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1、<p><b>  外文資料翻譯</b></p><p>  Fossil energy and nuclear energy are considered nonrenewable energy types. Nonrenewable energy is obtained from sources at a rate that exceeds the rate at which

2、the sources are replenished. For example, if the biogenic origin of fossil fuels is correct, we could consider fossil fuels renewable over a period of millions of years, but the existing store of fossil fuels is being co

3、nsumed over a period of centuries. Because we are consuming fossil fuels at a rate that exceeds the rate of replenishme</p><p>  Fossil fuels in the petroleum and natural gas is the world's major one-tim

4、e energy World Energy Council, according to statistics, has proven oil and gas recoverable reserves, according to the output of countries in 1992 terms, respectively, only the exploitation of 44 years and 60 years; altho

5、ugh they may be recoverable reserves there will be new discoveries, but also the growth needs of the community, especially taking into account the economic development of Third World countries, the exploita</p>&l

6、t;p>  Solar energy is the most important renewable sources of energy, the planet with all kinds of energy are closely related. In fact, the sun in Earth's evolution, biological reproduction and human development,

7、plays a very important role, but also provides a human inexhaustible source of energy. Solar interior ongoing response to the release of a high-temperature nuclear fusion power of about 3. 8 × 1026 watts of huge rad

8、iation, of which only arrived in regard to the atmospheric level二十億分之一; throug</p><p>  Power generation in 2010 is expected to the practical use of space </p><p>  Space Solar Power is the firs

9、t way of Engineers first proposed by P. Glaser. The basic idea is in the earth's outer space or the moon to establish a base of solar power satellites, and then through the microwave energy transmitted to the scene t

10、o the receiving device, and then beam microwave energy into electrical energy for human use. Advantage of this program is to make full use of solar energy outside the atmosphere, the elimination of solar energy in the gr

11、ound, changes in the density of sma</p><p>  The idea is proposed, subject to national attention. 1977 -1980 in the United States Department of Energy and NASA organizations to the concept of space solar pow

12、er study, believe that its implementation does not exist insurmountable technical difficulties. At that time, a design known as the "reference system" of power generation systems; from 60 to solar panels, each

13、block 10 kilometers long, five kilometers wide, generating 5,000,000 kilowatts, with a total capacity of 300 million kilowatts. </p><p><b>  Solar</b></p><p>  Solar (Solar) generall

14、y refers to the sun's radiation energy. Carried out in the solar interior from "H" together into a "helium" the nuclear reaction, kept a huge release of energy, and continue to the space radiation

15、 energy, which is solar energy. This solar nuclear fusion reaction inside the can to maintain the hundreds of millions of百億年first time. Solar radiation to space launch 3.8x10 ^ 23kW power of the radiation, of which 20 bi

16、llionth of the Earth's atmosphere to reach. Solar energy reach</p><p>  Its power of 80 trillion kW, that is to say a second exposure to the sun's energy on Earth is equivalent to five million tons o

17、f coal combustion heat release. The average per square meter in the atmosphere outside the area of energy per minute to receive about 1367w. A broad sense of the solar energy on earth many sources, such as wind energy, c

18、hemical energy, potential energy of water and so on. The narrow sense is limited to solar radiation of solar light thermal, photovoltaic and photochemica</p><p>  At this stage, the world's solar energy

19、is still the focus of the study of solar energy power plant, but the diversification of the use of the condenser, and the introduction of flat-plate collector and a low boiling point working fluid, the device gradually e

20、xpanded up to maximum output power 73.64kW, Objective To compare the clear and practical, cost remains high. The construction of a typical device are as follows: 1901, California built a solar-powered pumping devices, th

21、e use of truncated c</p><p>  Human use of solar energy has a long history. China more than 2000 years ago, back in the Warring States period, one will find that the use of four steel mirror to focus sunligh

22、t ignition; use of solar energy to dry agricultural products. The development of modern, solar energy has become increasingly widespread use, it includes the use of solar energy solar thermal, solar photovoltaic and sola

23、r energy use, such as the photochemical use. The use of solar photochemical reaction, a passive use (ph</p><p>  Silicon photovoltaic cells mainly in the absorption of solar light energy emitted by silicon p

24、hotocell is mainly extracted from the sand by the development of Bell Labs. Solar energy is the internal or the surface of the sun sunspot continuous process of nuclear fusion reactions produce energy. Earth's orbit

