機(jī)器人畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)--外文翻譯

1、<p>　　Biologically Inspired Locomotion Strategies: Novel Ground </p><p>　　Mobile Robots at RoMeLa</p><p>　　Abstract-This paper presents some of the ground mobile robots under development

2、 at the Robotics and Mechanisms Laboratory (RoMeLa) at Virginia Tech that use biologically inspired novel locomotion strategies. By studying nature's models and then imitating or taking inspiration from th

3、ese designs and processes, we apply and implement new ways for mobile robots to move. Unlike most ground mobile robots that use conventional means of locomotion such as wheels or tracks, </p><p&

4、gt;　　Keywords - Bio-inspiration, locomotion, mobile robots. </p><p>　　1. Introduction </p><p>　　In a report [1] prepared for the Office of the Secretary of Defense Joint Robotics Program on the

5、lessons learned from the robot assisted search and rescue efforts at Ground Zero following the 9/11 World Trade Center tragedy, robot mobility is noted as one of the major limitations of current

6、 robotic technology for such missions. The report further states that all the robots employed at the Ground Zero site used track drives which are generally superior to </p><p>　　As the technolo

7、gy of robotics intelligence advances, and new application areas for mobile robots increase, the need for alternative fundamental locomotion mechanisms for robots that can enable them to maneuver into complex unstructured

8、 terrain becomes critical. Current methods of ground vehicle locomotion are based on wheels, tracks or legs, and each of these methods has its own strengths and weaknesses [2, 3]. In order to move a robot into an area of

9、 complex terrain a new method of locomotion i</p><p>　　By studying nature's models and then imitating or taking inspiration from these designs and processes, we apply and implement new ways f

10、or mobile robots to move. In this paper we present five of the ground mobile robots under development at the Robotics and Mechanisms Laboratory (RoMeLa) at Virginia Tech that use biologically inspired novel

11、locomotion strategies. Unlike most ground mobile robots that use conventional means of locomotion such as wheels or tracks, </p><p>　　2. Biologically Inspired Novel Locomotion Strategies </p>

12、<p>　　2.1 Locomotion inspired by amoeboid motility mechanisms </p><p>　　Whole Skin Locomotion (WSL) [5, 6] is a biologically which has a body of a shape of an elongated torus, is used as a surface

13、 for traction and that the skin is used for the actuation by cycling through contraction and expansion.</p><p>　　Fig. 1. Motility mechanism of a monopodial amoeba</p><p>　　The inspiration for

14、 this novel locomotion strategy comes from the way certain single celled organisms, such as the Amoeba proteus (giant amoeba) move. The motion of these organisms is caused by the process of cytoplasmic stream

15、ing (Fig. 1) where the liquid form endoplasm that flows inside the ectoplasmic tube transforms into the gel-like ectoplasm outer skin at the front, and the ectoplasm outer skin at the end transforms back into

16、 the liquid form endoplasm at the rear</p><p>　　Directly imitating this cytoplasmic streaming process with a robot is very difficult to do if not possiblee. Thus, instead of using the process of liquid

17、 to gel transformation of cytoplasm, the WSL is implemented by a flexible membrane skin in the shape of a long torus. The skin of this elongated torus can then rotate in a fashion of turning itself inside out

18、in a single continuous motion, effectively generating the overall motion of the cytoplasmic streaming ectoplasmic tube in</p><p>　　Fig. 2. Everting motion generated by the contracting (1a, 2a, 3a) and expand

19、ing (1b, 2b, 3b) actuator rings for the concentric solid tube WSL model. </p><p>　　Figures 3 and 4 show simple experiments using a long elastic silicone skin toroid filled with water to demonstrate th

20、e feasibility of the locomotion mechanism.</p><p>　　(a) At 0.0 sec (b) At 0.30 sec (c) At 0.46 sec </p><p>　　Fig. 3. Sequence of pictures of the locomotion of the pre tensioned

21、elastic skin model </p><p>　　Fig. 4. Sequence of pictures of the tension cord actuated model locomotion </p><p>　　A robot that uses WSL can move as long as any surface of the robot is

22、in contact with the environment, be it the ground, walls or obstacles on the side, or the ceiling, since the entire skin is used for locomotion. With an elastic membrane or a mesh of links acting as its outer sk

23、in, the robot can easily squeeze between obstacles or under a collapsed ceiling, and move forward using all of its contact surfaces for traction, or even squeeze itself through holes with diameters s</p><p>

24、;　　2.2 Tripedal locomotion utilizing the concept of actuated passive-dynamic locomotion </p><p>　　Fig. 5. STriDER: Self-excited Tripedal Dynamic Experimental Robot </p><p>　　STriDER (Self

25、-excited Tripedal Dynamic Experimental Robot) is a novel three-legged walking machine (Fig. 5) that exploits the concept of actuated passive dynamic locomotion [9 to 11], to dynamically walk with high energy

26、 efficiency and minimal control using its unique tripedal gait (Fig. 6). Unlike other passive dynamic walking machines, this unique tripedal locomotion robot is inherently stable with its tripod stance,

