數(shù)控機(jī)床中英文翻譯資料

1、<p><b>　　數(shù)字控制的歷史</b></p><p>　　在機(jī)床領(lǐng)域工作的任何人都不能忽視計(jì)算機(jī)對(duì)制造業(yè)的影響。這些機(jī)床對(duì)工業(yè)的影響能力強(qiáng)迫公司經(jīng)理和所有者更新他們的思想來保持競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力。這些機(jī)床的固有準(zhǔn)確性和反復(fù)性已經(jīng)幫助了質(zhì)量過程工具例如統(tǒng)計(jì)過程控制在金工車間獲得立足處。</p><p>　　NC/CNC機(jī)床的演變</p><p&g

2、t;　　數(shù)字控制其實(shí)不是什么新東西。早在1808年織機(jī)裝入帶孔的金屬卡片控制所生產(chǎn)布料的樣式。機(jī)器的每根針由裝入的卡上孔的有無來控制。卡片成為機(jī)器的程序。如果改變了卡片，樣式也跟著改變。自動(dòng)鋼琴也是數(shù)字控制的例子。自動(dòng)鋼琴使用帶孔的紙卷。孔的有無決定音符是否被演奏。空氣被用于感應(yīng)孔是否存在。</p><p>　　計(jì)算機(jī)的發(fā)明是數(shù)字控制的一個(gè)轉(zhuǎn)折點(diǎn)。1943年，稱作ENIAC (電子數(shù)字積分器和計(jì)算機(jī))的第一臺(tái)計(jì)算

3、機(jī)被制成。</p><p>　　ENIAC計(jì)算機(jī)非常大。它占地超過1500平方英尺并使用大約18,000根真空管運(yùn)算。但真空管發(fā)熱成為一個(gè)困擾的問題。計(jì)算機(jī)僅能運(yùn)行幾分鐘管子就失效。另外，計(jì)算機(jī)重達(dá)數(shù)噸并非常難于編程。ENIAC通過使用數(shù)以萬計(jì)的開關(guān)來編程。今天價(jià)值15美圓的計(jì)算器也遠(yuǎn)比這個(gè)早期的嘗試更功能強(qiáng)大。</p><p>　　計(jì)算機(jī)技術(shù)領(lǐng)域真正的轉(zhuǎn)折點(diǎn)是1948年晶體管的發(fā)明。晶體

4、管是真空管的替換品。它體積小，便宜，可靠，耗能少，并且發(fā)熱低。真空管的完美取代品。直到20世紀(jì)60年代晶體管才在工業(yè)中大量使用。</p><p><b>　　集成電路原件</b></p><p>　　在1959年一種新技術(shù)涌現(xiàn)了：集成電路（ICs）。集成電路實(shí)際是芯片上的控制電路。當(dāng)制造商發(fā)現(xiàn)了如何小型化電路，它比晶體管更有助于減小尺寸和改進(jìn)電子控制的可靠性。大規(guī)模集

5、成電路大規(guī)模生產(chǎn)是在1965年。</p><p>　　在1974年發(fā)明了微處理器。由此產(chǎn)生了微型計(jì)算機(jī)，使小規(guī)模運(yùn)用成為可能。計(jì)算機(jī)記憶卡制造的巨大進(jìn)步使它計(jì)算機(jī)更加功能強(qiáng)大而容易支付。</p><p>　　作為政府生產(chǎn)高精度副翼的方法數(shù)控機(jī)床的原始構(gòu)想源于20世紀(jì)50年代。這些復(fù)雜的零件用傳統(tǒng)方法制造并且通過和模板作比較來檢驗(yàn)它們。模板也必須用傳統(tǒng)方法制造，是非常費(fèi)時(shí)和不精確的。<

6、/p><p>　　然而，在Michigan一個(gè)商店，一個(gè)叫做John Parsons的人正在研究一種新方法來改進(jìn)直升機(jī)動(dòng)葉片模板的制造方法。Parsons是工具室學(xué)徒而且沒有大學(xué)學(xué)位。Parson的方法是計(jì)算沿副翼表面的坐標(biāo)點(diǎn)。通過計(jì)算大量的中間點(diǎn)然后移動(dòng)機(jī)床到每個(gè)點(diǎn)，</p><p>　　模板的精度就改進(jìn)了。Parsons提出用穿孔的卡片來進(jìn)行大量計(jì)算的主意。這些數(shù)據(jù)用來定位機(jī)床。1948年