25、on the average solar radiation intensity for the 1367w / ㎡. Circumference of the Earth's equator to 40000km, and thus calculated the Earth's energy can be obtained 173000TW. At sea level sta</p><p> 

26、 Human dependence on these energy to survive, including all other forms of renewable energy (except for geothermal energy resources), although the total amount of solar energy resources is the human equivalent of the ene

27、rgy used by ten thousand times, but low energy density of solar energy, and it vary from place to place, from time to time change, the development and utilization of solar energy which is facing a major problem. These fe

28、atures will make solar energy in the integrated energy system</p><p>  The use of solar cells, through the photoelectric conversion to solar energy conversion is included in electricity, the use of solar wat

29、er heaters, the use of solar heat hot water and use water for power generation, using solar energy for desalination. Now, the use of solar energy is not very popular, the use of solar power costs are high there, the prob

30、lem of low conversion efficiency, but for satellite solar cells to provide energy has been applied.</p><p>  Although the Earth's atmosphere solar radiation to the total energy only 22 billionths of a ra

31、diation energy, it has been as high as 173,000 TW, that is to say a second exposure to the sun's energy on Earth is equivalent to five million tons of coal. Earth wind energy, hydropower, ocean thermal energy, wave e

32、nergy and tidal energy as well as some comes from the sun; even in the face of the earth's fossil fuels (such as coal, oil, natural gas, etc.) that is fundamentally Since ancient times the s</p><p>  The

33、 narrow sense is limited to solar radiation of solar light thermal, photovoltaic and photochemical conversion of the directly.</p><p>  Solar energy is the first time, but also renewable energy. It is rich i

34、n resources, can use free of charge, and without transportation, without any pollution to the environment. For mankind to create a new life, so that social and human energy into a era of reducing pollution.</p>&l

35、t;p>  Solar cells have to respond to a light and convert solar energy to power the device. Photovoltaic effect can produce many kinds of materials, such as: single crystal silicon, polycrystalline silicon, amorphous s

36、ilicon, gallium arsenide, copper indium selenium. They are basically the same principle of power generation is now crystal as an example to describe the process of light generation. P-type crystalline silicon available a

37、fter phosphorus-doped N-type silicon, the formation of P-N junction.</p><p>  When the surface of solar light, the silicon material to be part of photon absorption; photon energy transfer to the silicon atom

38、, electronic transitions have taken place, as a free-electron concentration in the PN junction formed on both sides of the potential difference, when the external circuit connected when the effects of the voltage, there

39、will be a current flowing through the external circuit have a certain amount of output power. The substance of this process are: photon energy into ele</p><p>  "Si" is our planet's abundance o

40、f storage materials. Since the 19th century, scientists discovered the properties of crystalline silicon semiconductor, it almost changed everything, even human thought, end of the 20th century. Our lives can be seen eve

41、rywhere, "silicon" figure and role of crystalline silicon solar cells is the formation of the past 15 years the fastest growing industry. Production process can be divided into five steps: a, purification proce

42、ss b, the process of pulling rod c, sl</p><p>  Solar photovoltaic</p><p>  Is a component of photovoltaic panels in the sun exposure will generate direct current power generation devices, from

43、virtually all semiconductor materials (eg silicon) are made of thin photovoltaic cells composed of solid. Because there is no part of activity, and would thus be a long time operation would not lead to any loss. Simple p

44、hotovoltaic cells for watches and computers to provide energy, and more complex PV systems to provide lighting for the housing and power supply. Photovoltaic pane</p><p>  Even be used as windows, skylights

45、or sheltered part of devices, which are often called photovoltaic facilities with PV systems in buildings.</p><p>  Solar thermal</p><p>  Modern technology solar thermal polymerization sunlight

46、 and use its energy produced hot water, steam and electricity. In addition to the use of appropriate technology to collect solar energy, the building can also make use of the sun's light and heat energy is added in t

47、he design of appropriate equipment, such as large windows or use of the south can absorb and slowly release the sun heat the building materials .</p><p>  According to records, human use of solar energy has

48、more than 3,000 years of history. To solar energy as an energy and power use, only 300 years of history. The real solar as "the near future to add much-needed energy," "the basis of the future energy mix&q

49、uot; is the latest thing. Since the 20th century, 70s, solar technology has made rapid advances, solar energy use with each passing day. Solar energy utilization in modern history from the French engineers in 1615 in the

