外文翻譯基于gis_gps_gprs技術(shù)的露天礦卡車和電鏟監(jiān)測(cè)調(diào)度信息系統(tǒng)

1、<p><b>　　漢語(yǔ)翻譯</b></p><p>　　基于GIS/GPS/GPRS技術(shù)的露天礦卡車和電鏟監(jiān)測(cè)調(diào)度信息系統(tǒng)</p><p>　　摘要 卡車和電鏟監(jiān)控調(diào)度系統(tǒng)，是一個(gè)集GIS, GPS 和 GPRS技術(shù)的智能的系統(tǒng)已經(jīng)在露天礦得到了應(yīng)用和發(fā)展。這個(gè)系統(tǒng)可以監(jiān)測(cè)和調(diào)度露天礦卡車和電鏟，并可以回放它們的歷史路徑。將這個(gè)智能的數(shù)據(jù)計(jì)算程序在實(shí)際應(yīng)

2、用，可以計(jì)算卡車運(yùn)行和電鏟裝載的次數(shù)?，F(xiàn)場(chǎng)實(shí)驗(yàn)證實(shí)了這個(gè)系統(tǒng)是穩(wěn)定的，可以滿足露天礦的生產(chǎn)要求。</p><p>　　關(guān)鍵詞 GIS;GPS;GPRS;調(diào)度；數(shù)據(jù)處理；露天礦</p><p><b>　　1.引言</b></p><p>　　到目前為止，全世界的卡車監(jiān)測(cè)系統(tǒng)的發(fā)展，已經(jīng)到達(dá)高度成熟的水平，如美國(guó)模塊公司的調(diào)度監(jiān)控系統(tǒng)。在多樣化

3、的生產(chǎn)中，被稱為“智能開采”的檢測(cè)調(diào)度系統(tǒng)，已被發(fā)展成為一個(gè)管理和決策的平臺(tái)。在1998年，該系統(tǒng)被引入到中國(guó)的江西德興銅礦。它明顯地提高了露天礦設(shè)備的效率、提高了管理水平，并獲得更好的綜合效益。 2003年，丹東東方測(cè)控技術(shù)有限公司和齊大山鐵礦共同開發(fā)了一套露天礦山的卡車調(diào)度管理系統(tǒng)。</p><p>　　該系統(tǒng)已成為日常生產(chǎn)中不可或缺的管理工具。必須強(qiáng)調(diào)指出，該系統(tǒng)的成本太高，這也是最大的缺點(diǎn)。主要的原因是在

4、每一個(gè)露天礦都要建立和維護(hù)一個(gè)獨(dú)立的通信網(wǎng)絡(luò)，許多露天礦無(wú)法承受這樣的花費(fèi)。然而，利用GIS(利用地理信息系統(tǒng))/GPS(全球定位系統(tǒng))/ GPRS(通用分組無(wú)線業(yè)務(wù))技術(shù)，沒(méi)有必要在每一個(gè)露天建立獨(dú)立的通信網(wǎng)絡(luò)。該網(wǎng)絡(luò)可以通過(guò)第三方（如中國(guó)移動(dòng)通信有限公司）進(jìn)行維護(hù)和升級(jí)。這可以大大降低成本，并提供了一個(gè)良好的平臺(tái)，為中型和小型露天礦建立了一種快速，高效，和實(shí)用的地面運(yùn)輸系統(tǒng)。這種系統(tǒng)是非常重要的，在露天礦山前所未有的程度上提高勞動(dòng)生

5、產(chǎn)率，降低開采成本和促進(jìn)采礦技術(shù)的發(fā)展。</p><p>　　2.地理信息系統(tǒng)/全球定位系統(tǒng)/ 通用分組無(wú)線業(yè)務(wù)</p><p>　　2.1地理信息系統(tǒng)（GIS）</p><p>　　地理信息系統(tǒng)（GIS）是一種收集，存儲(chǔ)，管理，分析，顯示和應(yīng)用地理信息的計(jì)算機(jī)系統(tǒng)。這是一種可以分析和處理大量的地理數(shù)據(jù)的綜合性技術(shù)。它以地理空間數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)為基礎(chǔ)，采用地理模型分析方法，提