7、Parsons向空軍遞交發(fā)展生產(chǎn)這些模板的機(jī)器的提案并得到認(rèn)同。他第一次試圖在自動(dòng)控制中使用穿孔卡制表機(jī)計(jì)算沿副翼曲線的方位并用普通銑床定位刀具到制表機(jī)位置。他有二名操作員，一個(gè)移動(dòng)機(jī)器的每根軸。這種方法生產(chǎn)的副翼比先前方法高達(dá)十倍精度，但仍然是一個(gè)非常費(fèi)時(shí)的過程。</p><p>　　1949年，空軍要求Parsons生產(chǎn)能移動(dòng)機(jī)器的軸來自動(dòng)計(jì)算點(diǎn)位置的一種控制系統(tǒng)。麻省理工學(xué)院(MIT)由Parsons轉(zhuǎn)包來

8、發(fā)展能控制機(jī)器軸的馬達(dá)。伺服電動(dòng)機(jī)誕生了。</p><p>　　Parsons構(gòu)想了隨后的系統(tǒng)。計(jì)算機(jī)能計(jì)算刀具應(yīng)該遵循的軌跡并在穿孔卡上儲(chǔ)存信息。機(jī)器的操作者能讀出卡片?？刂茩C(jī)器從操作者得到數(shù)據(jù)并控制附著在每根軸上的馬達(dá)。</p><p>　　1951年 MIT被授予開發(fā)控制機(jī)器的主要合同。第一臺(tái)由Parsons和MIT生產(chǎn)的機(jī)器在1952年展出。叫做Cincinnati Hydrote

9、l，它是一臺(tái)三軸垂直心軸的銑床。這個(gè)控制機(jī)器使用真空管。</p><p>　　在使人編程更容易的其中一個(gè)早期嘗試叫做APT（自動(dòng)編程工具）符號(hào)語言。APT，發(fā)明于1954年，使用機(jī)床能讀懂的和英文相似的符號(hào)語言來編制程序。記住，機(jī)器需要零件的幾何外型和例如速度、飼料和冷卻液的機(jī)器指令來運(yùn)行。APT使人們寫這些程序變得更容易，這些程序隨后又被翻譯成機(jī)器能讀懂的另一種程序。</p><p>　

10、　1955年空軍得到制造數(shù)控機(jī)器的35，000，000美圓的合同。第一臺(tái)數(shù)控機(jī)床非常龐大。這個(gè)控制機(jī)器靠真空管運(yùn)行并需要一個(gè)分開的計(jì)算機(jī)來生成它的二進(jìn)制磁帶代碼。（二進(jìn)制代碼系統(tǒng)使用0和1）。復(fù)雜零件的編程需要非常專業(yè)的人員。隨著繼續(xù)的發(fā)展和提煉，60年代初期數(shù)字控制機(jī)器在工業(yè)中變得更加普通。數(shù)字控制機(jī)器廣泛接受，它們變得更加功能強(qiáng)大和容易使用。</p><p>　　直到大約1976年這些機(jī)器被稱作NC（數(shù)字控制

11、）機(jī)器。1976年CNC (計(jì)算機(jī)數(shù)字控制)機(jī)器出現(xiàn)了。這些控制機(jī)器使用微處理器給了他們額外的功能。他們也以外存儲(chǔ)為特色。代表性的NCs每次讀取一步程序（塊）并執(zhí)行它；然而，CNC機(jī)床能夠存儲(chǔ)整個(gè)程序。</p><p>　　20世紀(jì)70和80年代后期計(jì)算機(jī)技術(shù)的改善使數(shù)控機(jī)床的價(jià)格跌到一個(gè)很多制造公司不能再?zèng)]有它們的水平。</p><p>　　HISTORY OF NUMERICAL CO

12、NTROL</p><p>　　Anyone working in the machine tool field cannot ignore the influence of the computer in manufacturing. The capabilities that these machine tools have given to the industry have forced managers

13、 and owners of companies to update their thinking to stay competitive. The inherent accuracy and repeatability of these machine tools have helped quality process tools such as statistical process control gain a foothold

14、in machine shops.</p><p>　　EVOLUTION OF THE NC/CNC MACHINE</p><p>　　Numerical control is nothing new. As early as 1808 weaving machines used metal cards with holes punched in them to control the

15、 pattern of the cloth being produced. Each needle on the machine was controlled by the presence or absence of a hole on the punched cards. The cards were the program for the machine. If the cards were changed, the patter

