環(huán)境工程外文翻譯---污水處理新技術(shù)——曝氣生物濾池

1、<p><b>　　附錄</b></p><p>　　New Wastewater Treatment Technology </p><p>　　——BAF BIOSTYR (r)</p><p><b>　　Abstract</b></p><p>　　Now, with the ra

2、pid economic development, but also generated a lot of social problems. One of the most serious problem is the environment. Every day a lot of solid, liquid, gas generation and emission of pollutants. Urban sewage is gett

3、ing worse. Therefore, in order to improve the living environment of human beings, on the sewage treatment becomes extremely important and critical. Urban sewage treatment plant construction has become important to improv

4、e the conditions of the water environment. I</p><p>　　Keywords: Water; Wastewater; Treatment Technology; Biostyr (r)</p><p>　　1．Introduction</p><p>　　Sewage is created by residence

5、s, institutions, and commercial and industrial establishments. Raw influent (sewage) includes household waste liquid from toilets, baths, showers, kitchens, sinks and so forth that is disposed of via sewers. In many area

6、s, sewage also includes liquid waste from industry and commerce. The separation and draining of household waste into greywater and blackwater is becoming more common in the developed world, with greywater being permitted

7、 to be used for watering plant</p><p>　　As rainfall runs over the surface of roofs and the ground, it may pick up various contaminants including soil particles and other sediment, heavy metals, organic compo

8、unds, animal waste, and oil and grease. Some jurisdictions require storm water to receive some level of treatment before being discharged directly into waterways. Examples of treatment processes used for storm water incl

9、ude sedimentation basins, wetlands, buried concrete vaults with various kinds of filters, and vortex separators (</p><p>　　2. Process overview</p><p>　　Sewage can be treated close to where it i

10、s created (in septic tanks, broilers or aerobic treatment systems), or collected and transported via a network of pipes and pump stations to a municipal treatment plant (see sewerage and pipes and infrastructure). Sewage

11、 collection and treatment is typically subject to local, state and federal regulations and standards. Industrial sources of wastewater often require specialized treatment processes (see Industrial wastewater treatment).&

12、lt;/p><p>　　Conventional sewage treatment may involve three stages, called primary, secondary and tertiary treatment. Primary treatment consists of temporarily holding the sewage in a quiescent basin where heav

13、y solids can settle to the bottom while oil, grease and lighter solids float to the surface. The settled and floating materials are removed and the remaining liquid may be discharged or subjected to secondary treatment.

14、Secondary treatment removes dissolved and suspended biological matter. Secondary t</p><p>　　2.1. Pre-treatment</p><p>　　Pre-treatment removes materials that can be easily collected from the raw

15、wastewater before they damage or clog the pumps and skimmers of primary treatment clarifiers (trash, tree limbs, leaves, etc).</p><p>　　2.2. Screening</p><p>　　The influent sewage water is strai

16、ned to remove all large objects carried in the sewage stream. This is most commonly done with an automated mechanically raked bar screen in modern plants serving large populations, whilst in smaller or less modern plants

17、 a manually cleaned screen may be used. The raking action of a mechanical bar screen is typically paced according to the accumulation on the bar screens and/or flow rate. The solids are collected and later disposed in a

18、landfill or incinerated.</p><p>　　2.3. Grit removal</p><p>　　Pre-treatment may include a sand or grit channel or chamber where the velocity of the incoming wastewater is carefully controlled to

19、allow sand, grit and stones to settle.</p><p>　　2.4. Primary treatment</p><p>　　In the primary sedimentation stage, sewage flows through large tanks, commonly called "primary clarifiers&quo

20、t; or "primary sedimentation tanks". The tanks are large enough that sludge can settle and floating material such as grease and oils can rise to the surface and be skimmed off. The main purpose of the primary s

21、edimentation stage is to produce both a generally homogeneous liquid capable of being treated biologically and a sludge that can be separately treated or processed. Primary settling tank</p><p>　　2.5. Second

22、ary treatment</p><p>　　Secondary treatment is designed to substantially degrade the biological content of the sewage which are derived from human waste, food waste, soaps and detergent. The majority of munic

23、ipal plants treat the settled sewage liquor using aerobic biological processes. For this to be effective, the biota require both oxygen and a substrate on which to live. There are a number of ways in which this is done.