6、供多種空間和動(dòng)態(tài)的地理信息，并作為地理研究和決策工具。它的一些基本功能，如電子地圖，空間數(shù)據(jù)管理和空間信息的分析。地理信息系統(tǒng)已經(jīng)應(yīng)用在許多領(lǐng)域建立各種空間數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)和決策支持系統(tǒng)，各有不同的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，并提供許多不同的方案，如：空間查詢、空間分析、援助計(jì)劃和管理決策。</p><p>　　迄今為止，地理信息系統(tǒng)已經(jīng)進(jìn)入礦山。這項(xiàng)技術(shù)已逐步在露天礦山應(yīng)用于追蹤卡車和電鏟的監(jiān)測(cè)調(diào)度信息系統(tǒng)。監(jiān)測(cè)和管理的生產(chǎn)設(shè)備，這在很大程度

7、上取決于地理空間信息。因此，地理信息系統(tǒng)在屏幕監(jiān)控汽車運(yùn)輸環(huán)節(jié)、實(shí)時(shí)動(dòng)態(tài)管理和決策分析上都扮演重要得角色。</p><p>　　2.2全球定位系統(tǒng)（GPS）</p><p>　　全球定位系統(tǒng)（GPS）是一種衛(wèi)星導(dǎo)航系統(tǒng)，是由在軌道運(yùn)行的24顆衛(wèi)星構(gòu)成的一個(gè)網(wǎng)絡(luò)。它們地面站由美國(guó)國(guó)防部管理。至少利用三顆（4顆或更多的衛(wèi)星）在二維位置（經(jīng)度和緯度）的軌道運(yùn)動(dòng)的衛(wèi)星發(fā)出的信號(hào)來(lái)鎖定GPS接收器，

8、來(lái)確定卡車的三維位置（緯度，經(jīng)度和海拔）。一旦確定卡車的位置，全球定位系統(tǒng)可以確定卡車的其他信息，如速度，運(yùn)行方向，運(yùn)行軌跡，運(yùn)行距離，上班和下班時(shí)間及更多。全球定位系統(tǒng)可以在各種天氣條件下，任何地方，全天候的運(yùn)行。使用全球定位系統(tǒng)沒(méi)有認(rèn)購(gòu)費(fèi)或建設(shè)費(fèi)用。</p><p>　　迄今為止，GPS接收器正變得越來(lái)越便攜，越來(lái)越便宜，有越來(lái)越多的露天礦山應(yīng)用GPS技術(shù)。在露天礦山使用全球定位系統(tǒng)，卡車和電鏟監(jiān)測(cè)調(diào)度信息系

9、統(tǒng)，可以提供卡車和電鏟的精確位置（經(jīng)度和緯度）、運(yùn)行速度、運(yùn)行方向、運(yùn)行周期、運(yùn)行軌跡和更多的基本信息。</p><p>　　2.3通用分組無(wú)線業(yè)務(wù)(GPRS)</p><p>　　通用分組無(wú)線業(yè)務(wù)（GPRS）是一個(gè)GSM二代和分組無(wú)線業(yè)務(wù)的結(jié)合，可以提供快速的數(shù)據(jù)傳輸速度。從理論上說(shuō)，這項(xiàng)技術(shù)的數(shù)據(jù)傳輸速度比目前應(yīng)用的電路交換數(shù)據(jù)服務(wù)的GSM網(wǎng)絡(luò)快10倍。GPRS使用和GSM相同的頻率范

10、圍，帶寬，快分結(jié)構(gòu)的無(wú)線調(diào)制標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，跳頻規(guī)則和TDMA幀結(jié)構(gòu)。</p><p>　　在露天礦山，卡車和電鏟監(jiān)測(cè)調(diào)度信息系統(tǒng)在很大程度上使用的GPRS的優(yōu)勢(shì)，如更快的速度、需要時(shí)的即時(shí)連接和按數(shù)據(jù)量收費(fèi)。它可以提供實(shí)時(shí)的無(wú)線傳輸，是非常快無(wú)需撥號(hào)的調(diào)制解調(diào)器連接到全球定位系統(tǒng)設(shè)備的位置信息。這是非常重要的，因?yàn)镚PS定位信息的空間，只有少量的數(shù)據(jù)和需要頻繁交轉(zhuǎn)。因此，該系統(tǒng)可以很好地利用GPRS網(wǎng)絡(luò)傳輸GPS定位信息

11、。</p><p>　　3.卡車和電鏟監(jiān)測(cè)調(diào)度系統(tǒng)的原理</p><p>　　3.1卡車和電鏟監(jiān)測(cè)調(diào)度系統(tǒng)</p><p>　　監(jiān)測(cè)調(diào)度系統(tǒng)由車載可移動(dòng)的終端設(shè)備、通訊網(wǎng)絡(luò)和一個(gè)監(jiān)測(cè)中心組成，如圖1所示。在該系統(tǒng)中，移動(dòng)終端接收GPS信號(hào)，然后計(jì)算出車輛的緯度，經(jīng)度，角度，高度和速度。移動(dòng)終端的其他接口可以通過(guò)許多控制線來(lái)獲得其他車輛的信息。各種信息通過(guò)GPRS和互