27、can change directions, and is relatively easy </p><p>　　Fig. 6. Single step tripedal gait </p><p>　　Fig. 6 shows the concept of the single step tripedal gait. From its starting position (Fig. 6

28、(a)), as the robot shifts its center of gravity by aligning two of its pelvis links (Fig. 6 (b)), the body of the robot can fall over in the direction perpendicular to the stance triangle (Fig. 6 (c)), pivoting about the

29、 line defined by the two supporting legs. As the robot falls over, the leg in the middle (swing leg) naturally swings between the two stance legs (Fig. 6 (d))and catches the fall (Fig. 6</p><p>　　Gaits for

30、 changing directions are implemented in a rather interesting way: by changing the sequence of choice of the swing leg, the tripedal gait can move the robot in 60°interval directions for each step (Fig. 7

31、)</p><p>　　Fig. 7. Gait strategies for changing directions </p><p>　　The simple tripod configuration and tripedal gait of STriDER has many advantages over other legged robots; it has a simple

32、 kinematic structure (vs. bipeds, quadrupeds, or hexapods) that prevents conflicts among its legs and between a leg and the body; it is inherently stable (like a camera tripod); it is simple to control (vs. bipeds)

33、 as the motion is a simple falling in a predetermined direction and catching its fall; it is energy efficient, exploiting the actuated passive </p><p>　　Fig. 8. Experiment setup for a single step

34、 tripedal gait </p><p>　　2.3 Dry-adhesive gecko feet for walking in zero gravity environments </p><p>　　Inspired by NASA JPL’s LEMUR class robots [12, 13] (Fig. 9), RoMeLa at Virginia Te

35、ch is developing a hexapod robotic platform for research in multi-limbed ocomotion and manipulation. Shown in figure 10, the Multi Appendage Robotic System (MARS) has six 4-degree-of-freedom (DOF) limbs ar

36、ranged xi-symmetrically about the robot body with kinematically spherical joints at the shoulder for a large workspace. Interchangeable end-effector/feet allow it to be used for studying var</p><p>　

37、　Fig. 9. NASA JPL’s LEMUR IIa </p><p>　　MARS’s six axi-symmetrically arranged limbs are each connected to the body by a 3 DOF kinematically spherical joint which provides a wide range of motion simil

38、ar to a shoulder of hip joint. Midway along each limb is a single DOF joint which provides a range of motion similar to an elbow or knee joint. This arrangement allows each limb to have a wide workspace. The ent

39、ire platform is approximately 16 inches in diameter standing 10 inches tall with the appearance of an insec</p><p>　　Fig. 10. MARS: Multi Appendage Robotic System </p><p>　　Unlike other

40、robot design approaches that seek to mimic biology and engineering together, LEMUR’s origins lack any necessary biological elements [12]; biological elements are used exclusively as a design tool. As the

41、 robot is intended to move along the surface of the structure, inspiration was taken from multi-limbed, dexterous sea creatures that tend to move along the bottom and among rocks. Immediately applicab

42、le examples are octopi and starfish which are</p><p>　　One of the key application areas of MARS is autonomous in-space inspection and maintenance of space vehicles and structures in zero g

43、ravity. Using limbed robots is the most promising technology for such EVA tasks; to crawl outside on the outer surface of space vehicles or structures using legs for inspection and maintenance operations. However

44、 using limbed robots in zero gravity environments creates a whole new set of problems and requirements. Locomotion in zero grav</p><p>　　2.4 A novel wheel-leg hybrid locomotion strategy </p><p>

45、;　　IMPASS (Intelligent Mobility Platform with Active Spoke System) is a novel high mobility locomotion platform for unmanned systems in unstructured environments [14 to 16] (Fig. 11). Utilizing ri

46、mless wheels with individually actuated spokes, it can followthe contour of uneven surfaces like tracks and step over large obstacles like legged vehicles while retaining the simplicity of wheels (Fig. 12). Since i

47、t lacks the complexity of legs and has a large effecti</p><p>　　Fig. 11. Rendered image of a version of IMPASS using two actuated spoke wheels and a mock up of the system</p><p>　　Fig.

48、12. Some examples of the mobility and terrain adaptability of IMPASS </p><p>　　We have analyzed the kinematics and simulated the motion of a robot using two actuated spoke wheels on flat terrain using a one-

49、, two-, and three-point contact per wheel scheme (Fig. 13). It is shown that the one-point contact mode has two degrees of freedom and that the motion output can be arbitrarily selected. This mode would allow f

50、or moving while maintaining a constant height for the center of mass, which we have demonstrated by simulation. Turning for this mode</p><p>　　Fig. 13. Kinematic diagram of a single actuat

51、ed spoke wheel and its degrees of freedom for different modes </p><p>　　The concept for transient turning was then developed by having three contact points at the step transition, forcing the pivot l

52、ine to be skew with the axle of the robot (Fig. 14). Insight into this configuration was gained by analyzing the robot in this configuration as an SPPS spatial mechanism. The insight gained from the spatial analysis is