24、In all these methods, the bacteria and protozoa consume biodegradable soluble organic contaminan</p><p>　　2.5.1 Fixed-film or suspended-growth. </p><p>　　Fixed-film or attached growth system tre

25、atment process including trickling filter and rotating biological contactors where the biomass grows on media and the sewage passes over its surface.</p><p>　　In suspended-growth systems, such as activated s

26、ludge, the biomass is well mixed with the sewage and can be operated in a smaller space than fixed-film systems that treat the same amount of water. However, fixed-film systems are more able to cope with drastic changes

27、in the amount of biological material and can provide higher removal rates for organic material and suspended solids than suspended growth systems.</p><p>　　Roughing filters are intended to treat particularly

28、 strong or variable organic loads, typically industrial, to allow them to then be treated by conventional secondary treatment processes. Characteristics include typically tall, circular filters filled with open synthetic

29、 filter media to which wastewater is applied at a relatively high rate. On larger installations, air is forced through the media using blowers. The resultant wastewater is usually within the normal range for conventional

30、 treatmen</p><p>　　A generalized, schematic diagram of an activated sludge process.</p><p>　　2.5.2 Activated sludge</p><p>　　In general, activated sludge plants encompass a variety

31、 of mechanisms and processes that use dissolved oxygen to promote the growth of biological floc that substantially removes organic material.</p><p>　　The process traps particulate material and can, under ide

32、al conditions, convert ammonia to nitrite and nitrate and ultimately to nitrogen gas (see also denitrification).</p><p>　　2.5.3 Surface-aerated basins</p><p>　　Most biological oxidation process

33、es for treating industrial wastewaters have in common the use of oxygen (or air) and microbial action. Surface-aerated basins achieve 80 to 90% removal of Biochemical Oxygen Demand with retention times of 1 to 10 days.[2

34、] The basins may range in depth from 1.5 to 5.0 meters and use motor-driven aerators floating on the surface of the wastewater.[2]</p><p>　　In an aerated basin system, the aerators provide two functions: the

35、y transfer air into the basins required by the biological oxidation reactions, and they provide the mixing required for dispersing the air and for contacting the reactants (that is, oxygen, wastewater and microbes). Typi

36、cally, the floating surface aerators are rated to deliver the amount of air equivalent to 1.8 to 2.7 kg O2/kW·h. However, they do not provide as good mixing as is normally achieved in activated sludge systems a

37、nd </p><p>　　Biological oxidation processes are sensitive to temperature and, between 0 °C and 40 °C, the rate of biological reactions increase with temperature. Most surface aerated vessels operat

38、e at between 4 °C and 32 °C.</p><p>　　2.5.4 Filter beds (oxidizing beds)</p><p>　　In older plants and plants receiving more variable loads, trickling filter beds are used where the set

39、tled sewage liquor is spread onto the surface of a deep bed made up of coke (carbonized coal), limestone chips or specially fabricated plastic media. Such media must have high surface areas to support the biofilms that f

40、orm. The liquor is distributed through perforated rotating arms radiating from a central pivot. The distributed liquor trickles through this bed and is collected in drains at the</p><p>　　3. Biological aerat

41、ed filters</p><p>　　Biological Aerated (or Anoxic) Filter (BAF) or Biofilters combine filtration with biological carbon reduction, nitrification or denitrification. BAF usually includes a reactor filled with

42、 a filter media. The media is either in suspension or supported by a gravel layer at the foot of the filter. The dual purpose of this media is to support highly active biomass that is attached to it and to filter suspend

43、ed solids. Carbon reduction and ammonia conversion occurs in aerobic mode and sometime achiev</p><p>　　For decades, the field of wastewater treatment, activated sludge is undoubtedly a widely used and has a

44、positive effect of biological wastewater treatment technology. But as society progresses, the city scale and the human living environment more seriously, lack of activated sludge appeared more prominently in people's