50、 Solomon and Germany Cox inv</p><p>  In 1615 ~ 1900, between the developed world and more than one solar power plant and a number of other solar energy devices. Almost all of these power plants collect the

51、sun means the use of condenser, engine power is not, the working fluid is water vapor, which is very expensive, not practical value, the majority of individual studies for manufacturing solar enthusiasts. 100 years of th

52、e 20th century, the history of the development of solar energy technology in general can be divided into seven </p><p>  化石能源和核能被認為是不可再生的能源類型。不可再生能源的來源獲得的速度超過了在它的來源補充率。例如,如果化石燃料的生物起源是正確的,我們可以考慮化石燃料的可再生超過萬年的時

53、期,但現有的化石燃料被儲存在一個世紀內消耗掉。因為我們的速度超過了化石燃料的消耗補充率,我們認為不可再生的化石燃料。類似的評論適用于如鈾核燃料,正如我們在后面的章節(jié)中觀察。太陽能被認為是以下reasons.1可再生能源可再生能源是能源的來源獲得的速度,小于或等于在哪個源補充率。在太陽能的情況下,我們只能使用的能源量由太陽提供的。由于太陽的剩余壽命是在數百萬年來衡量,很多人認為太陽能取之不盡,用之不竭的能源供應。事實上,來自太陽的能量是有

54、限的,但應該是多少代的人所使用。因此,我們認為太陽能是可再生能源。能源是太陽能與風能,生物質能等,相關的來源,也被認為是可再生的。太陽輻射會被轉化為其他能源形式的轉換過程中的幾個。熱轉換依賴于太陽能加熱冷卻表面吸收。太陽能生物轉化依賴于光合作用。由光電轉換產生的電流作為一個量子力學過程的結果產生電力。風力發(fā)電和海洋能源轉換依靠大氣壓力梯度和溫度梯度對海洋產生電力。在這一章中,我們重點對</p><p>  化石燃

55、料中的石油天然氣是當今世界的主要一次性能源據世界能源委員會統計,已探明的石油、天然氣可采儲量,按 1992 年各國的產量計算,分別只能開采 44 年和 60 年;雖然可采儲量還會有新的發(fā)現,但社會需求也有增長,特別是考慮到第三世界國家的經濟發(fā)展,油氣燃料可供開采的時間不會很長。在化石燃料中,盡管煤炭的儲量最為豐富,但燃煤造成的嚴重污染使其大不可能成為世界范圍的主要能源。另一方面,核聚變反應可提供清潔的能源,在海洋中蘊藏著約 42 萬億噸

56、核聚變的主要反應物質氘;但核聚變堆研究的難度很大,估計要到下一世紀后期核聚變電站廣泛出現才有可能實現商品化。因此, 在展望 21 世紀能源問題的前景時,可能不得不對油氣資源面臨枯竭、核聚變發(fā)電又未能商品化的一段青黃不接時期。為保證這一時期內人類有充足的清潔能源供應,利用太陽能來發(fā)電是一種必然的選擇 。 </p><p>  太陽能是最重要的可再生能源,地球上各種能源無不與之密切相關。事實上,太陽在地球的演化、生物

57、的繁衍和人類的發(fā)展中,起了無比重要的作用,也為人類提供了取之不盡的能源。太陽內部不斷進行的高溫核聚變反應釋放著功率約為 3. 8 × 1026 瓦的巨大輻射能,其中只有二十億分之一到達至于大氣高層;經過大氣時,約 30% 被反射, 23% 被吸收,僅有一半(約 8 × 1016 瓦)的能量到達地球表面。即使如此,只要能夠利用其萬分之幾,便可滿足今日人類的全部需要。但是,由于其能量密度低,還要受晝夜、季節(jié)、氣候、地點等

58、因素的影響,在地面上利用太陽能來發(fā)電受到很大限制。為了避免這些缺點,自然要考慮在空間利用太陽能發(fā)電的可能性各可行性。 </p><p>  2010 年空間發(fā)電可望實用化 </p><p>  空間太陽能發(fā)電方式最初是 美國工程師 P.Glaser 首先提出的。其基本構想是在地球的外層空間或月球上建立太陽能衛(wèi)星發(fā)電基地,然后通過微波將電能傳輸到場面的接收裝置,再把微波能束轉變成電能供人類使

