機(jī)械類汽車轉(zhuǎn)向系統(tǒng)外文文獻(xiàn)及翻譯

1、<p>　　1 Introduction</p><p>　　The key task for the automobile industry and its suppliers in future lies in speedily developing and implementing ecologically sound and economically justifiable mobility s

2、ystems. Light metals such as aluminum and magnesium along with glass and carbon fiber reinforced materials, ceramics and composites have opened up the potential for considerable weight reduction and for "green"

3、 vehicle concepts which can be realized economically. Aluminum in particular can provide the impetus for new designs f</p><p>　　The average passenger car today contains 60 to 70 kg of aluminum, and current d

4、evelopments point to a doubling of this amount in the next few years. Motor vehicles both now and in future must meet requirements for: greater performance, greater safety, comfort, low pollution. Lightweight constructio

5、n is not just about reducing weight; it is a question of -striking the right balance between reduced weight and structural efficiency. In vehicle construction this normally means making the best use of</p><p&g

6、t;　　The broad range of expertise available to Krupp Presta AG allows the company to analyze customer specifications for steering systems and provide appropriate solutions.</p><p>　　2 Requirements to be met b

7、y steering systems</p><p>　　The steering is an important part of the feel of a car. The steering system should make driving an enjoyable experience with no unpleasant vibration from the road surface while gu

8、aranteeing the required hand- sing. It is also important that high safety requirements be met, both under normal conditions and in crash situations. The key criteria for the steering system are thus as follows:rolling fr

9、iction, torsional stiffness /strength, Damping, temperature, corrosion, durability / fatigue, weight.</p><p>　　3 Materials</p><p>　　material light weighting can be achieved by using either stron

10、ger or lighter material. When stiffness or natural frequency are Important sizing criteria, low density</p><p>　　materials with a high modulus of elasticity by quired. Non-exotic materials must be selected w

11、hich are readily recyclable, low in price and display good durability.Further requirements are set by the manufacturing and joining processes. Steel, aluminum, magnesium and a variety of plastics are the materials of cho

12、ice for steering systems. Low specific gravity, high corrosion resistance, low fabricating costs, high energy absorption and good recycle ability make aluminum a favored light weighting </p><p>　　4 Reducing

13、component weight</p><p>　　A focused strategy to reduce component weight requires a lightweight approach to design (force distribution, stresses), material (material selection), specifications (modified, real

14、istic specifications)</p><p>　　Key factors in lightweight design include [1]: force flows, material properties, ambient conditions ® safety requirements, reliability of joints, manufacture ability. Prac

15、tical experience has shown that car makers' specifications based on steel need to be revised for lightweighting. Requirements valid for a steel steering shaft, for example, can result in severe oversizing of an alumi

16、num shaft. Reducing component weight requires material compatible designs combined with material- compatible spec</p><p>　　5 Lightweight components</p><p>　　As part of its development program Kr

17、upp Presta is replacing conventional steel steering components such as steering rods , shafts or forks with corresponding aluminum components produced by new processes. Weight savings of 20-30% are achievable depending o

18、n the basic conditions stipulated by the customer. Aluminum and magnesium die castings are already being used in steering columns , and further opportunities for weight reduction are being investigated. The lightweight s

19、teering column (Fig. 1)</p><p>　　6 Steering column design </p><p>　　Experience has shown that it is possible to design steering columns for cars more or less on the basis of their natural freque

20、ncy alone. Additional engineering work may be required to design critical parts which must not break in the case of a crash or misuse (e.g. theft). The main task when engineering a steering column is thus to achieve the

21、highest possible natural frequencies while minimizing weight. Low-stiffness components are being analyzed and refined in an effort to achieve uniform load</p><p>　　7 Conclusions</p><p>　　Existin

22、g technologies must be continuously adapted and improved in line with the requirements of the auto industry. Systematic weight reduction is a major challenge and requires close cooperation between vehicle manufacturers a

23、nd suppliers. Materials, fabricating and joining technologies must be further refined. One prerequisite for the continuing success of Krupp Presta is the flexibility to react to customer wishes and requirements.</p>

24、;<p><b>　　Reference</b></p><p>　　[1] Klein, B.:</p><p>　　Leichtbau-Konstruktion. Berech- nungsgrundlagen und Gestaltung. Braunschweig: Vieweg, 1997</p><p><b&g

