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1、本科畢業(yè)設計（論文）外文翻譯原文：原文：StatusofSchoolDistricts’PlanningPreparednessAswehavenotedinprireptsemergencymanagementrequirescodinatedplanningimplementationbyavarietyofparticipants.Effectiveemergencymanagementrequiresidentifyingthe
2、hazardsfwhichitisnecessarytobeprepared(riskassessments)establishingclearrolesresponsibilitiesthatareeffectivelycommunicatedwellunderstooddevelopingmaintainingmobilizingneededcapabilitiessuchaspeopleskillsequipment.Thepla
3、nscapabilitiesshouldbetestedassessedthroughrealisticexercisesthatidentifystrengthsareasthatneedimprovementwithanyneededchangesmadetobothplanscapabilities.Thehazardsthatschooldistrictsmayfacewillvaryacrossthecountrydepend
4、inguponthenaturalhazardstowhichtheirparticularareasareproneanassessmentofotherrisksfwhichtheyneedtobepreparedsuchaspemicinfluenzathedisgeofhazardoussubstancesfromnearbychemicalnuclearplants.Similarlywhoshouldbeinvolvedin
5、emergencyplanningresponsefschoolstherolesofthevariousparticipantswillvarybytypesizeoftheemergencyincident.Flargescaleemergencieseffectiveresponseislikelytoinvolvealllevelsofgovernment—federalstatelocal—nongovernmententit
6、iessuchastheRedCrosstheprivatesect.Thetypeofguidanceavailablefromthefederalgovernmentontopicsrelatedtotheserecommendedpracticesvariessignificantlyinsomeinstancesfederalagenciesprovidedetailedinstructionsonhowtoimplementr
7、ecommendedpracticeswhileinotherinstancesguidanceislessdetailed.Wehavealsorecognizedtheimptanceofcertainofthesepracticesinourprireptsonemergencymanagement.Wehavenotedtheimptanceofrealistictrainingpercentofallschooldistric
8、tshavewrittenemergencymanagementplanswithnostatisticaldifferencebetweenurbanruraldistricts.Ofthoseschooldistrictsthathavewrittenemergencyplansnearlyall(99.6percent)addressmultiplehazardsinaccdancewithrecommendedpractices
9、topreparefemergencies.Howeverthespecifichazardsaddressedbyplansvary.(Seefig.2.)Insomeinstancesthehazardsincludedinemergencyplansarespecifictolocalconditionswhichistobeexpected.Theextenttowhichschooldistricts’emergencyman
10、agementplansplanningactivitiesareconsistentwithotherrecommendedpracticesvaries:DevelopRolesResponsibilitiesfSchoolCommunityMembers.Basedonoursurveyofschooldistrictsmostdistrictshavewrittenrolesresponsibilitiesintheirplan
11、sfstaffsuchassuperintendentsbuildingengineerscustodiansprincipalsteachersnurses.DevelopRolesResponsibilitiesfFirstRespondersCommunityPartners.Basedonoursurveyweestimatethat43percentofschooldistrictsusetheIncidentCommSyst
12、em(ICS)—establishedbyDHSaspartoftheNationalIncidentManagementSystem(NIMS)—toestablishtherolesresponsibilitiesofschooldistrictofficialslocalfirstresponderscommunitypartnersduringanemergencyinaccdancewithrecommendedpractic
13、es.DevelopProceduresfCommunicatingwithKeyStakeholders.CentraltodistrictemergencyplansistheinclusionofproceduresfcommunicatingwithkeystakeholderssuchasstaffparentsstudentsincludingthosewhoareLimitedEnglishProficient.Oursu
14、rveyfindsthatroughlythreequartersofallschooldistrictshavenotincludedwrittenproceduresintheirplansfcommunicatingwithLimitedEnglishProficientparentsstudentsinaccdancewithfederallyrecommendedpractices.DevelopProceduresfSpec
15、ialNeedsStudents.Althoughthenumberofspecialneedsstudentsintheschoolsisgrowingoursurveyfindsthatanestimated28percentofschooldistrictswithemergencymanagementplansdonothavespecificprovisionsfthemintheiremergencymanagementpl
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