智能卡簡介外文翻譯

1、<p>　　畢 業(yè) 設(shè) 計（論 文）外 文 參 考 資 料 及 譯 文</p><p>　　譯文題目： 智能卡簡介 </p><p>　　學(xué)生姓名： 學(xué)　　號： </p><p>　　專　　業(yè)： 電子信息工程 </p&g

2、t;<p>　　所在學(xué)院： 信息技術(shù)學(xué)院 </p><p>　　指導(dǎo)教師： </p><p>　　職　　稱： </p><p>　　2013年 11月 25日 </p

3、><p>　　Introduction of smart card</p><p>　　FROM: http://wenku.baidu.com/view/0ceef3da81c758f5f61f6769.html</p><p>　　A smart card, chip card, or integrated circuit card (ICC), is in any

4、 pocket-sized card with embedded integrated circuits which can process data. This implies that it can receive input which is processed — by way of the ICC applications — and delivered as an output. There are two broad ca

5、tegories of ICCs. Memory cards contain only non-volatile memory storage components, and perhaps some specific security logic. Microprocessor cards contain volatile memory and microprocessor components. The card i</p&g

6、t;<p><b>　　Overview </b></p><p>　　A "smart card" is also characterized as follows: </p><p>　　Dimensions are normally credit card size. The ID-1 of ISO/IEC 7810 stand

7、ard defines them as 85.60 × 53.98 mm. Another popular size is ID-000 which is 25 × 15 mm (commonly used in SIM cards). Both are 0.76 mm thick. </p><p>　　Contains a security system with tamper-resis

8、tant properties (e.g. a secure cryptoprocessor, secure file system, human-readable features) and is capable of providing security services (e.g. confidentiality of information in the memory). </p><p>　　Asset

9、 managed by way of a central administration system which interchanges information and configuration settings with the card through the security system. The latter includes card hotlisting, updates for application data. &

10、lt;/p><p>　　Card data is transferred to the central administration system through card reading devices, such as ticket readers, ATMs etc. </p><p><b>　　Benefits </b></p><p>

11、　　Smart cards can be used for identification, authentication, and data storage.[1] </p><p>　　Smart cards provide a means of effecting business transactions in a flexible, secure, standard way with minimal hu

12、man intervention. </p><p>　　Smart card can provide strong authentication[2] for single sign-on or enterprise single sign-on to computers, laptops, data with encryption, enterprise resource planning platforms

13、 such as SAP, etc. </p><p><b>　　History </b></p><p>　　The automated chip card was invented by German rocket scientist Helmut Gröttrup and his colleague Jürgen Dethloff in 1

14、968; the patent was finally approved in 1982. The first mass use of the cards was for payment in French pay phones, starting in 1983 (Telecarte). </p><p>　　Roland Moreno actually patented his first concept o

15、f the memory card in 1974. In 1977, Michel Ugon from Honeywell Bull invented the first microprocessor smart card. In 1978, Bull patented the SPOM (Self Programmable One-chip Microcomputer) that defines the necessary arch

16、itecture to auto-program the chip. Three years later, the very first "CP8" based on this patent was produced by Motorola. At that time, Bull had 1200 patents related to smart cards. In 2001, Bull sold its CP8 D

17、ivision together wi</p><p>　　A smart card, combining credit card and debit card properties. The 3 by 5 mm security chip embedded in the card is shown enlarged in the inset. The contact pads on the card enabl

18、es electronic access to the chip.The second use was with the integration of microchips into all French debit cards (Carte Bleue) completed in 1992. When paying in France with a Carte Bleue, one inserts the card into the

19、merchant's terminal, then types the PIN, before the transaction is accepted. Only very limited transac</p><p>　　Smart-card-based electronic purse systems (in which value is stored on the card chip, not i

20、n an externally recorded account, so that machines accepting the card need no network connectivity) were tried throughout Europe from the mid-1990s, most notably in Germany (Geldkarte), Austria (Quick), Belgium (Proton),

21、 France (Moneo), the Netherlands (Chipknip and Chipper), Switzerland ("Cash"), Norway ("Mondex"), Sweden ("Cash"), Finland ("Avant"), UK ("Mondex"), Denmark ("Danm&#