59、用 。這一方案的優(yōu)點是在大氣層外充分利用太陽能,消除了在地面上太陽能密度小而變化大的缺點,無需龐大的儲能裝置,既減少占地,又節(jié)約大量設備投資。可以預計,隨著光電轉化材料和運載等方面技術的進步,太陽能空間發(fā)電的成本將大大降低。 </p><p>  這一設想提出后,受到了各國的重視。 1977 年 —1980 年美國能源部和航天航空局組織對空間太陽發(fā)電的概念進行研究,認為其實施不存在不可克服的技術困難。當時設計了一

60、種稱為“參考系”的發(fā)電系統;由 60 地太陽能面板組成,每塊長 10 公里,寬 5 公里,發(fā)電 500 萬千瓦,總發(fā)電量為 3 億千瓦。用這樣一顆發(fā)電衛(wèi)星,便可取代美國所有的地面電站。由于該系統過于龐大,約需 3000 千億美元的巨資投資,在當時冷戰(zhàn)的條件下難以得到支持。隨著能源問題的突出各航天技術的進步, 1995 年美國航天航空局成立研究組,重新審視這一問題,較全面地分析了空間太陽能發(fā)電的技術經濟可行性,在方案上也有很大不同:采用漸

61、進的自我發(fā)展模式,即先發(fā)射一顆投資為 100—150 億美元的 25 萬千瓦發(fā)電衛(wèi)星,出售電力以回收投資并獲取利潤,然后再擴大發(fā)電衛(wèi)星的規(guī)模。該研究組估計, 2010 年以后,空間發(fā)電將實用化。目前,其他一些國家和國際組織也在進行太陽能空間發(fā)電方面的工作。</p><p><b>  太陽能</b></p><p>  太陽能(Solar)一般指太陽光的輻射能量。在太

62、陽內部進行的由“氫”聚變成“氦”的原子核反應,不停地釋放出巨大的能量,并不斷向宇宙空間輻射能量,這種能量就是太陽能。太陽內部的這種核聚變反應,可以維持幾十億至上百億年的時間。太陽向宇宙空間發(fā)射的輻射功率為3.8x10^23kW的輻射值,其中20億分之一到達地球大氣層。到達地球大氣層的太陽能,30%被大氣層反射,23%被大氣層吸收,其余的到達地球表面,其功率為800000億kW,也就是說太陽每秒鐘照射到地球上的能量就相當于燃燒500萬噸煤

63、釋放的熱量。平均在大氣外每平米面積每分鐘接受的能量大約1367w。廣義上的太陽能是地球上許多能量的來源,如風能,化學能,水的勢能等等。狹義的太陽能則限于太陽輻射能的光熱、光電和光化學的直接轉換。</p><p>  人類對太陽能的利用有著悠久的歷史。我國早在兩千多年前的戰(zhàn)國時期,就知道利用鋼制四面鏡聚焦太陽光來點火;利用太陽能來干燥農副產品。發(fā)展到現代,太陽能的利用已日益廣泛,它包括太陽能的光熱利用,太陽能的光電

64、利用和太陽能的光化學利用等。太陽能的利用有光化學反應,被動式利用(光熱轉換)和光電轉換兩種方式。太陽能發(fā)電一種新興的可再生能源利用方式。 </p><p>  使用太陽電池,通過光電轉換把太陽光中包含的能量轉化為電能,使用太陽能熱水器,利用太陽光的熱量加熱水,并利用熱水發(fā)電,利用太陽能進行海水淡化?,F在,太陽能的利用還不很普及,利用太陽能發(fā)電還存在成本高、轉換效率低的問題,但是太陽電池在為人造衛(wèi)星提供能源方面得到

65、了應用。 </p><p>  主要是硅光電池在吸收太陽所發(fā)射出來的光能,硅光電池主要是從沙子里提煉出來的,由貝爾實驗室開發(fā)。太陽能是太陽內部或者表面的黑子連續(xù)不斷的核聚變反應過程產生的能量。地球軌道上的平均太陽輻射強度為1367w/㎡。地球赤道的周長為40000km,從而可計算出,地球獲得的能量可達173000TW。在海平面上的標準峰值強度為1kw/m2,地球表面某一點24h的年平均輻射強度為0.20kw/㎡,

