lift trucks; tractors; bulldozers; industrial machinery; and airplane

15、s. The three most common types of hydraulic fluids are mineral oil, organophosphate ester, and polyalphaolefin. Some of the trade names for hydraulic fluids include Durad®, Fyrquel®, Skydrol®, Houghton-Saf

16、e®, Pydraul®, Reofos®, Reolube®, and Quintolubric®. (Use of t</p><p>　　Some hydraulic fluids have a bland, oily smell and others have no smell; some will burn and some will not burn.

17、 Certain hydraulic fluids are produced from crude oil and others are manufactured. </p><p>　　What happens to hydraulic fluids when it enters the environment? </p><p>　　Hydraulic fluids can enter

18、 the environment from spills, leaks in machines that use them, or from storage areas and waste sites. </p><p>　　If spilled on soil, some of the ingredients in hydraulic fluids will stay on top and others wil

19、l sink into the groundwater. </p><p>　　In water, some hydraulic fluids' ingredients will transfer to the bottom and can stay there for more than a year. </p><p>　　Certain chemicals in hydrau

20、lic fluids may break down in air, soil, or water, but how much breaks down isn't known. </p><p>　　Fish may contain some hydraulic fluids if they live in contaminated water. </p><p>　　How mig

21、ht I be exposed to hydraulic fluids? </p><p>　　Touching or swallowing hydraulic fluids. </p><p>　　Breathing hydraulic fluids in the air near machines where hydraulic fluids are used. </p>

22、<p>　　Touching contaminated water or soil near hazardous waste sites or industrial manufacturing facilities that use or make hydraulic fluids. </p><p>　　How can hydraulic fluids affect my health? </

23、p><p>　　Little is known about how hydraulic fluids can affect your health. Since hydraulic fluids are actually mixtures of chemicals, some of the effects seen may be caused by additives in the hydraulic fluids.

24、 </p><p>　　In people, the effects of breathing air with high levels of hydraulic fluids are not known. Drinking large amounts of some types of hydraulic fluids can cause pneumonia, intestinal bleeding, or de

25、ath in humans. Weakness of the hands was seen in a worker who touched a lot of hydraulic fluids. </p><p>　　Rabbits that inhaled very high levels of one type of hydraulic fluid had trouble breathing, congeste

26、d lungs, and became drowsy. The nervous systems of animals that swallowed or inhaled other hydraulic fluids were affected immediately with tremors, diarrhea, sweating, breathing difficulty, and sometimes several weeks la

27、ter with weakness of the limbs, or paralysis. The immediate effects are caused because hydraulic fluids stop the action of certain enzymes, called cholinesterases, in the body. The</p><p>　　Is there a medica

28、l test to show whether I've been exposed to hydraulic fluids? Hydraulic fluids can't be measured in blood, urine, or feces, but certain chemicals in the hydraulic fluids can be measured. Some of the hydraulic fl

29、uids stop the activity of certain enzymes, called cholinesterases, in blood and this activity can be measured. However, many other chemicals also cause this effect. This test isn't available at most doctors' offi

30、ces, but can be done at special laboratories that have the </p><p>　　Has the federal government made recommendations to protect human health? </p><p>　　There are no federal government recommenda

31、tions to protect humans from the health effects of the major hydraulic fluids. However, mineral oil, the major chemical ingredient of one type of hydraulic fluid, is part of the petroleum distillate class of chemicals an

32、d there are regulations for these chemicals. </p><p>　　The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) has set an exposure limit of 2,000 milligram per cubic meter (mg/m³) petroleum distillates

33、 for an 8-hour workday, 40-hour workweek. The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) recommends an exposure limit of 350 mg/m³ petroleum distillates for a 10-hour workday, 40-hour workweek. &l

34、t;/p><p><b>　　Glossary </b></p><p>　　Additive: Substance added to another in small amounts to improve its properties. </p><p>　　CAS: Chemical Abstracts Service. </p>

35、<p>　　Carcinogenicity: Ability to cause cancer. </p><p>　　Petroleum Distillate: A chemical fraction of petroleum</p><p><b>　　中文譯文</b></p><p><b>　　液壓油</b&g