12、聯(lián)網(wǎng)傳送至監(jiān)控中心。GPRS，作為一個(gè)移動(dòng)終端和監(jiān)控中心之間的電信網(wǎng)絡(luò)，主要是傳輸車輛的位置和狀態(tài)信息以及警報(bào)至監(jiān)測(cè)中心，反過(guò)來(lái)又把調(diào)度和控制命令傳遞給移動(dòng)終端設(shè)備。</p><p>　　在監(jiān)測(cè)中心，由通信服務(wù)器，數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)服務(wù)器和控制臺(tái)連接構(gòu)成一個(gè)百兆局域網(wǎng)。監(jiān)測(cè)中心控制系統(tǒng)的軟件系統(tǒng)接收和處理來(lái)自控制車輛的各種信息。這些監(jiān)測(cè)和派遣車輛的方位，路徑和其他信息在監(jiān)測(cè)中心的顯示器和LED多媒體電子地圖上顯示。此外，該系

13、統(tǒng)可在其他中心不同的區(qū)域設(shè)立監(jiān)測(cè)和調(diào)度子系統(tǒng)。監(jiān)測(cè)中心可以獨(dú)立或相對(duì)獨(dú)立的監(jiān)測(cè)調(diào)度這個(gè)分中心的功能。</p><p>　　圖1 監(jiān)測(cè)調(diào)度系統(tǒng)結(jié)構(gòu)圖</p><p>　　3.2卡車和電鏟的數(shù)據(jù)處理系統(tǒng)</p><p>　　卡車和電鏟的數(shù)據(jù)處理系統(tǒng)，首先通過(guò)GPS和GPRS實(shí)時(shí)找到現(xiàn)場(chǎng)卡車的位置；然后通過(guò)安裝在電鏟上的移動(dòng)終端來(lái)確定裝載礦物的位置A（經(jīng)度，緯度），通過(guò)全

14、球定位系統(tǒng)設(shè)備來(lái)確定卸載礦物的位置B（經(jīng)度，緯度）；通過(guò)安裝在卡車上的終端設(shè)備來(lái)確定卡車的實(shí)時(shí)位置C（經(jīng)度，緯度）。如圖2所示。</p><p>　　圖2 數(shù)據(jù)運(yùn)算示意圖</p><p>　　4. 三道莊露天礦卡車和電鏟的監(jiān)測(cè)調(diào)度信息系統(tǒng)</p><p>　　在三道莊露天礦是洛陽(yáng)欒川鉬業(yè)集團(tuán)的下屬企業(yè)，總產(chǎn)量為1000萬(wàn)t。開采境界長(zhǎng)度為2350m，寬度為1350

15、m；開采高程在1630.8m水平到1114m水平之間；開采深度為516.8m，臺(tái)階高度12m。采礦使用旋轉(zhuǎn)式鉆機(jī)，電鏟和卡車。運(yùn)輸系統(tǒng)由若干輛卡車，一臺(tái)破碎站，一個(gè)溜井和電力機(jī)車組成。露天礦卡車和電鏟監(jiān)測(cè)調(diào)度信息系統(tǒng)主要由終端設(shè)備和監(jiān)控調(diào)度軟件組成。</p><p>　　4.1軟件構(gòu)成及其功能</p><p>　　4.1.1地理信息系統(tǒng)監(jiān)控調(diào)度客戶端（GMDC）</p>&l

16、t;p>　　地理信息系統(tǒng)監(jiān)調(diào)度客戶端可以安裝在監(jiān)測(cè)中心用來(lái)調(diào)度、監(jiān)控卡車和電鏟。其功能如下：</p><p>　　1）地圖操作：放大，縮小，漫游，并顯示分層地圖；查詢地圖上任何一點(diǎn)的坐標(biāo);計(jì)算任意兩個(gè)點(diǎn)之間的距離；計(jì)算任意一個(gè)選定區(qū)域的面積；查詢?nèi)我饽繕?biāo)的地理信息等。 2）車輛顯示：顯示多個(gè)不同的卡車或電鏟，例如，根據(jù)不同的指令，卡車或電鏟顯示不同顏色和標(biāo)志。</p><p&g