53、 used to describe a more general kinematic model that could be used to analyze both cases of the coplanar pivot line and the skew pivot lin</p><p>　　Fig. 14. Turning strategy for the actuated spoke whe

54、el </p><p>　　To verify our analytical model and to evaluate the concept in the next phase of the project, we have designed and fabricated our first prototype of the actuated spoke wheel (Fig

55、. 15) to be used for IMPASS. </p><p>　　Fig. 15. Prototype of the actuated spoke wheel</p><p>　　2.5 Bipedal locomotion for humanoid robots </p><p>　　DARwIn (Dynamic Anthropomorphic

56、 Robot with Intelligence) is a humanoid robot capable of bipedal walking and performing human like motions, developed as a research platform for studying robot locomotion and also as the base platform for Virgin

57、ia Tech’s first entry to the 2007 Robocup competition (Fig.s 16, 17). The 600 mm tall, 4 Kg robot has 21 degree-of-freedom (DOF) with each joint actuated by coreless DC motors via distributed control with control

58、lable compliance. Using a c</p><p>　　Fig. 16. Kinematic diagram and the CAD model of DARwIn </p><p>　　The goal of this on going research project is to develop the robotic platform for, and study

59、 the issues related to participating in the 2007 Robocup competition (generating and implementing a dynamic walking gait using Zero Moment Point control, developing algorithms and strategies for intelligent mo

60、tion planning and obstacle avoidance, vision based control, uneven terrain walking, complex behaviors for playing soccer, etc.) </p><p>　　Fig. 17. DARwIn: Dynamic Anthropomorphic Robot with Intelligence <

61、;/p><p>　　DARwIn has a lightweight aluminum skeletal structure with rapid prototyped plastic skin covers. The arms and legs are connected to the body by 3 DOF kinematically spherical joints which provide a wide

62、 range of motion similar to a shoulder and hip joint. Each joint is actuated by Maxon’s RE-max coreless DC motors via distributedcontrol with variable compliance. The robot carries two 2100 mAh/7.4V Li-Poly batteries as

63、its power source, a PC104 single board computer for processing, three rate gyros</p><p>　　3. Conclusion </p><p>　　In this paper, we have presented five of the unique ground mobile robots under d

64、evelopment at the RoMeLa at Virginia Tech that use novel locomotion strategies for high mobility. As demonstrated, using bioinspiration was the key for the development of these robots. By studying nature's models and

65、 then imitating or taking inspiration from these designs and processes, we have successfully applied and implemented new ways for mobile robots to move in various environments with unique mobility. </p><p>　

66、　Acknowledgements </p><p>　　The author would like to thank the National Science Foundation (No. IIS-0535012), Office of Naval Research (No. N00014-05-1-0828), NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory (NASA Fac

67、ulty Fellowship Program), and Virginia Tech’s Office of the Provost and the Office of the Vice Provost for Research (ASPIRES), Army’s Research, Development, and Engineering Command (RDECOM) through Virgini

68、a Tech’s Joint Unmanned Systems Test, Experimentation, and Research (JOUSTER) for their conti</p><p>　　生物啟發(fā)的運(yùn)動(dòng)策略：</p><p>　　在機(jī)器人和機(jī)構(gòu)實(shí)驗(yàn)室開發(fā)的新型地面移動(dòng)機(jī)器人</p><p>　　摘要-本文介紹了一些地面移動(dòng)機(jī)器人，

69、它們的發(fā)展是基于弗吉尼亞理工大學(xué)RoMeLa（機(jī)器人技術(shù)和機(jī)械實(shí)驗(yàn)室）使用生物啟發(fā)的新型運(yùn)動(dòng)策略。我們通過學(xué)習(xí)自然模型，然后模仿或獲取來自這些設(shè)計(jì)和進(jìn)程中的靈感，為移動(dòng)機(jī)器人的移動(dòng)，應(yīng)用和實(shí)施了新的方式。不同于大多數(shù)地面移動(dòng)機(jī)器人使用的常規(guī)手段的運(yùn)動(dòng)，如車輪或軌道，這些機(jī)器人展示獨(dú)特的移動(dòng)性特點(diǎn)，使在某些環(huán)境下運(yùn)動(dòng)困難的常規(guī)地面機(jī)器人變得適應(yīng)。這些新型的地面機(jī)器人，包括：整個(gè)皮膚運(yùn)動(dòng)機(jī)器人，它從似變形蟲的運(yùn)動(dòng)機(jī)械受到啟發(fā)；三條腿的步行機(jī)

70、器人STriDER（自激三足動(dòng)態(tài)實(shí)驗(yàn)型機(jī)器人），利用驅(qū)動(dòng)的被動(dòng)式運(yùn)動(dòng)概念；六足機(jī)器人MARS（多附加的機(jī)器人系統(tǒng)）使用干粘合劑“壁虎腳”走在零重力的環(huán)境中；人形機(jī)器人DARwIn（動(dòng)態(tài)擬人智能機(jī)器人）使用動(dòng)態(tài)兩足步態(tài)；移動(dòng)性高的機(jī)器人IMPASS（擁有積極會(huì)話系統(tǒng)的智能移動(dòng)平臺(tái)）使用了一種新型車輪和腿混合運(yùn)動(dòng)的策略。對(duì)于上述每個(gè)機(jī)器人和所運(yùn)用的新型運(yùn)動(dòng)策略，我們隨后將對(duì)它們的性能以及面臨的挑戰(zhàn)進(jìn)行討論。</p><p