22、248;nt") and Portugal ("Porta</p><p>　　The major boom in smart card use came in the 1990s, with the introduction of the smart-card-based SIM used in GSM mobile phone equipment in Europe. With the u

23、biquity of mobile phones in Europe, smart cards have become very common. </p><p>　　The international payment brands MasterCard, Visa, and Europay agreed in 1993 to work together to develop the specifications

24、 for the use of smart cards in payment cards used as either a debit or a credit card. The first version of the EMV system was released in 1994. In 1998 a stable release of the specifications was available. EMVco, the com

25、pany responsible for the long-term maintenance of the system, upgraded the specification in 2000 and most recently in 2004. The goal of EMVco is to assure t</p><p>　　With the exception of countries such as t

26、he United States of America there has been significant progress in the deployment of EMV-compliant point of sale equipment and the issuance of debit and or credit cards adhering the EMV specifications. Typically, a count

27、ry's national payment association, in coordination with MasterCard International, Visa International, American Express and JCB, develop detailed implementation plans assuring a coordinated effort by the various stake

28、holders involved. </p><p>　　The backers of EMV claim it is a paradigm shift in the way one looks at payment systems. In countries where banks do not currently offer a single card capable of supporting multip

29、le account types, there may be merit to this statement. Though some banks in these countries are considering issuing one card that will serve as both a debit card and as a credit card, the business justification for this

30、 is still quite elusive. Within EMV a concept called Application Selection defines how the consumer s</p><p>　　For the banks interested in introducing smart cards the only quantifiable benefit is the ability

31、 to forecast a significant reduction in fraud, in particular counterfeit, lost and stolen. The current level of fraud a country is experiencing, coupled with whether that country's laws assign the risk of fraud to th

32、e consumer or the bank, determines if there is a business case for the financial institutions. Some critics claim that the savings are far less than the cost of implementing EMV, and thus </p><p>　　Smart car

33、ds with contactless interfaces are becoming increasingly popular for payment and ticketing applications such as mass transit. Visa and MasterCard have agreed to an easy-to-implement version currently being deployed (2004

34、-2006) in the USA. Across the globe, contactless fare collection systems are being implemented to drive efficiencies in public transit. The various standards emerging are local in focus and are not compatible, though the

35、 MIFARE Standard card from Philips has a considerab</p><p>　　Smart cards are also being introduced in personal identification and entitlement schemes at regional, national, and international levels. Citizen

36、cards, drivers’ licenses, and patient card schemes are becoming more prevalent; For example in Malaysia, the compulsory national ID scheme MyKad includes 8 different applications and is rolled out for 18 million users. C

37、ontactless smart cards are being integrated into ICAO biometric passports to enhance security for international travel. </p><p>　　Contact smart card </p><p>　　Contact smart cards have a contact

38、area, comprising several gold-plated contact pads, that is about 1 cm square. When inserted into a reader, the chip makes contact with electrical connectors that can read information from the chip and write information b

39、ack.[3] </p><p>　　The ISO/IEC 7816 and ISO/IEC 7810 series of standards define: </p><p>　　the physical shape </p><p>　　the positions and shapes of the electrical connectors </p&g

40、t;<p>　　the electrical characteristics </p><p>　　the communications protocols, that includes the format of the commands sent to the card and the responses returned by the card. </p><p>　　

41、robustness of the card </p><p>　　the functionality </p><p>　　The cards do not contain batteries; energy is supplied by the card reader. </p><p>　　Electrical signals description <

42、/p><p>　　A smart card pinoutVCC : Power supply input </p><p>　　RST : Either used itself (reset signal supplied from the interface device) or in combination with an internal reset control circuit (o

43、ptional use by the card). If internal reset is implemented, the voltage supply on Vcc is mandatory. </p><p>　　CLK : Clocking or timing signal (optional use by the card). </p><p>　　GND : Ground (

44、reference voltage). </p><p>　　VPP : Programming voltage input (deprecated / optional use by the card). </p><p>　　I/O : Input or Output for serial data to the integrated circuit inside the card.

45、</p><p>　　NOTE - The use of the two remaining contacts will be defined in the appropriate application standards. </p><p><b>　　Reader </b></p><p>　　Contact smart card rea

46、ders are used as a communications medium between the smart card and a host, e.g. a computer, a point of sale terminal, or a mobile telephone. </p><p>　　Since the chips in the financial cards are the same as

47、those used for mobile phone Subscriber Identity Module (SIM) cards, just programmed differently and embedded in a different shaped piece of PVC, the chip manufacturers are building to the more demanding GSM/3G standards.