17、t;　　3）回放歷史路徑：在電子地圖上，可以回放任一卡車在任意一段時(shí)間內(nèi)的行車路線。    4）確定卡車位置：在任何時(shí)候都可以查詢?nèi)我豢ㄜ嚨漠?dāng)前位置，速度，狀態(tài)和司機(jī)情況。   5）指令調(diào)度：監(jiān)控中心可以發(fā)出文本形式的調(diào)度指令；卡車上自帶的終端可以清晰地顯示。</p><p>　　6）語(yǔ)音調(diào)度：監(jiān)控中心可以呼叫任何一個(gè)卡車上自帶的用于調(diào)度的終端，終端上的紅色指示

18、燈會(huì)指示收到指令。 </p><p>　　7）終端信息反饋：卡車上的終端設(shè)備能將卡車原有的信息反饋給監(jiān)測(cè)中心，這樣調(diào)度中心可以及時(shí)的處理這些信息。</p><p>　　4.1.2 GPS數(shù)據(jù)處理客戶端（GDPC）</p><p>　　GPS數(shù)據(jù)處理功能：記錄卡車的運(yùn)行時(shí)間和電鏟裝載的次數(shù)。具體功能如下：   1）記錄卡車運(yùn)行時(shí)間：在某一段

19、時(shí)間內(nèi)，準(zhǔn)確記錄每一輛卡車從裝載點(diǎn)到卸車點(diǎn)的運(yùn)行時(shí)間；這些時(shí)間段被用戶記錄保存；根據(jù)用戶需求，統(tǒng)計(jì)的數(shù)據(jù)結(jié)果可以被轉(zhuǎn)換成班次、月份和季度的報(bào)告形式。</p><p>　　2）電鏟裝載次數(shù)：準(zhǔn)確記錄一段時(shí)間內(nèi)任意一臺(tái)電鏟裝載的次數(shù)，其他功能與“1）”相同。</p><p>　　4.1.3全球定位系統(tǒng)數(shù)據(jù)處理服務(wù)器（GLDP）   該GPS處理服務(wù)器的主要功能是過(guò)濾信息，篩選

20、和加工卡車和電鏟的定位數(shù)據(jù)，以提高準(zhǔn)確性性和統(tǒng)計(jì)的效率。</p><p>　　4.1.4數(shù)據(jù)通信控制服務(wù)器（DCCS） </p><p>　　通信控制服務(wù)器主要通過(guò)TCP/IP收集，傳輸數(shù)據(jù)，分析通信協(xié)議和數(shù)據(jù)的分發(fā)；這一部分還負(fù)責(zé)業(yè)務(wù)處理（監(jiān)控，調(diào)度等）和其他數(shù)據(jù)連接（定位數(shù)據(jù)輸入，狀態(tài)，車輛更新等）。</p><p>　　4.1.5數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)管理系統(tǒng)（DBMS）

21、  數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)管理系統(tǒng)主要負(fù)責(zé)數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)，根據(jù)車輛、司機(jī)和操作者的情況增加、刪除、修改或提取數(shù)據(jù)，并定期備份數(shù)據(jù)，然后刪除它。</p><p>　　4.2系統(tǒng)應(yīng)用程序安裝</p><p>　　整個(gè)系統(tǒng)安裝的過(guò)程如下：    1）前期準(zhǔn)備：露天礦的地形是復(fù)雜的，通信信號(hào)不好，甚至有通信盲區(qū)。中國(guó)移動(dòng)通信公司在該區(qū)域建立了通信基站和中繼器，解決了露天礦信號(hào)差的問(wèn)

22、題。</p><p>　　2）終端安裝：該類型的終端（HQ60006-T10）是由深圳華強(qiáng)集團(tuán)有限公司提供的，在較早時(shí)期已經(jīng)有75輛卡車和電鏟安裝了該型號(hào)終端設(shè)備。</p><p>　　該終端主要由主機(jī)、GPS天線、GPRS天線、顯示屏、紅色的指示燈、耳機(jī)、音箱以及麥克風(fēng)組成。安裝完畢后，終端需要調(diào)試。使用一個(gè)操作手柄來(lái)設(shè)置各主要部件的參數(shù)（號(hào)碼、網(wǎng)絡(luò)協(xié)議、端口等）。</p>