45、 eyes.</p><p>　　(1) Ever expanding area of the huge population becomes crowded cities, many urban land scarcities, and the use of activated sludge sewage treatment plant a few hectares at every turn, even te

46、ns of hectares of area will undoubtedly become a constraint.(2) Poor environment and a huge sewage treatment structures exposed to the atmosphere large, easy to produce ozone pollution, the surrounding residents intoler

47、able. Therefore, more and more people refuse and sewage treatment plant for the neighborh</p><p>　　(3) Performance instability as a suspension of microorganism’s micelles, the concentration of activated slud

48、ge is usually 6000 mg / liter; the external environment (temperature, pollutant concentration, etc.) can easily impact on the treatment effect, even causing sludge bulking that deal with water quality deterioration.</

49、p><p>　　污水處理新技術(shù)——曝氣生物濾池BIOSTYR（r）</p><p>　　摘要:現(xiàn)在隨著經(jīng)濟的高速發(fā)展，也產(chǎn)生了大量的社會問題。其中一個很嚴重的問題就是環(huán)境問題。每天都有大量的固體，液體，氣體污染物產(chǎn)生及排出。城市污水越來越嚴重。因此，為了人類自身生存環(huán)境的改善，對污水的處理就變得極為重要和緊要。城市污水處理廠建設(shè)已成為改善我國水環(huán)境的重要條件。 近年來，隨著污水技術(shù)的日新月異，

50、在傳統(tǒng)的污水處理技術(shù)基礎(chǔ)上，越來越多的污水處理新技術(shù)被廣泛研究開發(fā)和利用。</p><p>　　關(guān)鍵詞：水資源，污水處理，新技術(shù)，活性污泥，曝氣生物濾池BIOSTYR（r）</p><p><b>　　1引言</b></p><p>　　污水產(chǎn)生于住宅，機構(gòu)，以及商業(yè)和工業(yè)設(shè)施等等。原進水（污）包括家庭廁所，浴室，淋浴，廚房，水槽等廢液處理是通

51、過下水道的。在許多地區(qū)，還包括工業(yè)污水和商業(yè)廢液。它們的分離和家居廢物排入灰水和黑水正變得越來越普遍，在發(fā)達國家，中水被允許用于澆花或沖洗廁所回收。大量的污水還包括一些從屋頂或難以站立區(qū)地表水。因此，城市污水包括住宅，商業(yè)和工業(yè)廢水的排放，并可能包括雨水徑流。雨污水處理系統(tǒng)的能力被稱為聯(lián)合系統(tǒng)或合并下水道。這樣的系統(tǒng)，因為它們通常是避免復(fù)雜，從而減少了污水處理廠由于其季節(jié)性的效率。在流量變化，往往也導(dǎo)致大于必要的，而且需要更昂貴的處理設(shè)

52、施。此外，這可能形成比污水處理廠上限處理流量更多的流量，造成泄漏或溢出暴雨。最好是在下水道系統(tǒng)是與發(fā)達地區(qū)的一個單獨的暴風(fēng)雨的雨水排水系統(tǒng)。</p><p>　　由于降水在屋頂和地面運行時，它可能回升，包括土壤顆粒和其他沉積物，重金屬，有機物，動物排泄物，石油和油脂的各種污染物。有些司法管轄區(qū)要求把雨水處理之后再排入管道。Examples處理流程，包括雨水利用沉積盆地，濕地，具有過濾器的各種具體金庫被埋，與旋渦分

53、離器（除去粗固體）。</p><p>　　2. 污水處理過程概述污水經(jīng)處理后可就進排入建造的地方（在化糞池，生物過濾器或好氧處理系統(tǒng)），或通過收集和運輸管網(wǎng)和水泵站排入市政污水處理廠（見污水收集系統(tǒng)及管道和基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施）。污水收集和處理，通常取決于當(dāng)?shù)兀莺吐?lián)邦法規(guī)和標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。工業(yè)廢水的來源，往往需要專門的治療過程（見工業(yè)廢水處理）。</p><p><b>　　朗讀</b>