48、 So, for instance, although EMV allows a chip card to draw 50 mA from its terminal, cards are normally well inside the telephone industry's 6mA limit. This is allowing financial card terminals to become smaller and c

49、heaper, a</p><p>　　Contactless smart card </p><p>　　A second type is the contactless smart card, in which the chip communicates with the card reader through RFID induction technology (at data ra

50、tes of 106 to 848 kbit/s). These cards require only close proximity to an antenna to complete transaction. They are often used when transactions must be processed quickly or hands-free, such as on mass transit systems, w

51、here smart cards can be used without even removing them from a wallet. </p><p>　　The standard for contactless smart card communications is ISO/IEC 14443. It defines two types of contactless cards ("A&qu

52、ot; and "B"), allows for communications at distances up to 10 cm. There had been proposals for ISO/IEC 14443 types C, D, E and F that have been rejected by the International Organization for Standardization. An

53、 alternative standard for contactless smart cards is ISO 15693, which allows communications at distances up to 50 cm. </p><p>　　Examples of widely used contactless smart cards are Hong Kong's Octopus car

54、d, South Korea's T-money (Bus, Subway, Taxi), London's Oyster card, Japan Rail's Suica Card and Mumbai Bus transportation service BEST uses smart cards for bus pass, which predate the ISO/IEC 14443 standard.

55、All of them are primarily designed for public transportation payment and other electronic purse applications. </p><p>　　A related contactless technology is RFID (radio frequency identification). In certain c

56、ases, it can be used for applications similar to those of contactless smart cards, such as for electronic toll collection. RFID devices usually do not include writeable memory or microcontroller processing capability as

57、contactless smart cards often do. </p><p>　　Like smart cards with contacts, contactless cards do not have a battery. Instead, they use a built-in inductor to capture some of the incident radio-frequency inte

58、rrogation signal, rectify it, and use it to power the card's electronics. </p><p>　　Cryptographic smart cards </p><p>　　Cryptographic smart cards are often used for single sign-on. Most adva

59、nced smart cards are equipped with specialized cryptographic hardware that let you use algorithms such as RSA and DSA on board. Today's cryptographic smart cards are also able to generate key pairs on board, to avoid

60、 the risk of having more than one copy of the key (since by design there usually isn't a way to extract private keys from a smart card). </p><p>　　Such smart cards are mainly used for digital signature a

61、nd secure identification, (see applications section). [4] </p><p>　　The most common way to access cryptographic smart card functions on a computer is to use a PKCS#11 library provided by the vendor. On Micro

62、soft Windows platforms the CSP API is also adopted. </p><p>　　The most widely used cryptographic algorithms in smart cards (excluding the GSM so-called "crypto algorithm") are 3DES (Triple DES) and

63、 RSA. The key set is usually loaded (DES) or generated (RSA) on the card at the personalization stage. </p><p>　　Computer security </p><p>　　The Mozilla Firefox web browser can use smart cards t

64、o store certificates for use in secure web browsing[5]. </p><p>　　Some disk encryption systems, such as FreeOTFE or TrueCrypt, can use smart cards to securely hold encryption keys, and also to add another la

65、yer of encryption to critical parts of the secured disk[6]. </p><p>　　Smartcards are also used for single sign-on to log on to computers </p><p>　　Smartcards support functionality has been added

66、 to Windows Live Passports </p><p>　　Financial </p><p>　　The applications of smart cards include their use as credit or ATM cards, in a fuel card, SIMs for mobile phones, authorization cards for

67、 pay television, pre-pay utilities in household, high-security identification and access-control cards, and public transport and public phone payment cards. </p><p>　　Smart cards may also be used as electron

68、ic wallets. The smart card chip can be loaded with funds which can be spent in parking meters and vending machines or at various merchants. Cryptographic protocols protect the exchange of money between the smart card and

69、 the accepting machine. There is no connection to the issuing bank necessary, so the holder of the card can use it regardless of him being the owner. The German Geldkarte is also used to validate the customers age at ven