36、t;</p><p>　　液壓油是一種作為動(dòng)力傳輸使用很廣泛的液體。流體類型包括合成化合物，礦物油，水和水基混合物。流體在機(jī)器及設(shè)備，包括剎車，動(dòng)力轉(zhuǎn)向系統(tǒng)，傳輸， 推土機(jī)，挖掘機(jī)，垃圾車及工業(yè)碎紙機(jī)中都出現(xiàn)過(guò)。液壓系統(tǒng)在飛機(jī)飛行控制系統(tǒng)中是非常普遍的。</p><p>　　如果液壓油用低壓縮的話，像上述液壓系統(tǒng)工作是最有效的，。</p><p>　　在液壓系統(tǒng)中，

37、因?yàn)楣I(yè)液壓系統(tǒng)在數(shù)百至數(shù)千防擴(kuò)散安全倡議及溫度達(dá)到數(shù)百攝氏度的運(yùn)作，造成嚴(yán)重受傷和死亡的結(jié)果，必須時(shí)刻注意。</p><p>　　耐火是液壓油使用的需要。</p><p>　　液壓系統(tǒng)在飛機(jī)的開(kāi)始與制動(dòng)系統(tǒng)中使用幾乎是肯定的。 [引文需要] 在20世紀(jì)中期，飛機(jī)性能的提高，使機(jī)械操作不能滿足控制需要，液壓系統(tǒng)的出現(xiàn)，減輕了飛行員的操作壓力。閥控制了液壓致動(dòng)器;這些反過(guò)來(lái)又是直接經(jīng)營(yíng)的投入

38、，液壓機(jī)械或由計(jì)算機(jī)控制航線 ，飛行管制。</p><p>　　液壓動(dòng)力可用于其他用途。它可以儲(chǔ)存在蓄電池啟動(dòng)輔助動(dòng)力單元（ APU ）為自動(dòng)啟動(dòng)飛機(jī)的主引擎。許多飛機(jī)配備了液壓動(dòng)力來(lái)驅(qū)動(dòng)火炮系統(tǒng)，防火可靠率高。</p><p>　　液壓動(dòng)力本身是來(lái)自水泵的直接驅(qū)動(dòng)引擎，或者是電動(dòng)泵。電動(dòng)水泵，可以提供沒(méi)有啟動(dòng)引擎的冗余和手段經(jīng)營(yíng)液壓系統(tǒng)，它在維修工程中是可以非常適用的，。</p&g

39、t;<p>　　飛機(jī)液壓流體有各種規(guī)格：</p><p>　　接觸到液壓油主要發(fā)生在工作場(chǎng)所。飲用某些類型的液壓油可導(dǎo)致人類死亡，吞咽或吸入某些類型的液壓油，可造成動(dòng)物的神經(jīng)損傷。接觸到某些類型的液壓油可以刺激您的皮膚或眼睛。這些物質(zhì)被列在至少10個(gè)國(guó)家的優(yōu)先事項(xiàng)清單中所確定的環(huán)境保護(hù)政策里。</p><p><b>　　什么是液壓油？</b></

40、p><p>　　液壓油是一個(gè)許多種化學(xué)品制成的大集團(tuán)的液體。它們被用來(lái)在汽車自動(dòng)變速器，制動(dòng)器，以及動(dòng)力轉(zhuǎn)向;叉車;拖拉機(jī);推土機(jī);工業(yè)機(jī)械和飛機(jī)上。三種最常見(jiàn)的類型的液壓油是礦物油，有機(jī)酯。一些業(yè)內(nèi)人士的名字被命名的液壓油，包括Durad®, Fyrquel®, Skydrol®, Houghton-Safe®, Pydraul®, Reofos®, Re

41、olube®, and Quintolubric®。（使用商品名稱僅是為了進(jìn)行識(shí)別，并不意味著通過(guò)該機(jī)構(gòu)為有毒物質(zhì)和疾病登記，公共衛(wèi)生服務(wù)，或美國(guó)商務(wù)部的衛(wèi)生與人類服務(wù)） 。</p><p>　　一些液壓油有一個(gè)空洞，含油氣味或沒(méi)有臭味;有些人會(huì)燒傷而其他的將不會(huì)燒傷。某些液壓油用原油及其他制品生產(chǎn)。</p><p>　　當(dāng)它進(jìn)入特定環(huán)境時(shí)液壓油會(huì)發(fā)生什么變化呢？ &l