54、;</p><p>　　傳統(tǒng)的污水處理可能涉及三個階段，稱為初級，二級和三級處理。初步處理包括暫時持有一個靜態(tài)盆地在重型固體可以解決的底部，而油，油脂和固體較輕浮到表面的污水。漂浮物都將被去除，其余的液體，可解除或進行二級處理。二級處理去除溶解和懸浮生物物質(zhì)。二級處理通常都是土著，水性微生物在受管理的棲息地。二級處理可能需要一個分離的進程。三級處理有時是指消毒處理過的水化學(xué)或物理（由瀉湖和微濾的例子）之前，到流，

55、河流，海灣，瀉湖或濕地放電，也可以用于高爾夫球場，綠化灌溉方式或公園。如果它有足夠的清潔，也可用于充電或農(nóng)業(yè)用途。</p><p>　　2.1 前處理前處理，能去除很容易從原廢水中收集到的材料，避免他們損壞原廢水或堵塞水泵等。</p><p>　　2.2 篩選污水的進水要消除污水中的所有大的物體。這是最常見的做法，在現(xiàn)代自動化酒吧，供應(yīng)大量的人口，在現(xiàn)代化的工廠規(guī)模較小或較少，而手動清

56、理屏幕可能會使用的屏幕。在機械格柵清污行動是典型的節(jié)奏根據(jù)屏幕上的酒吧和/或流量的積累。收集的固體，后來在一個垃圾填埋場處置或焚燒。</p><p>　　2.3 除砂前處理可能包括沙子或砂礫通道或密室中，傳入的污水嚴格控制速度，讓沙子，砂礫和石頭來解決。2.4  基層處理在初級沉淀階段，通過大型儲罐污水流量，俗稱“主澄清池“或“初級沉淀池“。這些水池足夠大，可以解決污泥和浮游材料，如油脂和油脂漂浮

57、物可上升到表面，并脫脂關(guān)閉。其中，第一階段的主要目的是同時生產(chǎn)普遍被視為均勻的液體生物能和一個可單獨處理或處理的污泥。初級沉淀池通常配備有機械驅(qū)動鏟運機，不斷驅(qū)動在水池里進行抽污泥處理階段，以進一步處理污泥。油脂和油的漂浮物有時可以回收皂化。</p><p>　　2.5 二級處理二級處理的設(shè)計，大大降低了從人體廢物，食物垃圾，肥皂和洗滌劑產(chǎn)生的污水生物的內(nèi)容。大多數(shù)植物的市政污水處理是用酒好氧生物處理的過程。這

58、是有效的，同時需要氧氣和生物基片以便在上面存活。有多種方式來做這個處理。在所有這些方法，細菌和原生動物消耗可生物降解的水溶性有機污染物（如糖，脂肪，有機短鏈碳分子等）結(jié)合成絮狀物和少得多的可溶物。</p><p>　　2.5.1固定膜或懸浮生長固定膜生長系統(tǒng)包括濾池，旋轉(zhuǎn)生物生長在那里的載體，在其表面的污水經(jīng)過生物接觸處理工藝。</p><p>　　在懸浮生長系統(tǒng)中，如活性污泥，生物與污

59、水充分混合，并且可以在一個較固定膜處理系統(tǒng)，同樣數(shù)量的水可以在更小的空間進行操作。然而，固定膜系統(tǒng)更能夠應(yīng)付生物材料數(shù)量的急劇變化，并能提供更高的有機物質(zhì)去除率和懸浮固體比。粗加工過濾器是用于治療特別強或變化有機負荷，，然后讓一般工業(yè)用常規(guī)二級處理工藝處理。典型的特征包括：高循環(huán)過濾介質(zhì)的合成與開放充滿污水的過濾器，它是在一個相對較高的應(yīng)用。在較大的裝置中，空氣是利用鼓風(fēng)機強行通過媒體。由此產(chǎn)生的廢水，通常在常規(guī)處理工藝正常范圍。&l