70、ding machines for ci</p><p><b>　　智能卡簡介</b></p><p>　　來自http://wenku.baidu.com/view/0ceef3da81c758f5f61f6769.html</p><p>　　智能卡、芯片卡或IC卡（ ICC ），是指任何具有嵌入式集成電路并且可處理信息的袖珍卡。這意味著

71、，它可以接收輸入并由IC卡處理程序處理后產(chǎn)生輸出。IC卡有兩大類：記憶卡只包含非易失性存儲器存儲組件，甚至只有一些具體的安全邏輯；微處理器卡含有揮發(fā)性內(nèi)存和微處理器組成部分，該卡是由塑料（一般是聚氯乙烯，但有時是ABS樹脂）制成，可嵌入一個全息圖像，以避免偽造。 </p><p>　　“智能卡”的特點如下： </p><p>　　尺寸通常為信用卡大小，根據(jù)ISO / IEC 7810的ID

72、-1標(biāo)準(zhǔn)定義為85.60 × 53.98毫米，還有一種流行的尺寸根據(jù)ID-000標(biāo)準(zhǔn)為25 × 15毫米，兩者都是0.76毫米厚。 </p><p>　　通常包含一個安全系統(tǒng)——防篡改屬性（例如一個安全的密碼，安全文件系統(tǒng)，人類可讀的功能等），并有能力提供安全服務(wù)（如對信息保密的記憶）。 </p><p>　　通過一個中央管理系統(tǒng)進行交流信息和配置設(shè)置的卡通過安全體系完

73、成信息管理。后者包括信用卡更新的應(yīng)用程序數(shù)據(jù)。 </p><p>　　卡數(shù)據(jù)傳送到中央管理系統(tǒng)通過卡閱讀設(shè)備，如車票的讀者，自動柜員機等 </p><p><b>　　好處：</b></p><p>　　智能卡提供了一種手段，實行商業(yè)交易靈活，安全，標(biāo)準(zhǔn)方法以最小的人為干預(yù)。 </p><p>　　智能卡可以提供強大的身

74、份驗證[2]為單點登錄或企業(yè)單點登錄電腦、筆記本電腦、數(shù)據(jù)加密、SAP等企業(yè)資源規(guī)劃平臺等。</p><p><b>　　歷史：</b></p><p>　　自動化的芯片卡是由德國火箭科學(xué)家Helmut Grottrup和他的同事Jürgen Dethloff在1968年提出，并1982年獲得專利。首次大規(guī)模使用的信用卡是開始于1983年用于在法國支付付費電

75、話。 </p><p>　　Roland Moreno在1974年首次提出實際概念的記憶卡。 1977年，Michel Ugon發(fā)明了第一個微處理器的智能卡。 1978年，Bull獲得 SPOM （自可編程單片微機）的專利，它確定了其必要的結(jié)構(gòu)，以進行芯片自動編程。三年后，第一個“ CP8 ” 由摩托羅拉公司在此基礎(chǔ)上獲得專利。到現(xiàn)在共有1200個有關(guān)智能卡的專利。 </p><p>　　

76、智能卡結(jié)合了信用卡和借記卡的屬性。3到5毫米厚度使得安全芯片可以嵌入到卡中以存儲安全信息。卡上有可以通電的金屬片。智能卡的第二次的使用是在1992年的法國由整合芯片制成的借記卡（藍卡）。當(dāng)在法國使用藍卡，只需要將卡插入到商家的終端，然后輸入密碼，在交易被接受之后便可完成支付。只有非常有限的交易（如支付小高速公路通行費）是使用了個人識別號碼。 </p><p>　　智能卡的電子錢包系統(tǒng)（信息記錄在卡上，而不是在外部

77、記錄帳戶，使機器識別信用卡不需要網(wǎng)絡(luò)連接）從20世紀(jì)90年代中期開始風(fēng)靡在整個歐洲：最典型的有德國（Geldkarte），奧地利（Quick），比利時（Proton），法國（Moneo），荷蘭（Chipknip and Chipper），瑞士（Cash），瑞典（Cash），芬蘭（Avant），英國（Mondex），丹麥（Danmønt）和葡萄牙（Porta-moedas Multibanco）。</p><