23、<p>　　3）軟件安裝：該系統(tǒng)有五個(gè)子系統(tǒng)。安裝結(jié)構(gòu)示意圖如圖3所示。數(shù)據(jù)通信控制系統(tǒng)連接在公司的網(wǎng)絡(luò)服務(wù)器；定位數(shù)據(jù)處理系統(tǒng)和數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)管理服務(wù)器連接在公司的數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)服務(wù)器；數(shù)據(jù)處理客戶端以及卡車和電鏟的監(jiān)控客戶端連接在露天礦監(jiān)測(cè)中心。</p><p>　　圖3 部署結(jié)構(gòu)示意圖</p><p>　　4）坐標(biāo)標(biāo)定：首先，應(yīng)該更新現(xiàn)有的露天礦地形圖。利用AutoCAD2006，我們可

24、以把它從DWG格式轉(zhuǎn)換為DXF格式。然后我們就可以參照原地形圖來(lái)制作新的DXF格式地形圖。建立一個(gè)經(jīng)緯網(wǎng)（ wgs84 ），并選擇了幾個(gè)坐標(biāo)：第一點(diǎn)的大地測(cè)量坐標(biāo)是：（ 6755.3044 ，4850.7990），緯度/經(jīng)度坐標(biāo)（111.506202，33.91905）；第二點(diǎn)是：（6459.1221，5482.2094） ，緯度/經(jīng)度坐標(biāo)（111.50295，33.92468）。它們的參照結(jié)果如圖4所示。在設(shè)置好電子地圖的格式后，將電

25、子地圖由MapX5.0保存為Geoset格式。</p><p><b>　　圖4 坐標(biāo)登記</b></p><p>　　5）系統(tǒng)調(diào)試：考慮到實(shí)際情況，許多參數(shù)需要在該系統(tǒng)中調(diào)試。最重要的參數(shù)是露天礦所有掃描區(qū)域的劃分。目前有五個(gè)掃描區(qū)域，一號(hào)、二號(hào)、三號(hào)破碎站，南溝和預(yù)備開采區(qū)。他們主要通過(guò)掃描多輛卡車往返路徑的方法，來(lái)確定該地區(qū)的參數(shù)。除此之外，在一些特殊的地區(qū)域，

26、不規(guī)則的掃描區(qū)域可以用點(diǎn)和直線的方式來(lái)確定。軟件系統(tǒng)的操作界面如圖5所示。</p><p><b>　　圖5 軟件操作外觀</b></p><p><b>　　4.3運(yùn)行系統(tǒng)</b></p><p>　　2007年3月三道莊露天礦開始應(yīng)用監(jiān)測(cè)調(diào)度信息系統(tǒng)。自應(yīng)用起有些問(wèn)題就已經(jīng)出現(xiàn)，如全球定位系統(tǒng)的精密性。通過(guò)優(yōu)化系統(tǒng)軟件

27、，這些問(wèn)題已經(jīng)得到解決。經(jīng)過(guò)現(xiàn)場(chǎng)實(shí)驗(yàn)證實(shí)，該系統(tǒng)性能穩(wěn)定。它不僅可以跟蹤和定位卡車，查看行車路線，自動(dòng)監(jiān)測(cè)車輛，還可以通過(guò)語(yǔ)音和指令調(diào)度卡車，準(zhǔn)確計(jì)算卡車和電鏟的工作量。圖6列舉了一些卡車數(shù)據(jù)系統(tǒng)結(jié)果。</p><p><b>　　圖6 卡車生產(chǎn)數(shù)據(jù)</b></p><p><b>　　5 .結(jié)論</b></p><p>

28、　　1）基于GIS / GPS / GPRS技術(shù)的露天礦卡車和電鏟的監(jiān)測(cè)調(diào)度信息系統(tǒng)，是一多功能，實(shí)時(shí)，高效的軟件系統(tǒng)。實(shí)際應(yīng)用表明，該系統(tǒng)提高了開采過(guò)程勞動(dòng)生產(chǎn)率和生產(chǎn)調(diào)度的效率，節(jié)省了大量的投資和運(yùn)輸費(fèi)用。</p><p>　　2）從GPS精確的數(shù)據(jù)看，該系統(tǒng)能確定卡車的運(yùn)行時(shí)間和電鏟的裝載時(shí)間。其精確程度是99％~100％ 。該系統(tǒng)大大節(jié)省了勞動(dòng)成本，減少了人為因素對(duì)生產(chǎn)調(diào)度的影響，并為鐵礦石的匹配提供了準(zhǔn)

29、確的依據(jù)。    3）該系統(tǒng)在實(shí)現(xiàn)卡車和信息管理自動(dòng)化方面是非常重要的，這當(dāng)然適用于其他露天礦山。</p><p>　　鳴謝  本人非常感謝洛陽(yáng)欒川鉬業(yè)集團(tuán)有限公司和深圳華強(qiáng)集團(tuán)有限公司的合作，同時(shí)也感謝其他參與者的支持。</p><p><b>　　英文原文</b></p><p>　　Monito