16、n changed.</p><p>　　The players piano is also an example of numerical control. The player piano uses a roll of paper with holes punched in it. The presence or absence of a hole determined if that note was pl

17、ayed. Air was used to sense whether a hole was present.</p><p>　　The invention of the computer was one of the turning points in numerical control. In 1943 the first computer, called ENIAC (Electronic Numeric

18、al Integrator and Computer) was built.</p><p>　　The ENIAC computer was very large. It occupied more than 1500 square feet and used approximately 18,000 vacuum tubes to do its calculations. The heat generated

19、 by the vacuum tubes was a constant problem. The computer could operate only a few minutes without a tube failing. In addition, the computer weighed many tons and was very difficult to program. ENIAC was programmed throu

20、gh the use of thousands of switches. The $15 calculator available today is much more powerful than this early attempt.</p><p>　　The real turning point in computer technology was the invention of the transist

21、or in 1948. The transistor was the replacement for the vacuum tube. It was very small, cheap, dependable, used very little power, and generated very little heat: the perfect replacement for the vacuum tube. The transisto

22、r did not see much industrial use until the 1960s.</p><p>　　INTEGRATED CIRCUITRY</p><p>　　In 1959 a new technology emerged: integrated circuits (ICs). Integrated circuits were actually control c

23、ircuits on a chip. When manufacturers discovered how to miniaturize circuits, it helped reduce the size and improve the dependability of electronic control even more than the transistor had. Large-scale integrated circui

24、ts first were produced in 1965.</p><p>　　In 1974 the microprocessor was invented. This made the microcomputer, and thus small application, possible. Great strides in the manufacture of memory for computers h

25、elped make computers more powerful and affordable.</p><p>　　The original conception of numerically controlled machine tools occurred in the 1950s as a method of producing airfoils of great accuracy for the g

26、overnment.</p><p>　　These complex parts were made by manual machining methods and inspected by comparing them to templates. The templates also had to be manufactured by manual methods, which was very time co

27、nsuming and inaccurate.</p><p>　　However, in a shop in Traverse City, Michigan, a man named John Parsons was working on a method to improve the production of inspection templates for helicopter rotor blades.

28、 Parsons started as a tool room apprentice and had no college degree. Parsons’ method involved calculating the coordinate points along the airfoil surface. By calculating a large number of intermediate points and then ma

29、nually moving the machine tool to each of these points, the accuracy of the templates was improved. Parson</p><p>　　In 1949,the Air Force awarded Parsons a contract to produce a control system that could mov

30、e the axis of a machine to calculated points automatically. The Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) was subcontracted by Parsons to develop a motor that could control the axis of the machines. The servo motor was

31、 born.</p><p>　　Parsons envisioned the following system. A computer would calculate the path that the tool should follow and store that information on punched cards. A reader at the machine would then read t

32、he cards. The machine control would take the data from the reader and control the motors attached to each axis.</p><p>　　In 1951 MIT was awarded the prime contract to develop the machine control. The first m

33、achine produced by Parsons and MIT was demonstrated in 1952. Called a Cincinnati Hydrotel, it was a three-axis vertical spindle milling machine. The machine control used vacuum tubes.</p><p>　　One of the fir

34、st attempts at making programming easier for people was called APT (Automatically Programmed Tool) Symbolic Language. APT, invented in 1954, used English-like symbolic language to produce a program that the machine tool

35、could understand. Remember, a machine needs the geometry of the part and machining instructions such as speeds, feeds, and coolant to operate. APT made it easier for people to write these programs, which were then transl

36、ated to a program that the machine could under</p><p>　　In 1955 the Air Force awarded $35million in contracts to manufacture numerical control machines. The first numerically controlled machine tools were ve

37、ry bulky. The machine control was vacuum-tube operated and needed a separate computer to generate its binary tape codes. (Binary coding systems use 1s and 0s). Programming complex parts took highly specialized people. De

38、velopments and refinements continued, and by the early 1960snumerical control machines became much more common in industry. As th</p><p>　　Up until about 1976 these machines were called NC (numerical control

39、) machines. In 1976 CNC (computer numerical control) machines were produced. These machine controls used microprocessors to give them additional capability. They also featured additional memory. The NCs typically read on

40、e short program step (block) at a time and executed it; however, CNC machines could store whole programs.</p><p>　　Improvements in computer technology in the late 1970s and 1980s brought the cost of numerica