25、t;　　簡(jiǎn)介</b></p><p>　　汽車工業(yè)及其供應(yīng)商，在未來(lái)的關(guān)鍵任務(wù)在于迅速制定和實(shí)施無(wú)害生態(tài)和經(jīng)濟(jì)上合理流動(dòng)系統(tǒng)。隨著玻璃和碳纖維增強(qiáng)材料，陶瓷和復(fù)合材料的廣泛應(yīng)用，如鋁、鎂輕金屬開辟了輕量化使具有發(fā)展?jié)摿Φ摹熬G色”概念車得以投產(chǎn)。特別是鋁可以為以后的新設(shè)計(jì)提供了動(dòng)力。幾十年前，鋁在汽車建設(shè)中被視為“概念”，如今它是減輕重量，從而降低油耗的重要因素。如今的汽車一般含有60到70千克的鋁，按

26、照目前的發(fā)展趨勢(shì)，在未來(lái)數(shù)年的這一數(shù)額將增加一倍。現(xiàn)在和將來(lái)的汽車必須符合以下要求：更高的性能、更安全、舒適、低污染。輕型結(jié)構(gòu)不只是降低重量，它是一個(gè)很值得研究的課題，減輕重量和結(jié)構(gòu)效率之間要達(dá)到相應(yīng)平衡。在汽車制造中，這通常意味著充分利用有限空間可用于各個(gè)部件以使重量最小化，同時(shí)，還要求滿足所有的剛度，強(qiáng)度，固有頻率和聲學(xué)要求。要實(shí)現(xiàn)這一要求，強(qiáng)度必須在結(jié)構(gòu)分布上盡可能均勻。現(xiàn)代數(shù)值分析方法，如有限元分析允許一個(gè)非常詳細(xì)的分析系統(tǒng)途徑

27、，提供具有成本效益,支持復(fù)雜的優(yōu)化過(guò)程，從而在輕量化進(jìn)步建設(shè)中做出巨大貢獻(xiàn)。在安裝，安全，裝配，成本等方面的考慮，在一定程度上可以實(shí)現(xiàn)輕量化?？颂敳咎峁┑膶I(yè)知識(shí)范圍廣泛，使該公司在分析轉(zhuǎn)向系統(tǒng)</p><p>　　需求得到的滿足轉(zhuǎn)向系統(tǒng)</p><p>　　轉(zhuǎn)向系統(tǒng)是車輛的一個(gè)重要的組成部分。轉(zhuǎn)向系統(tǒng)使驅(qū)動(dòng)有良好行駛過(guò)程，減輕來(lái)自路面的糟糕的振動(dòng)，保證所需的轉(zhuǎn)向手感。同樣重要的是，無(wú)

28、論在正常情況還是在崩潰的情況下，高安全性的要求得到滿足。因此，影響轉(zhuǎn)向系統(tǒng)的主要因素如下：滾動(dòng)摩擦、抗扭剛度/強(qiáng)度、阻尼溫度、耐腐蝕性、抗疲勞性能、重量等。影響碰撞沖擊力和能量吸收轉(zhuǎn)向柱因素：固有頻率/剛度性能、應(yīng)用廣泛、阻尼作用、占用空間、強(qiáng)度、人體工程學(xué)設(shè)計(jì)、處理、聲學(xué)、碰撞沖擊力和能量吸收等方面的滿足要求。其他基本條件：接口與相鄰元件可靠、拆裝方便、連接可靠、成本低。</p><p><b>　　

29、材料</b></p><p>　　通過(guò)材料輕量化可以實(shí)現(xiàn)保證強(qiáng)度下，減輕重量的目的。當(dāng)剛度或固有頻率有相對(duì)嚴(yán)格的管徑標(biāo)準(zhǔn)時(shí)，需要具有高彈性模量的低密度材料。選材一般選擇常用材料，一方面材料利用率大，價(jià)格低廉，良好的耐用性。另一方面的要求是由制造業(yè)和連接過(guò)程決定的。鋼、鋁、鎂和復(fù)合材料是轉(zhuǎn)向系統(tǒng)的首選材料。低比重，高耐腐蝕性，制造成本低，高能量吸收和良性循環(huán)的能力，使鋁倍受青睞。由于其熱能含量高，可達(dá)9

30、0%用于汽車建設(shè)鋁可以回收（智能設(shè)計(jì)/沒有與其他材料混合）。鋁的回收利用率高，鋁在環(huán)境方面優(yōu)勢(shì)超過(guò)許多其他材料。所需的原料鋁的初級(jí)能源的大量抵消了車輛的使用壽命，復(fù)合材料也將非常有發(fā)展前景，它有極大的剛性，低重量和能量吸收能力強(qiáng)，然而，目前，由于造價(jià)成本高，只是作為局部零件來(lái)減輕重量。</p><p><b>　　減少零件的重量</b></p><p>　　采用集成方