30、ring dispatch information system of trucks and</p><p>　　shovels in an open pit based on GIS/GPS/GPRS</p><p>　　Abstract Using GIS, GPS and GPRS, an intelligent monitoring and dispatch system of

31、trucks and shovels in an open pit has been designed and developed. The system can monitor and dispatch open-pit trucks and shovels and play back their historical paths. An intelligent data algorithm is proposed in a prac

32、tical applicat-</p><p>　　ion. The algorithm can count the times of deliveries of trucks and loadings of shovels. Experiments on real scenes show that the performance of this system is stable and can satisfy

33、production standards in open pits. </p><p>　　Keywords GIS; GPS; GPRS; dispatch; data processing; open pit</p><p>　　1 . Introduction</p><p>　　To date the development of truck monito

34、ring dinpatch systems in the world, such as the DISPATCH monitoring system of the American Module Company has reached a highly mature level and is almost univernal. It has developed into a decision-making platform by man

35、agement as a control system in multi-direction-</p><p>　　al mining production, called Intellimine. In 1998, DISPATCH was introduced into the Dexing Copper Mine in Jiangxi, China. It has clearly enhanced the

36、service efficiency of equipment, improved the management level in the open pits and obtained better overall benefits. In 2003, the Dandong Dong-fang Measurement and Control Technology Co. Ltd.,together with the Qidashan

37、Iron Mine have developed a dispatch management system for trucks in open pits.</p><p>　　The system has become indispensable to daily production management. It must be emphatically pointed out that the greate

38、st disadvantage of these systems is that they cost too much. The major cause is that an independent communication network needs to be established and maintained by every open pit. Many mines can not afford such a system.

39、 However, using GIS/GPS/GPRS technologies, it is not necessary to establish independent communication networks in every open pit. The network can be maintaine</p><p>　　2 . GIS/GPS/GPRS</p><p>

40、;<b>　　2.1 GIS</b></p><p>　　The Geographic Information System (GIS) is one kind of computer system gathering, storing, managing,analyzing, demonstrating and applying geographic</p><p&g

41、t;　　information. It is a general technology that can analyze and process enormous </p><p>　　amounts of geographic data. It takes a geographic space database as its foundat-</p><p>　　ion, uses a

42、geographic model analysis method to provide many kinds of spatial</p><p>　　and dynamic geographic information and serves as a geographic research and</p><p>　　decision-making tool. It has some b

43、asic functions such as electronic mapping, spatial data management and spatial information analysis. GIS has been applied in many fields to establish all kinds of spatial databases and decision support systems,each with

44、different criteria and provide answers to many different formal spatial inquiries, spatial analyses and assistance plans and decision-making func-</p><p><b>　　tions.</b></p><p>　　To

45、date, GIS has pits. The task been gradually applied in open of a monitoring dispatch information system of trucks and shovels in open pits is to track, monitor and manage production equipment,which depends largely on geo

46、graphic spatial information. Therefore GIS plays an important role in visual supervisory systems of trucks, real-time dynamic management and assistance in decision analysis.</p><p><b>　　2.2 GPS</b&g

47、t;</p><p>　　The Global Positioning System (GPS) is a satellite-based navigation system made up of a network of 24 satellites placed in orbit. Their ground stations are</p><p>　　managed by the U.

48、S. Department of Defense.</p><p>　　A GPS receiver must be locked on to the signal of at least three satellites to calculate a 2D position (latitude and longitude) and track movements. With four</p>&l

49、t;p>　　or more satellites in view, the receiver can determine the 3D position of trucks (latitude, longitude and elevation). Once the position of the truck has been dete-</p><p>　　rmined, the GPS unit can

50、calculate other information, such as speed, bearing, track, trip distance, suprise and sunset time and more. GPS works in all weather conditions, anywhere in the world, 24 hours a day. There are no subscription fees or e

51、stablishment charges to use GPS.</p><p>　　To date, as GPS units are becoming smaller and less expensive, there are an expanding number of applications for GPS in open pits. With GPS, the monitor-</p>

52、<p>　　ing dispatch information system of trucks and shovels in open pits provides cua-</p><p>　　ccurate position (latitude and longitude), speed, bearing, time, track and more basic information of truc

53、ks and shovels.</p><p><b>　　2.3 GPRS</b></p><p>　　The General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) is one of GSMPhase2+ standard realization contents and can provide fast data transmission sp