42、t;/p><p>　　液壓油可以進(jìn)入免受泄漏，泄漏的機(jī)器上使用它們，或儲(chǔ)藏區(qū)和廢品站等環(huán)境。</p><p>　　如果溢油進(jìn)入土壤，其中一些成分的液壓油將繼續(xù)保持高層而其他的將陷入地下水。</p><p>　　在水中，有些液壓油的成分將流到底部并可以在那里逗留了一年多。</p><p>　　某些化學(xué)品在液壓油可能對(duì)空氣，土壤或水有影響，但影響多大

43、不得而知。</p><p>　　如果魚(yú)生活在受污染的水中，它們可能受到污染。</p><p>　　怎樣能接觸到液壓油？ </p><p><b>　　觸摸或吞咽液壓油。</b></p><p>　　呼吸被附近使用液壓油的機(jī)器影響的空氣。</p><p>　　接觸受污染的水或接近使用或制造液壓油的危

44、險(xiǎn)的廢物的地點(diǎn)或設(shè)施，或工業(yè)制造地點(diǎn)。</p><p>　　液壓油會(huì)怎樣影響我的健康呢？ </p><p>　　對(duì)液壓油可能會(huì)影響身體健康現(xiàn)在知道的是很少的。由于液壓油實(shí)際上是混合物的化學(xué)品，一些影響可見(jiàn)的原因可能是液壓流體中存在添加劑。</p><p>　　高混合度的液壓油對(duì)于要呼吸空氣人的影響不為人所知。吸入大量的一些類型的液壓油可導(dǎo)致肺炎，腸道出血，或死亡。工

45、人接觸了很多液壓油,對(duì)他的手是非常不好的。</p><p>　　兔子吸入高劑量的一種類型的液壓油后出現(xiàn)呼吸困難，肺部擠塞，并且昏昏欲睡。動(dòng)物吞食或吸入液壓流體后神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)立即受影響并出現(xiàn)震顫，腹瀉，出汗，呼吸困難的現(xiàn)象，有時(shí)幾個(gè)星期后會(huì)癱瘓。沒(méi)有報(bào)告顯示人吞咽或呼吸這些類型的液壓油會(huì)造成這些影響。因?yàn)槿说纳眢w中含有某種成分的酶。當(dāng)某些類型的液壓油在很短的時(shí)間被放進(jìn)動(dòng)物的眼中或接觸皮膚，有發(fā)紅和腫脹現(xiàn)象發(fā)生。目前還不

46、知道液壓油對(duì)生殖系統(tǒng)有無(wú)影響。</p><p>　　是否有化學(xué)測(cè)試可能查出我是否已經(jīng)接觸到液壓油？</p><p>　　液壓油不能在血液，尿液，或糞便中被測(cè)出來(lái)，但某些化學(xué)品在液壓流體可以衡量。一些液壓流體停止活動(dòng)的某些酶活性的，在血液和這項(xiàng)活動(dòng)可以衡量。然而，許多其他化學(xué)品，也造成這種效果。這項(xiàng)測(cè)試不是每個(gè)醫(yī)生都能測(cè)出來(lái)，但可以在特殊的具備正確的設(shè)備的實(shí)驗(yàn)室里。</p>&

47、lt;p>　　聯(lián)邦政府不是提出了建議保護(hù)人類健康？ </p><p>　　美國(guó)聯(lián)邦政府提出建議，保護(hù)人類健康。不管怎樣，主要的液壓油，如礦物油，主要化學(xué)成分的一種類型的液壓油，部分的石油蒸餾物類化學(xué)品等都會(huì)有規(guī)范。</p><p>　　職業(yè)安全及健康管理局（奧沙）規(guī)定：接觸限值的2000毫克每立方米（毫克/立方米）石油蒸餾為8小時(shí)工作日， 40小時(shí)工作制。國(guó)家職業(yè)安全及健康研究所建議

48、暴露限值為350毫克/立方米，石油蒸餾為10小時(shí)工作日， 40小時(shí)工作制。</p><p><b>　　詞匯</b></p><p>　　添加劑：在某種物質(zhì)中添加另一種少量物質(zhì)，以改善其性能。 </p><p>　　CAS：化學(xué)文摘服務(wù)。 </p><p>　　致癌性：具有導(dǎo)致癌癥的性質(zhì)。 </p><