71、>　　關(guān)鍵詞-生物的啟發(fā)，運(yùn)動(dòng)，移動(dòng)機(jī)器人。</p><p><b>　?。?導(dǎo)言</b></p><p>　　9 / 11世界貿(mào)易中心的慘劇后，在歸零地（911恐怖襲擊中倒塌的世界貿(mào)易中心遺址），國防部聯(lián)合機(jī)器人計(jì)劃秘書辦公室從機(jī)器人輔助搜索和努力救援中得到教訓(xùn)，并在為此準(zhǔn)備的一份報(bào)告中指出，機(jī)器人的移動(dòng)性是指作為目前機(jī)器人技術(shù)的一個(gè)主要限制性內(nèi)容就是完成搜索

72、和救援任務(wù)。該報(bào)告進(jìn)一步指出，所有雇用機(jī)器人在歸零地網(wǎng)站使用軌道驅(qū)動(dòng)器一般都優(yōu)于車輪在不平坦的地面，不過，其他更有效的運(yùn)動(dòng)策略必須作進(jìn)一步調(diào)查。不同與空中或海上運(yùn)輸?shù)能囕v在他們的旅行區(qū)域內(nèi)幾乎可以達(dá)到任何一個(gè)目的地，今天使用的大部分地面車輛，在穿越大障礙和攀登陡坡時(shí)有困難，這是由于其有限的移動(dòng)性，尤其是在非結(jié)構(gòu)化環(huán)境下。</p><p>　　隨著機(jī)器人智能技術(shù)的進(jìn)步，和移動(dòng)機(jī)器人在新的應(yīng)用領(lǐng)域增加，機(jī)器人替換基礎(chǔ)

73、運(yùn)動(dòng)機(jī)械的需要，這可以使它們在被調(diào)遣到復(fù)雜的非結(jié)構(gòu)化地形中時(shí)變得至關(guān)重要。目前地面車輛的運(yùn)動(dòng)的方法是基于車輪，鐵軌或兩條腿，每一個(gè)方法有其自身的長處和短處。為了使移動(dòng)機(jī)器人適應(yīng)一個(gè)地區(qū)的復(fù)雜地形，一種新的運(yùn)動(dòng)方法是必要的。例如，為了能夠找到被困在倒塌大樓中的人，將需要身處狹窄拐角的機(jī)器人能夠在瓦礫下或之間移動(dòng)。目前的運(yùn)動(dòng)方法，可以做到這項(xiàng)工作的一部分，但在實(shí)現(xiàn)所有這些功能時(shí)，他們卻只有有限的成功。</p><p>

74、;　　我們通過學(xué)習(xí)自然模型，然后模仿或獲取來自這些設(shè)計(jì)和進(jìn)程中的靈感，為移動(dòng)機(jī)器人的移動(dòng)，應(yīng)用和實(shí)施了新的方式。在本文中，我們呈現(xiàn)了5個(gè)地面移動(dòng)機(jī)器人，它們的發(fā)展是基于弗吉尼亞理工大學(xué)的RoMeLa（機(jī)器人技術(shù)和機(jī)械實(shí)驗(yàn)室）使用的生物啟發(fā)的新型運(yùn)動(dòng)策略。不同于大多數(shù)地面移動(dòng)機(jī)器人使用的常規(guī)手段的運(yùn)動(dòng)，如車輪或軌道，這些機(jī)器人展示獨(dú)特的移動(dòng)性特點(diǎn)，使在某些環(huán)境下運(yùn)動(dòng)困難的常規(guī)地面機(jī)器人變得適應(yīng)。</p><p>　

75、　2.生物啟發(fā)的新型運(yùn)動(dòng)的策略</p><p>　　2.1從似變形蟲的運(yùn)動(dòng)機(jī)械受到啟發(fā)的運(yùn)動(dòng)</p><p>　　WSL（整個(gè)皮膚運(yùn)動(dòng)）是指一個(gè)生物，有一細(xì)長圓環(huán)形狀的身體用來作為表面為牽引，皮膚是用來驅(qū)動(dòng)通過循環(huán)的收縮與擴(kuò)張。</p><p>　　圖1.一個(gè)單軸的變形蟲的動(dòng)力機(jī)構(gòu)</p><p>　　這種啟發(fā)的新型運(yùn)動(dòng)策略，來自某些單一方式