66、相當于有102000TW 的能量,人類依賴這些能量維持生存,其中包括所有其他形式的可再生能源(地熱能資源除外),雖然太陽能資源總量相當于現在人類所利用的能源的一萬多倍,但太陽能的能量密度低,而且它因地而異,因時而變,這是開發(fā)利用太陽能面臨的主要問題。太陽能的這些特點會使它在整個綜合能源體系中的作用受到一定的限制。 </p><p>  盡管太陽輻射到地球大氣層的能量僅為其總輻射能量的22億分之一,但已高達173,

67、000TW,也就是說太陽每秒鐘照射到地球上的能量就相當于500萬噸煤。地球上的風能、水能、海洋溫差能、波浪能和生物質能以及部分潮汐能都是來源于太陽;即使是地球上的化石燃料(如煤、石油、天然氣等)從根本上說也是遠古以來貯存下來的太陽能,所以廣義的太陽能所包括的范圍非常大,狹義的太陽能則限于太陽輻射能的光熱、光電和光化學的直接轉換。 </p><p>  太陽能既是一次能源,又是可再生能源。它資源豐富,既可免費使用,

68、又無需運輸,對環(huán)境無任何污染。為人類創(chuàng)造了一種新的生活形態(tài),使社會及人類進入一個節(jié)約能源減少污染的時代。</p><p>  太陽電池是一對光有響應并能將光能轉換成電力的器件。能產生光伏效應的材料有許多種,如:單晶硅,多晶硅,非晶硅,砷化鎵,硒銦銅等。它們的發(fā)電原理基本相同,現以晶體為例描述光發(fā)電過程。P型晶體硅經過摻雜磷可得N型硅,形成P-N結。</p><p>  當光線照射太陽電池表

69、面時,一部分光子被硅材料吸收;光子的能量傳遞給了硅原子,使電子發(fā)生了躍遷,成為自由電子在P-N結兩側集聚形成了電位差,當外部接通電路時,在該電壓的作用下,將會有電流流過外部電路產生一定的輸出功率。這個過程的的實質是:光子能量轉換成電能的過程。</p><p>  “硅”是我們這個星球上儲藏最豐量的材料之一。自從19世紀科學家們發(fā)現了晶體硅的半導體特性后,它幾乎改變了一切,甚至人類的思維,20世紀末.我們的生活中處

70、處可見“硅”的身影和作用,晶體硅太陽電池是近15年來形成產業(yè)化最快。生產過程大致可分為五個步驟:a、提純過程 b、拉棒過程 c、切片過程 d、制電池過程 e、封裝過程。</p><p><b>  太陽能光伏 </b></p><p>  光伏板組件是一種暴露在陽光下便會產生直流電的發(fā)電裝置,由幾乎全部以半導體物料(例如硅)制成的薄身固體光伏電池組成。由于沒有活動的部

71、分,故可以長時間操作而不會導致任何損耗。簡單的光伏電池可為手表及計算機提供能源,較復雜的光伏系統可為房屋提供照明,并為電網供電。 光伏板組件可以制成不同形狀,而組件又可連接,以產生更多電力。近年,天臺及建筑物表面均會使用光伏板組件,甚至被用作窗戶、天窗或遮蔽裝置的一部分,這些光伏設施通常被稱為附設于建筑物的光伏系統。 </p><p><b>  太陽熱能 </b></p>&

72、lt;p>  現代的太陽熱能科技將陽光聚合,并運用其能量產生熱水、蒸氣和電力。除了運用適當的科技來收集太陽能外,建筑物亦可利用太陽的光和熱能,方法是在設計時加入合適的裝備,例如巨型的向南窗戶或使用能吸收及慢慢釋放太陽熱力的建筑材料。</p><p>  據記載,人類利用太陽能已有3000多年的歷史。將太陽能作為一種能源和動力加以利用,只有300多年的歷史。真正將太陽能作為“近期急需的補充能源”,“未來能源結

73、構的基礎”,則是近來的事。20世紀70年代以來,太陽能科技突飛猛進,太陽能利用日新月異。近代太陽能利用歷史可以從1615年法國工程師所羅門·德·考克斯在世界上發(fā)明第一臺太陽能驅動的發(fā)動機算起。該發(fā)明是一臺利用太陽能加熱空氣使其膨脹做功而抽水的機器。在1615年~1900年之間,世界上又研制成多臺太陽能動力裝置和一些其它太陽能裝置。這些動力裝置幾乎全部采用聚光方式采集陽光,發(fā)動機功率不大,工質主要是水蒸汽,價格昂貴,實

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