78、p>　　智能卡是在20世紀(jì)90年代隨著使用SIM卡的GSM移動電話設(shè)備在歐洲廣泛應(yīng)用。隨著手機在歐洲的普及，智能卡已成為非常普遍的。 </p><p>　　國際支付品牌的MasterCard，Visa和Europay商定于1993年開發(fā)共同的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，使用智能卡無論是作為借記卡還是信用卡都能在支付時使用。EMV系統(tǒng)的第一個版本的公布于1994年。在1998年發(fā)布了穩(wěn)定的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。 EMVco 公司負責(zé)系統(tǒng)的長期維護

79、，并在2000年升級了標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，最近一次是在2004年。 EMVco的目標(biāo)是要保證各金融機構(gòu)和零售商的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)保持1998年版向后兼容。 </p><p>　　除了一些國家堅持的EMV標(biāo)準(zhǔn)如美利堅合眾國已取得EMV兼容的銷售點設(shè)備和發(fā)放借記卡和信用卡部署的重大進展。一般來說，在國家支付協(xié)會的協(xié)調(diào)下，確保同MasterCard國際組織，Visa國際組織，American Express和JCB 共同制訂詳細的實施計劃的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)

80、一致，使各利益相關(guān)者參與。 </p><p>　　EMV卡的支持者聲稱它提供了一個支付系統(tǒng)的范例。在有些國家的銀行目前不提供單卡支持多個帳戶類型的服務(wù)的情況系，這個聲明可能是有道理的。雖然一些銀行在這些國家正在考慮發(fā)行一張卡，使其作為一個借記卡和信用卡，商業(yè)卡，但這仍然相當(dāng)困難。在所謂的EMV概念下界定的消費者如何選擇支付手段成為銷售點。 </p><p>　　至于銀行感興趣的是介紹智能卡

81、的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化的好處是能夠顯著減少欺詐行為，特別是偽造，丟失和被盜。目前許多國家正在經(jīng)歷欺詐行為，再加上無論是國家法律對消費者或銀行或是否有商業(yè)案例的金融機構(gòu)賦予的欺詐風(fēng)險。一些批評者宣稱，實施EMV儲蓄是遠遠低于成本的。因此許多人認(rèn)為，美國支付行業(yè)將選擇等待目前的EMV的生命周期以便實施新的非接觸式技術(shù)。 </p><p>　　非接觸式接口智能卡在支付和票務(wù)應(yīng)用方面變得越來越普遍，如大眾交通。Visa和MasterC

82、ard已同意在美國部署一個易于執(zhí)行的版本（ 2004-2006 ）。在全球范圍內(nèi)，非接觸式收費系統(tǒng)正在實施，以推動公共交通的效率。新出現(xiàn)的各種標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的重點是和本地的不兼容，兼容MIFARE標(biāo)準(zhǔn)卡的飛利浦在美國和歐洲具有相當(dāng)?shù)氖袌龇蓊~。 </p><p>　　智能卡還介紹了個人身份和在區(qū)域，國家和國際水平權(quán)利。市民卡，駕駛執(zhí)照，和病人卡計劃正變得越來越普遍，例如在馬來西亞，國家強制性身份證計劃MyKad 包含8個不同

83、的應(yīng)用，并推向了18萬用戶。非接觸式智能卡正被納入國際民航組織生物識別護照，以加強國際旅行安全。 </p><p><b>　　接觸式智能卡 </b></p><p>　　接觸式智能卡具有包括一些鍍金接觸焊盤約1厘米平方米的接觸面積，使得該芯片插入閱讀器時與其連接可以讀取信息和寫入信息。 </p><p>　　ISO / IEC 7816和IS

84、O / IEC 7810系列標(biāo)準(zhǔn)確定： </p><p><b>　　物理形狀；</b></p><p>　　電器連接的位置和形狀；</p><p><b>　　電氣特性； </b></p><p>　　包括發(fā)送到卡和答復(fù)命令格式的通信協(xié)議； </p><p><b&g

85、t;　　卡的健壯性。</b></p><p>　　功能：該卡不包含電池，能源由讀卡器提供。 </p><p><b>　　電子信號描述：</b></p><p><b>　　VCC：電源輸入，</b></p><p><b>　　RST：復(fù)位信號，</b></

86、p><p><b>　　CLK：時鐘信號，</b></p><p><b>　　GND：接地端，</b></p><p><b>　　VPP：編程電壓，</b></p><p>　　I/O：數(shù)據(jù)輸入/輸出端口，</p><p>　　NOTE：兩個未使用端口。