76、的細(xì)胞生物體， 例如該變形蟲 （巨變形蟲）的運(yùn)動(dòng)。這些生物體的運(yùn)動(dòng)是由細(xì)胞質(zhì)環(huán)流過程（圖1 ）所造成的，液態(tài)形式的細(xì)胞質(zhì)流在內(nèi)外質(zhì)管中流動(dòng)，并轉(zhuǎn)化為凝膠狀的外質(zhì)前端的表層皮膚，最后在細(xì)胞質(zhì)的外皮膚后部回復(fù)到液態(tài)的形式。這連續(xù)細(xì)胞內(nèi)外質(zhì)的轉(zhuǎn)化是該變形蟲向前運(yùn)動(dòng)的有效動(dòng)力。</p><p>　　如果不可能的話，直接用機(jī)器人模仿這細(xì)胞質(zhì)環(huán)流的過程是很困難的事。因此，代替使用細(xì)胞質(zhì)液體凝膠轉(zhuǎn)型的過程，WSL使用一個(gè)靈活的

77、長圓環(huán)形狀的皮膚膜。這種皮膚可以拉長，然后在一個(gè)單一連續(xù)的運(yùn)動(dòng)中隨意內(nèi)外旋轉(zhuǎn)，在變形蟲外質(zhì)管中有效地生成整體的細(xì)胞質(zhì)環(huán)流運(yùn)動(dòng)（圖2 ）。</p><p>　　圖3和圖4顯示了一個(gè)簡單的實(shí)驗(yàn)，它使用一個(gè)灌滿水的長的有彈性的有機(jī)硅皮膚環(huán)形管，以演示運(yùn)動(dòng)機(jī)構(gòu)的可行性。</p><p>　　圖2. 同心固體管整個(gè)皮膚運(yùn)動(dòng)模型 通過驅(qū)動(dòng)環(huán)的收縮（1a，2a，3a ）及擴(kuò)大（1b，2b，3b ）產(chǎn)生的

78、反轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)動(dòng)。</p><p>　　（ a ）在0.0秒 （ b ）在0.30秒 （ c ）在0.46秒</p><p>　　圖3.預(yù)拉力彈性皮膚模型運(yùn)動(dòng)的一系列照片</p><p>　　圖4. 拉緊的繩索驅(qū)動(dòng)模型運(yùn)動(dòng)的一系列照片</p><p>　　機(jī)器人使用整個(gè)皮膚運(yùn)動(dòng)可以在與機(jī)器人相接觸的環(huán)境中的任何表面上移動(dòng)，

79、不論是地面，墻壁或兩邊的障礙物，或天花板，因?yàn)檎麄€(gè)皮膚是用于運(yùn)動(dòng)。與一彈力膜或網(wǎng)狀的鏈接作為其外部皮膚，機(jī)器人可以很容易擠壓在障礙之間或在倒塌的天花板下，使用所有的接觸面為牽引向前邁進(jìn)，或甚至擠壓本身通過直徑小于其名義寬度的孔。</p><p>　　2.2利用被動(dòng)式運(yùn)動(dòng)驅(qū)動(dòng)概念的三足運(yùn)動(dòng)</p><p>　　圖5. STriDER:自激三足動(dòng)態(tài)實(shí)驗(yàn)型機(jī)器人</p><p

80、>　　STriDER（自激三足動(dòng)態(tài)實(shí)驗(yàn)型機(jī)器人）是一種新型的三足步行機(jī)器（圖五） ，利用被動(dòng)動(dòng)力驅(qū)動(dòng)的運(yùn)動(dòng)概念，動(dòng)態(tài)步行與高能源效率和最小控制使用其獨(dú)特的三足步態(tài)（圖6 ）。不像其他的被動(dòng)動(dòng)態(tài)行走的機(jī)器，這種獨(dú)特的三足運(yùn)動(dòng)機(jī)器人，是以三腳架位置達(dá)到固有的穩(wěn)定，它可以改變方向，和比較容易操作，使得它可實(shí)際地應(yīng)用于現(xiàn)實(shí)生活中。</p><p><b>　　圖6.單步三足步態(tài)</b><

81、/p><p>　　圖6顯示單步三足步態(tài)的概念。從開始的位置（圖6 （ a ）） ，機(jī)器人轉(zhuǎn)變其重心，通過調(diào)整它的兩個(gè)骨盆鏈接（圖6 （ b ）） ，機(jī)器人的身體能在跌倒的方向垂直于落地三角（圖6（ c ）） ，繞軸線旋轉(zhuǎn)定義為由兩個(gè)支持的雙腿。正像在機(jī)器人跌倒時(shí)，中間的腿（擺動(dòng)腿） 自然擺動(dòng)到兩落地腿之間（圖6 （ d ））防止跌倒（圖6 （ e ））。由于所有三腿接觸地面，機(jī)器人重置姿態(tài)通過激勵(lì)其連接，儲(chǔ)存勢能，為

82、下次的步態(tài)（圖6 （ f ））作準(zhǔn)備 。三足步態(tài)的關(guān)鍵是自然擺動(dòng)運(yùn)動(dòng)的擺動(dòng)腿，和機(jī)構(gòu)關(guān)于均衡骨盆關(guān)節(jié)連接的兩個(gè)落地腿。適當(dāng)?shù)臋C(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)參數(shù)（質(zhì)量和性能方面的聯(lián)系），用其動(dòng)態(tài)結(jié)構(gòu)拓展驅(qū)動(dòng)被動(dòng)動(dòng)力運(yùn)動(dòng)概念，以最低限度的控制和能源消耗進(jìn)行反復(fù)運(yùn)動(dòng)。</p><p>　　步態(tài)改變方向是在一個(gè)相當(dāng)有趣的方式下執(zhí)行：通過改變選擇擺動(dòng)腿的序列，三足步態(tài)可以在每一步60 °區(qū)間的方向移動(dòng)機(jī)器人（圖7 ）</p>