54、eed. Theoretically,</p><p>　　this service is ten times faster than the current Circuit Switched Data services on GSM networks. GPRS uses the same frequency range,bandwidth, sharpedged structure wireless modu

55、lation standard,frequency-hopping rule and TDMA frame structure as GSM.</p><p>　　The monitoring dispatch information system of trucks and shovels in open pits largely uses the advantages of GPRS such as fast

56、er speed and instant connections as the need arises and charging by amount of data. It can provide realt- ime wire-</p><p>　　less transmission and is very quick without a dial-up modem connection to GPS equ

57、ipment for position information. That is very important because GPS position information has room for only a small amount of data and needs to be transmitted frequently. So this system can make good use of GPRS to transm

58、it GPS position information.</p><p>　　3. Principle of monitoring dispatch system of trucks and shovels</p><p>　　3.1 Monitoring dispatch system of trucks and shovels</p><p>　　The mon

59、itoring dispatch system is composed of mobile terminals carried by vehicles, a communication network and a monitoring center, as shown in Fig.1 .</p><p>　　In this system the mobile terminals receive GPS sign

60、als and then calculate the latitude, longitude, angle, elevation and speed of the vehicles. The expansion interfaces of mobile terminals can also meet many examination and control lines to obtain the information from the

61、 vehicles. Each kind of information is transm-</p><p>　　itted to the monitoring center through GPRS and the Internet. GPRS, as a teleco-</p><p>　　mmunications network between the mobile terminal

62、s and monitoring center, mainly transmits the information on position and condition of the vehicle and information in case of an alarm, to the monitoring center, which in turn transmits dispatch and control commands to t

63、he vehides.</p><p>　　In the monitoring center, the communication server, the database server and the console are connected by a 100M local area network. The monitoring center under control of the system soft

64、ware system receives and processes all kinds of information coming from the controlled vehicles. The position, paths and other information of the vehicles are displayed at LED multimedia monitors and electronic maps in t

65、he monitoring center and from these the vehicles can be monitored and dispatched. Besides, the</p><p>　　3.2 Data processing system of trucks and shovels</p><p>　　The data processing system of tr

66、ucks and shovels at first locates the real-time positions of trucks through GPS and GPRS and then determines the loading mine position A (longitude, latitude) through a terminal on the shovel and the unloading mine posit

67、ion B (longitude, latitude) through GPS equipment. The rea-</p><p>　　ltime location of truck C (longitude, latitude) can be determined according to a terminal installed in the truck,as shown in Fig. 2.</p

68、><p>　　4.Monitoring dispatch information system of trucks and shovels in Sandaozhuang open pit</p><p>　　The Sandaozhuang open pit is part of the Luoyang Luanchuan Molybdenum Industry Group Inc. It

69、s output is 1O million tons. Its length is 2350 m, its width 1350 m and its mining elevation is between 1114 and 1630.8 m. The height of mining is 516.8 m and the bench height 12 m. Rotary drilling machines, shovels and

70、trucks are used in this mining process.The transportation system consists of a number of trucks, a crushing station, an ore pass and electric locomotives. The monitoring dispatch informat</p><p>　　4.1 Softw

71、are constitution and its function</p><p>　　4.1.1 GIS monitoring dispatch client (GMDC)</p><p>　　The GIS monitoring dispatch client can be installed in the monitoring center to manage, dispatch a

72、nd monitor trucks and shovels. Its functions are as follows:</p><p>　　1) Map operation: zoom in, zoom out, roam and display lamination maps; display coordinates of a random point on the map; compute the dist

73、ance of two random points; compute the area of a random polygon; inquire about the geographic target information etc.</p><p>　　2) Vehicles display: display the several trucks or shovels differently, e.g., di

74、fferent colors and different marks; do not display trucks or shovels according to</p><p>　　given commands.</p><p>　　3) Playback of historical paths: play back the travel path of any truck at som

75、e time on the electronic map.</p><p>　　4) Inquiry about the location of a truck: inquire current position, speed, condition and driver of any truck at any moment.</p><p>　　5) Instruction dispatc

76、h: the monitoring center can send out dispatch instructions as text; the terminal carried by trucks will clearly indicate and display, with a red light, the dispatch instructions on the terminal.</p><p>　　6)

77、 Pronunciation dispatch: the monitoring center can call any terminal carried by vehicles for dispatch;the red light of the terminal will clearly indicate that</p><p>　　instructions are given and will ring.&l

78、t;/p><p>　　7) Terminal information feedback: the terminal carried by trucks can upload the prefabricated fixed information on the operation surface of the terminal and</p><p>　　return feedback to t

