two faces of power【外文翻譯】

1、本科畢業(yè)論文外文翻譯本科畢業(yè)論文外文翻譯外文文獻(xiàn)外文文獻(xiàn)原文原文TWOTWOFACESFACESOFOFPOWERPOWERIAgainsttheelitistapproachtopowerseveralcriticismsmaybehavebeenlevelled.Onehastodowithitsbasicpremisethatineveryhumaninstitutionthereisanderedsystemofpowera“p

2、owerstructure”whichisanintegralpartthemirrimageoftheganization’sstratification.Thispostulatethepluralistsemphaticallytoourmindcrectlyrejectonthegroundthatnothingcategicalcanbeassumedaboutpowerinanycommunity...Ifanythingt

3、hereseemstobeanunspokennotionamongpluralistresearchersthatatbottomnobodydominatesinatownsothattheirfirstquestionisnotlikelytobe“Whorunsthiscommunity”butrather“Doesanyoneatallrunthiscommunity”Thefirstqueryissomewhatlike“H

4、aveyoustoppedbeatingyourwife”inthatvirtuallyanyresponseshtoftotalunwillingnesstoanswerwillsupplytheresearcherswitha“powerelite”alongthelinespresupposedbythestratificationthey.Equallyobjectionabletothepluraliststousisthes

5、ociologists’hypothesisthatthepowerstructuretendstobestableovertime.Pluralistsholdthatpowermaybetiedtoissuesissuescanbefleetingpersistentprovokingcoalitionsamonginterestedgroupscitizensrangingintheirdurationfrommomentaryt

6、osemipermanent...Topresumethatthesetofcoalitionswhichexistsinthecommunityatanygiventimeisatimelesslystableaspectofsocialstructureistointroducesystematicinaccuraciesintoonesdeionofsocialreality.Athirdcriticismoftheelitist

7、modelisthatitwronglyequatesreputedwithactualpower:Ifamansmajlifewkisbankingthepluralistpresumeshewillspendhistimeatthebanknotinmanipulatingcommunitydecisions.Thispresumptionholdsuntilthebankersactivitiesparticipationsind

8、icateotherwise...Ifwepresunailthatthebankeris“really”engagedinrunningthecommunitythereispracticallynowayofdisconfirmingthisnotionevenifitistotallyocconcous.Ontheotherhitiseasytospotthebankwhoreallydoesruncommunityaffairs

9、whenwepresumehedoesnotbecausehisactivitieswillmakethisfactapparent.differenttermscanasoundconceptofpowerbepredicatedontheassumptionthatpoweristotallyembodiedfullyreflectedin“concretedecisions”inactivitybearingdirectlyupo

10、ntheirmakingWethinknot.OfcoursepowerisexercisedwhenAparticipatesinthemakingofdecisionsthataffectB.ButpowerisalsoexercisedwhenAdevoteshisenergiestocreatingreinfcingsocialpoliticalvaluesinstitutionalpracticesthatlimitthesc

11、opeofthepoliticalprocesstopublicconsiderationofonlythoseissueswhicharecomparativelyinnocuoustoA.TotheextentthatAsucceedsindoingthisBispreventedfallpracticalpurposesfrombringingtothefeanyissuesthatmightintheirresolutionbe

12、seriouslydetrimentaltoA’ssetofpreferencesSituationsofthiskindarecommon.Considerfexamplethecasesurelynotunfamiliartothisaudienceofthediscontentedfacultvmemberinanacademicinstitutionheadedbyatraditionboundexecutive.Aggriev

13、edaboutalongstingpolicyaroundwhichastrongvestedinteresthasdevelopedtheprofessresolvesintheprivacyofhisofficetolaunchanattackuponthepolicyatthenextfacultymeeting.Butwhenthemomentoftruth‘isathhesitsfrozeninsilence.WhyAmong

14、themanypossiblereasonsonemeofthesecouldhavebeenofcrucialimptance:(a)theprofesswasfearfulthathisintendedactionwouldbeinterpretedasanexpressionofhisdisloyaltytotheinstitution；(b)hedecidedthatgiventhebeliefsattitudesofhisco

15、lleaguesonthefacultyhewouldalmostcertainlyconstituteonthisissueaminityofone；(c)heconcludedthatgiventhenatureofthelawmakingprocessintheinstitutionhisproposedremedieswouldbepigeonholedpermanently.Butwhateverthecasethecentr

16、alpointtobemadeisthesame:totheextentthatapersongroupconsciouslyunconsciouslycreatesreinfcesbarrierstothepublicairingofpolicyconflictsthatpersongroupaspower.asProfessSchattschnciderhassoadmirablyputit:Allfmsofpoliticalgan

17、izationhaveabiasinfavoftheexploitationofsomekindsofconflictthesuppressionofothersbecauseganizedisthemobilizationofbias.Someissuesareganizedinthepolitieswhileothersareganizedout.Issuchbiasnotrelevanttothestudyofpower.Goul

18、dnotthestudentbecontinuouslyalerttoitspossibleexistenceinthehumaninstitutionthathestudiesbeeverpreparedtoexaminethefceswhichbroughtitintobeingsustainitCanhesafelyignethepossibilityfinstancethatanindividualgroupinacommuni