83、;<p>　　圖7. 轉(zhuǎn)變方向的步態(tài)戰(zhàn)略</p><p>　　簡單的三腳架配置和STriDER的三足步態(tài)有很多優(yōu)勢超過其它腿式機(jī)器人：它有一個(gè)簡單的運(yùn)動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)（對(duì)兩足動(dòng)物 ，四足動(dòng)物 ，或六足動(dòng)物）防止其雙腿之間，一條腿和身體的沖突，相當(dāng)穩(wěn)定（如照相機(jī)三腳架）；簡單的控制（對(duì)兩足動(dòng)物）正因該運(yùn)動(dòng)是一個(gè)在預(yù)定方向的簡單下降及控制其下降；它又是高效能源，在動(dòng)力學(xué)上用其內(nèi)置開發(fā)驅(qū)動(dòng)被動(dòng)動(dòng)力運(yùn)動(dòng)概念;它重量輕

84、，使它能發(fā)射到難以進(jìn)入的領(lǐng)域，例如，它使部署和定位傳感器在高的位置進(jìn)行監(jiān)視變得非常理想。</p><p>　　圖8.一個(gè)單一步驟的三足步態(tài)的實(shí)驗(yàn)裝備</p><p>　　2.3步行在零重力環(huán)境下的干膠粘劑壁虎腳</p><p>　　靈感來自美國航天局噴氣推進(jìn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室的LEMUR機(jī)器人（圖9 ） ，在弗吉尼亞理工大學(xué)的機(jī)器人技術(shù)和機(jī)械實(shí)驗(yàn)室研制一種六足機(jī)器人的研究平臺(tái)，

85、多肢運(yùn)動(dòng)和操縱。如圖10所示，MARS（多附庸的機(jī)器人系統(tǒng)）有6個(gè)4自由度的肢體軸對(duì)稱布置，機(jī)器人本體與動(dòng)球節(jié)點(diǎn)在肩膀上有一個(gè)大的工作空間。可互換的末端執(zhí)行器/腳允許其用于研究各種研究方面例如走在非結(jié)構(gòu)化環(huán)境，攀登，和靈巧的操控任務(wù)。</p><p>　　圖9. 美國航天局噴氣推進(jìn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室的LEMUR IIa  </p><p>　　多附庸的機(jī)器人系統(tǒng)的六軸對(duì)稱安排，四肢均連接到機(jī)

86、構(gòu)，由一個(gè)三自由度動(dòng)球的聯(lián)合提供了一個(gè)廣泛的運(yùn)動(dòng)類似于肩髖關(guān)節(jié)。中途沿每個(gè)肢體是一種單自由度的聯(lián)合它提供了一系列類似的運(yùn)動(dòng)類似于肘或膝關(guān)節(jié)。這種安排使每個(gè)肢體有廣泛的工作空間。整個(gè)平臺(tái)是大約16英寸，直徑10英寸，身高與外表昆蟲或蜘蛛一樣。碳纖維復(fù)合體進(jìn)行鋁聚合物電池， PC104的單板電腦，以及可互換的傳感器，包括立體視覺的接口相機(jī)。四肢由一個(gè)輕量級(jí)鋁框架和碳纖維復(fù)合材料外骨骼皮膚建造。每一聯(lián)合通過轉(zhuǎn)口貨品中最大芯直流電動(dòng)機(jī)通過分布式

87、可變方式控制驅(qū)動(dòng)。在每個(gè)肢體端部，可互換末端執(zhí)行器/腳允許它用于各種實(shí)驗(yàn)和應(yīng)用。</p><p>　　圖10. MARS:多附庸的機(jī)器人系統(tǒng)</p><p>　　與其他的機(jī)器人設(shè)計(jì)方法不同，它力求模仿生物學(xué)和工程兩者統(tǒng)一，LEMUR的起源缺乏一些必要的生物分子;生物分子專門用于作為一個(gè)設(shè)計(jì)工具。機(jī)器人的目的是沿著表面結(jié)構(gòu)移動(dòng)，它的靈感來自于沿著底部和巖石之間移動(dòng)的多肢靈巧的海洋生物。馬上可

88、舉的例子便是章魚和海星，其中他們的顯著特點(diǎn)是軸對(duì)稱，相對(duì)身體尺寸來說四肢較長。軸對(duì)稱機(jī)器人是全方位的，面對(duì)一個(gè)特定方向的移動(dòng)或操縱，節(jié)省其昂貴運(yùn)動(dòng)。此外，長的四肢又能產(chǎn)生一個(gè)廣闊的工作空間。</p><p>　　其中MARS的一個(gè)重要應(yīng)用領(lǐng)域是在零重力情況下自主地在太空中檢查維修車輛和結(jié)構(gòu)。使用有肢的機(jī)器人是最有前途的技術(shù)，例如共聚物技術(shù); 使用機(jī)器腿在空間車輛或結(jié)構(gòu)的外表面爬行檢查和維修操作。不過，使用有肢的機(jī)