79、he monitoring center which can deal with the information in a timely fashion.</p><p>　　4.1.2 GPS data processing client (GDPC)</p><p>　　The function of the GPS data processing is to record the

80、times delivered by trucks and the times loaded by shovels. The concrete function is as follows:</p><p>　　1) Count of delivery by truck: count accurately the delivery times of each truck from shovels to crush

81、ing stations during some time interval; the interval can be set by users; the statistical results can be transformed to report forms by class, month and season, according to need of the user.</p><p>　　2) Cou

82、nt of loading by shovels: count accurately the loading time during some time interval of each shovel; other functions are the same as in 1). 4.1.3 GPS localization data processing server (GLDP)</p><p>

83、　　The function of the GPS processing server is mainly to filter, extract and process the localization data of trucks and shovels in order to enhance the level of accuracy and statistical efficiency.</p><p>　

84、　4.1.4 Data communication control server (DCCS)</p><p>　　The communication control server mainly gathers,transmits and routes the data through the TCP/IP and analyzes the communication protocol and the dist

85、ribution of data; this part is also in charge of the handling of traffic (monitoring, dispatch etc.) and other data connections (the localization data input, condition, renewal of vehicles, etc. ).</p><p>　　

86、4.1.5 Database management system (DBMS)</p><p>　　The database management system mainly manages the database and increases, deletes, modifies and requires data from vehicles, drivers and operators; it regular

87、ly backs up the data and then deletes it.</p><p>　　4.2 System application deployment</p><p>　　The process of the entire system deployment is as follows:</p><p>　　1)Early preparation

88、: the terrain of the open pit is complex, the communication signals are bad and there are many blind signal zones. A communication base seat and a repeater were built by China Mobile.These measures have solved the signal

89、 problem.</p><p>　　2) Terminal installation: the type of terminals is a HQ60006-T10 provided by the Shenzhen Huaqiang Holdings Ltd. GPS terminals had been installed in 75</p><p>　　trucks and sho

90、vels during an earlier period. The terminal consist mainly of a mainframe, a GPS antenna,a GPRS antenna, a display, a red indicating lamp,</p><p>　　earphones, a sound box as well as a microphone. After insta

91、llation, the terminal needed debugging. It mainly sets the parameters of the main frame (number,IP, port, etc)using an operation handle.</p><p>　　3) Software deployment: there are five sub-systems in the pro

92、ject. A schematic deployment structure is drawn in Fig. 3. The data communication control system is deployed in the web server of the company; the localization data processing system and the database management server ar

93、e deployed in the database server of the company; the data processing client and the monitoring client of trucks and shovels are deployed in the monitoring center of the open pit.</p><p>　　4) Coordinate regi

94、stration: in first instance, the present topographic map of the open pit should be renewed. Under AutoCAD2006 we can transform it from DWG to DXF format. Then we can match the present DXF topographic map to the coordina

95、tes. Establish a longitude/latitude (wgs84) coordinate system and select a couple of coordinates: the geodetic coordinates of the first point are: (6755.3044, 4850.7990),latitude/longitude coordinates (111.506202, 33.919

96、05);</p><p>　　those of the second point are (6459.1221, 5482.2094),latitude/longitude coordinate (111.50295, 33.92468).Their match is shown in Fig, 4. After obtaining the electronic map of Tab format, the el

97、ectronic map is saved as Geoset by MapX5.0.</p><p>　　5) System debugging: Many parameters need to be rationalised in this system, given the real situation.The most important parameters are the demarcations o

98、f all the scanning regions in the open pit. At present there are five scanning regions, those of crushing stations I, II, III, the Nangou trough and the reserve mine.They have mainly adopted the method of scanning return

99、 paths made by many trucks to determine the areas. Besides, in some special terrain, scanning regions of irregular shapes can </p><p>　　4.3 Running the system</p><p>　　The monitoring dispatch i

100、nformation system in the Sandaozhuang open pit has been used since March,2007. Some problems have arisen since then, such as drift and precision of GPS. These have been solved by optimization of the system software. Afte

101、r experiments with real scenes, the performance of the system is stable. It not only can track and localize trucks,play back historical paths, monitor the trucks automatically, but can also dispatch the trucks by voice a

102、nd instructions, count the workload</p><p>　　5. Conclusions</p><p>　　1)Based on GIS/GPS/GPRS technologies, the monitoring dispatch information system of trucks and shovels in an open pit is a se

103、t of multi-directional,real-time, highly effective software system. The practical application indicates that the system improves labor productivity and the production scheduling efficiency in mines considerably and save