31、法以降低組件的重量，需要一個(gè)輕量化的方案。</p><p>　　設(shè)計(jì)（力分布、應(yīng)力）、材料（選材）、規(guī)格（可修改，現(xiàn)實(shí)的規(guī)格）。輕量化設(shè)計(jì)的關(guān)鍵因素包括：力流、材料特性、環(huán)境條件、安全要求、連接可靠、生產(chǎn)能力等。實(shí)踐經(jīng)驗(yàn)表明，對(duì)汽車制造商的規(guī)格需要輕量化修訂。有效需求為鋼材轉(zhuǎn)向軸，例如，可能會(huì)導(dǎo)致鋁軸嚴(yán)重的偏大。減少零件重量要求材料設(shè)計(jì)結(jié)合材料相容規(guī)格。 </p><p><b>

32、;　　輕量級(jí)組件</b></p><p>　　作為其發(fā)展計(jì)劃的克虜伯普雷斯塔是取代傳統(tǒng)的鋼轉(zhuǎn)向部件，如轉(zhuǎn)向桿轉(zhuǎn)向部件，軸或軸叉相應(yīng)的鋁元件生產(chǎn)的新工藝。根據(jù)客戶的需求，可實(shí)現(xiàn)減輕20-30%的重量。轉(zhuǎn)向柱已被用于鋁和鎂壓鑄件，并正在研究進(jìn)一步減輕重量。輕便的轉(zhuǎn)向柱由克虜伯普雷斯塔生產(chǎn)的奧迪A6是一個(gè)很好的例子。通過(guò)使用鎂合金壓鑄件有可能限制轉(zhuǎn)向柱的重量為5公斤，減少15-20%常規(guī)（鋼）設(shè)計(jì)。<

33、/p><p><b>　　轉(zhuǎn)向柱設(shè)計(jì)</b></p><p>　　經(jīng)驗(yàn)表明，它有可能或僅靠其固有頻率的基礎(chǔ)上設(shè)計(jì)汽車轉(zhuǎn)向柱?？赡苄枰~外的工作量設(shè)計(jì)關(guān)鍵部件，在崩潰或?yàn)E用（如盜竊）的情況下，不能突破。當(dāng)轉(zhuǎn)向柱在主要工作任務(wù)時(shí)，達(dá)到盡可能高的固有頻率，同時(shí)最大限度地減少重量。分析低剛度組件結(jié)構(gòu)，實(shí)現(xiàn)均勻加載結(jié)構(gòu)。在解決這個(gè)任務(wù)，使用數(shù)值方法，如有限元分析。這是由特定的變形假

34、設(shè)為特征的有限元結(jié)構(gòu)所決定的。利用有限元分析檢測(cè)復(fù)雜結(jié)構(gòu)，靈敏度分析以及存在聯(lián)系，分析如何作出改善和優(yōu)化結(jié)構(gòu)的數(shù)值。拓?fù)鋬?yōu)化進(jìn)行了分析低應(yīng)力區(qū)的基本設(shè)計(jì)。CAD幾何數(shù)據(jù)處理在FE預(yù)處理的基礎(chǔ)上。以下是正確的建模需要考慮的方面。剛性、接觸面、運(yùn)動(dòng)學(xué)、質(zhì)量。其次是所獲得的數(shù)據(jù)的計(jì)算和評(píng)估模型。變應(yīng)力的評(píng)估是廣泛強(qiáng)調(diào)采取的措施。晶粒細(xì)化，組織均勻，則應(yīng)變能力好。振動(dòng)影響著轉(zhuǎn)向柱的固有頻率。通過(guò)評(píng)估應(yīng)變力的狀況，可以確定應(yīng)力集中區(qū)。</

35、p><p>　　七、結(jié)論現(xiàn)有技術(shù)必須不斷調(diào)整和完善以符合推動(dòng)汽車行業(yè)的發(fā)展。減輕轉(zhuǎn)向系統(tǒng)重量是一個(gè)重大的挑戰(zhàn)，并需要汽車制造商和供應(yīng)商之間的密切合作。材料，制造和連接技術(shù)，必須進(jìn)一步完善?？颂敳境掷m(xù)成功的先決條件之一是不斷創(chuàng)新完善以滿足客戶的愿望和需求。參考[1]克萊因，B：Leichtbau- Konstruktion。 Berech nungsgrundlagen和Gestaltung。不倫瑞克：發(fā)表