89、器人在零重力的環(huán)境中創(chuàng)造了一整套新的問題和要求。在零重力環(huán)境中運(yùn)動(dòng)需要使用確保其腳步行于表面的方法，這可能是通過抓住在表面上利用磁鐵，吸杯的某些功能來完成。它的靈感來自壁虎在垂直墻壁上爬行和在天花板上下步行的能力，未來版本的MARS將使用干膠粘劑腳在零重力的環(huán)境下行走于表面，因?yàn)檫@是最有前途的技術(shù)，使機(jī)器人行走表面的運(yùn)動(dòng)和操作過程變的穩(wěn)定。</p><p>　　2.4一種新型車輪腿混合運(yùn)動(dòng)策略</p>

90、<p>　　智能平臺(tái)的流動(dòng)性與積極語言系統(tǒng)是一種非結(jié)構(gòu)化環(huán)境無人系統(tǒng)，新型高流動(dòng)性運(yùn)動(dòng)平臺(tái)（圖11 ） 。利用單獨(dú)驅(qū)動(dòng)無框車輪輻條，它可以按照輪廓不均勻的表面，如路軌，并越過大的障礙，如有腿車輛，保留簡單的車輪（圖12 ）。因?yàn)樗狈?fù)雜的腿和擁有一個(gè)大型有效的（輪）直徑，這個(gè)高度自適應(yīng)性系統(tǒng)可以輕易地移動(dòng)到極端的地形，同時(shí)保持一定的運(yùn)行速度，從而在搜索和救援任務(wù)，科學(xué)探索，和進(jìn)行反恐的應(yīng)用中有很大的潛力。</p&g

91、t;<p>　　圖11.此渲染圖象是IMPASS的版本，使用了兩個(gè)驅(qū)動(dòng)車輪，并進(jìn)行模擬</p><p>　　圖12.IMPASS關(guān)于移動(dòng)和適應(yīng)地形的一些例子</p><p>　　我們分析了運(yùn)動(dòng)學(xué)和模擬機(jī)器人用兩個(gè)驅(qū)動(dòng)車輪在平坦地形上的運(yùn)動(dòng)，它們利用每個(gè)車輪結(jié)構(gòu)上的一個(gè)，兩個(gè)，三個(gè)點(diǎn)相接觸（圖13 ）。這表明一個(gè)點(diǎn)接觸模式有兩個(gè)自由度，運(yùn)動(dòng)的輸出可以任意選定。這種模式將允許機(jī)器

92、人移動(dòng)，同時(shí)為質(zhì)量中心保持恒定的高度，我們已經(jīng)通過模擬進(jìn)行了證明。至于這個(gè)模式的結(jié)果表明，通過改變方位角發(fā)生離散，采取措施改變不同的長度和左右車輪。兩個(gè)點(diǎn)的接觸方式顯示有一個(gè)自由度，選擇一個(gè)步長，將徑向平面的中心軸軌道視為確定的車輪角度函數(shù)。這種運(yùn)動(dòng)模式只用兩個(gè)輪子便能靜態(tài)地穩(wěn)定行走，還可用于承受有效重載荷。 三點(diǎn)接觸結(jié)構(gòu)顯示為零的自由度，但是在固定的任務(wù)中，它將有額外的穩(wěn)定性，讓機(jī)器人擁有更廣泛的立足之地。</p>&l

93、t;p>　　圖13.一個(gè)單一的驅(qū)動(dòng)車輪及其自由度的不同模式的運(yùn)動(dòng)系統(tǒng)圖</p><p>　　關(guān)于瞬態(tài)轉(zhuǎn)變的概念隨后得到開發(fā)，在逐漸轉(zhuǎn)變過程中有三個(gè)接觸點(diǎn)，迫使基準(zhǔn)線與機(jī)器人的軸線斜交（圖14 ）。深入了解此結(jié)構(gòu)，通過在此機(jī)構(gòu)中分析機(jī)器人獲得作為一個(gè)SPPS的空間機(jī)構(gòu)。從空間分析獲得的見解能形容一個(gè)更一般的運(yùn)動(dòng)學(xué)模型可以用來分析共面基準(zhǔn)軸線和斜交基準(zhǔn)線的兩種情況，以及允許分析影響駕駛兩個(gè)驅(qū)動(dòng)輪輻車輪差異。&l

94、t;/p><p>　　圖14.輪輻車輪驅(qū)動(dòng)的轉(zhuǎn)向策略  </p><p>　　要驗(yàn)證我們的模型分析和在下一階段項(xiàng)目的概念評(píng)估，我們已設(shè)計(jì)并制作了第一個(gè)輪輻車輪驅(qū)動(dòng)的樣機(jī)（圖15 ）將用于IMPASS。</p><p>　　圖15.輪輻車輪驅(qū)動(dòng)的樣機(jī)</p><p>　　2.5 兩足運(yùn)動(dòng)的仿人機(jī)器人</p><