87、</p><p><b>　　閱讀器 </b></p><p>　　接觸式智能卡閱讀器是用來作為智能卡和主機之間的通信媒介，例如：一部個人電腦，銷售點終端，或移動電話。</p><p>　　由于芯片金融卡和用于移動電話用戶識別模塊（SIM卡）卡是相同的，只是程序不同，植根于不同形狀的PVC片，芯片制造商正在建設(shè)的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，更嚴(yán)格的GSM/3G 。因

88、此，雖然允許的EMV芯片卡從終端提供（舉例來說）50毫安的電流也適用于電話行業(yè)的6毫安的限制。這是使金融卡終端更小，更便宜，而且讀卡器和軟件的后面，使每個家庭電腦網(wǎng)上購物更安全。 </p><p><b>　　非接觸式智能卡 </b></p><p>　　第二類是非接觸式智能卡，在該芯片進行通信與讀卡器通過RFID感應(yīng)技術(shù)（數(shù)據(jù)傳輸速率在106到848 kbit /

89、s時）。這些卡只需要靠近天線就可以完成交易。它們通常用于必須迅速處理或免接觸的交易，如大眾運輸系統(tǒng)，其中智能卡可以使他們從一個錢包中解放出來。</p><p>　　標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的非接觸式智能卡通信的ISO / IEC 14443標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，它定義兩種類型的非接觸卡（“A”和“B“ ），使通信距離長達10厘米。有ISO 14443建議的C ， D ， E和F類型的已經(jīng)被國際標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化組織拒絕了。另一種標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的非接觸式智能卡標(biāo)準(zhǔn)是ISO

90、 15693 使通信距離長達50厘米。 </p><p>　　例如廣泛使用的非接觸式智能卡是香港的Octopus通卡，日本鐵路的Suica卡是基于SO / IEC 14443標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。 </p><p>　　一個相關(guān)的非接觸式技術(shù)是射頻識別（ RFID ） 。在某些情況下，它可用于類似非接觸式智能卡的應(yīng)用程序，如電子收費。 RFID設(shè)備通常不包括寫入存儲器或微控制器處理能力的非接觸式智能卡。

91、</p><p>　　相比于接觸智能卡，非接觸卡沒有電池。相反，它們使用內(nèi)置的感應(yīng)器捕捉一些事件無線電頻率信號，用它來驅(qū)動卡的電子設(shè)備。</p><p><b>　　加密智能卡</b></p><p>　　加密智能卡通常用于單點登錄。最先進的智能卡配有專門的加密硬件,讓你可以使用算法RSA、DSA等。今天的密碼智能卡也能夠生成密鑰對,避免多個副

92、本的風(fēng)險 (因為通常沒有辦法從智能卡中提取私鑰)。</p><p>　　這種智能卡主要用于數(shù)字簽名和安全標(biāo)識、應(yīng)用(見部分)。[4]</p><p>　　最常見的方式來訪問加密的智能卡功能在電腦上是使用PKCS # 11圖書館由供應(yīng)商提供。在Microsoft Windows平臺上CSP API也采用。</p><p>　　智能卡中最廣泛使用的加密算法(不包括GSM

93、所謂“加密算法”)3 DES和RSA(三重DES)。關(guān)鍵的設(shè)置通常是加載(DES)或生成(RSA)卡在個性化階段。</p><p><b>　　計算機安全</b></p><p>　　Mozilla Firefox web瀏覽器可以使用智能卡存儲證書用于安全瀏覽網(wǎng)頁[5]。</p><p>　　一些磁盤加密系統(tǒng),如FreeOTFE或軟件,可以使

94、用智能卡安全加密密鑰,并添加一層加密保護的關(guān)鍵部分磁盤[6]。</p><p>　　智能卡也用于單點登錄電腦</p><p>　　智能卡支持功能已添加到Windows Live護照</p><p>　　金融智能卡的應(yīng)用包括使用信用卡或借記卡,在燃料卡西姆斯的手機、授權(quán)卡付費電視,預(yù)付公用事業(yè)家庭,戒備森嚴(yán)的識別和訪問控制卡,和公共交通和公共電話支付卡片。智能卡也可能