60、t;/p><p>　　2.5.2 活性污泥在一般情況下，活性污泥處理廠包含的機制和使用溶解氧促進生物絮體，大大消除各種有機物質(zhì)的生長過程。這個微粒材料的處理，可在理想的條件，轉(zhuǎn)換為亞硝酸鹽和硝酸鹽氨，最終為氮氣（另見脫硝）。</p><p>　　2.5.3 表面曝氣池</p><p>　　工業(yè)廢水的處理是大多數(shù)生物氧化過程和微生物作用的過程。表面曝氣池達到80至90

61、％之間，1至10天的保留時間。盆地的范圍可以從1.5到5.0米，使用電動曝氣對廢水表面漂浮物進行處理。</p><p>　　在一個充氣盆地系統(tǒng)，曝氣機提供兩個功能：它們提供生物氧化反應(yīng)所需要的盆地的氧氣，他們提供分散的空氣與接觸反應(yīng)物混合（即氧氣，污水和微生物）。通常情況下，曝氣機的額定提供的空氣相等于1.8至2.7 kg O2/kW·h。但是，他們不能提供良好的混合，通常無法達到與活性污泥單位相同的性

62、能水平。生物氧化過程對溫度很敏感，在0℃和40℃之間，生物反應(yīng)隨溫度的增加而速度增加。最表面曝氣池的工作溫度在4℃和32℃之間。</p><p>　　2.5.4 濾床（氧化床）在老廠可接收更多的變載荷，濾床是用在解決污水中由焦（炭化煤），石灰石芯片或一個深床表面上塑料廠專門制作的媒體。這種媒體必須具有高比表面積，以支持，形成生物膜。酒是通過穿孔分布從中央樞軸旋轉(zhuǎn)輻射出。通過滴床分布，并收集在基地水渠。這些水渠

63、還提供了氣源，通過它浸透了滴床，保持它有氧。細菌，原生動物和真菌形成生物薄膜使媒體的有機質(zhì)含量降低。這種生物膜是由昆蟲的幼蟲和蠕蟲組成，幫助維持最佳的厚度放牧。滴床超載增加了薄膜的厚度，導(dǎo)致堵塞過濾介質(zhì)和表面積水。</p><p>　　3 曝氣生物濾池Pù qì shēngwù lǜ chí (huò quē yǎng) lǜbō qì (BAF) d

64、e shēngwù huò shēngwù lǜ tǎ jiéhé jiǎn tàn, xiāohuà huò fǎn xiāohuà guòlǜ.字典 - 查看字典詳細內(nèi)容曝氣生物濾池（或缺氧）濾波器（BAF）的生物或生物濾塔結(jié)合減碳，硝化或反硝化過濾。曝氣生物濾池的過濾器通常包括與媒體充滿了的反應(yīng)堆。媒體要么在暫?；蛟谶^濾器的腳礫石層

65、的支持。這個媒體的雙重目的，是支持高活性生物量并連接到它，并過濾懸浮固體。減碳，氨轉(zhuǎn)換發(fā)生在有氧模式和單一反應(yīng)器中的某個時候，而硝酸鹽在缺氧模式轉(zhuǎn)換時發(fā)生。曝氣生物濾池的運作無論是在上行或下行由制造商指定的設(shè)計決定。</p><p>　　幾十年來，在污水處理領(lǐng)域，活性污泥法無疑是一種被廣泛使用并有良好效果的污水生物處理技術(shù)。但是隨著社會的不斷進步，城市規(guī)模擴大以及人類對居住環(huán)境的日益重視，活性污泥法的不足越來越突

66、出地顯現(xiàn)在人們的眼前。（1）占地巨大 </p><p>　　人口的不斷膨脹使城市變得擁擠，許多城市土地稀缺，而采用活性污泥法的污水處理廠動輒幾公頃，甚至幾十公頃的占地?zé)o疑成為一種制約。（2）環(huán)境惡劣 </p><p>　　巨大的污水處理構(gòu)筑物大面積暴露在大氣之中，極易產(chǎn)生臭氣污染，周圍居民無法忍受。因此，越來越多的居民拒絕與污水處理廠為鄰。(3) 性能不穩(wěn)定 </p>