95、p>　　DARwIn（動(dòng)態(tài)擬人機(jī)器人與情報(bào)）是一種仿人機(jī)器人能兩足行走和表演，像人類一樣，它已發(fā)展成一個(gè)為研究機(jī)器人運(yùn)動(dòng)的研究平臺(tái)，同時(shí)也成為弗吉尼亞理工大學(xué)的首次進(jìn)入2007年機(jī)器人世界杯競爭的基礎(chǔ)平臺(tái)（圖16，17）。該高600毫米，重4公斤的機(jī)器人有21個(gè)自由度（DOF），每一關(guān)節(jié)通過分布式控制與可控順序的無芯直流電動(dòng)機(jī)進(jìn)行驅(qū)動(dòng)。利用計(jì)算機(jī)視覺系統(tǒng)對(duì)頭部，在軀干上的慣性測量組合，和在腳上的多力傳感器，DARwIn可以在超越障

96、礙時(shí)完成人類一樣的步態(tài)，能夠越過不平坦的復(fù)雜地形，完成復(fù)雜行為，如踢足球。</p><p>　　圖16.運(yùn)動(dòng)系統(tǒng)圖和DARwIn的CAD模型</p><p>　　對(duì)這個(gè)項(xiàng)目的持續(xù)研究的目標(biāo)是發(fā)展機(jī)器人平臺(tái)，并研究與參加2007年機(jī)器人世界杯比賽相關(guān)的問題，（產(chǎn)生和實(shí)現(xiàn)一個(gè)動(dòng)態(tài)步態(tài)，使用零力矩點(diǎn)控制，為了智能運(yùn)動(dòng)規(guī)劃和避障，基于視覺的控制，在不平坦地形下散步，踢足球的復(fù)雜行為等發(fā)展算法和策略

97、）。</p><p>　　圖17. DARwIn：動(dòng)態(tài)擬人智能機(jī)器人</p><p>　　DARwIn有一個(gè)輕巧的鋁骨骼結(jié)構(gòu)與快速成型塑膠皮膚表面。它的胳膊和腿連接到機(jī)構(gòu)由三自由度動(dòng)球節(jié)點(diǎn)提供了廣泛的運(yùn)動(dòng)，與肩和髖關(guān)節(jié)類似。每一關(guān)節(jié)是Maxon的轉(zhuǎn)口貨品中最大芯直流電動(dòng)機(jī)通過分布式控制與可變原則驅(qū)動(dòng)。該機(jī)器人有兩個(gè)2100 mAh/7.4v鋁聚合物電池作為其電源， PC104的單板電腦處理

98、，三率陀螺儀，跟蹤機(jī)體的方向和各種傳感器包括一個(gè)視覺接口相機(jī)和腳下八個(gè)力傳感器。目前新版本的DARwIn正在發(fā)展，在弗吉尼亞理工大學(xué)，2007年機(jī)器人世界杯正在設(shè)計(jì)進(jìn)行中，來自機(jī)械工程系和建筑設(shè)計(jì)學(xué)院的研究生和高級(jí)本科生相互協(xié)作。</p><p><b>　　3.結(jié)論</b></p><p>　　在本文中，我們呈現(xiàn)了5個(gè)獨(dú)特的地面移動(dòng)機(jī)器人，在RoMeLa的發(fā)展下，在

99、弗吉尼亞理工大學(xué)使用了新型運(yùn)動(dòng)策略有高度的移動(dòng)性。作為證明，為發(fā)展這些機(jī)器人使用生物靈感和仿生學(xué)是關(guān)鍵。通過學(xué)習(xí)自然模型，然后模仿或獲取來自這些設(shè)計(jì)和進(jìn)程中的靈感，為移動(dòng)機(jī)器人在各種環(huán)境中具有獨(dú)特移動(dòng)性的移動(dòng)，我們已經(jīng)成功地應(yīng)用和實(shí)施了新方式。 </p><p><b>　　鳴謝</b></p><p>　　作者想感謝美國國家科學(xué)基金會(huì)（No.IIS-0535012）

100、、海軍研究辦公室（No.N00014-05-1-0828）、美國宇航局噴氣推進(jìn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室（美國航天局學(xué)院獎(jiǎng)學(xué)金項(xiàng)目）以及弗吉尼亞理工大學(xué)辦公室和副總統(tǒng)辦公室負(fù)責(zé)人的研究（ASPIRES），感謝他們對(duì)軍隊(duì)的研究和開發(fā)， 感謝工程司令部（RDECOM）為繼續(xù)支持這項(xiàng)工作，通過弗吉尼亞理工大學(xué)聯(lián)合無人操作系統(tǒng)所做的測試、實(shí)驗(yàn)及研究（JOUSTER），并感謝作者的研究生道格拉內(nèi)、馬克英格拉姆、馬克肖瓦爾特、杰里米西斯頓和卡爾米艾克就這些項(xiàng)目所做的工