加強科技創(chuàng)新引領畜牧未來

1、加強科技創(chuàng)新引領畜牧未來Strengthen the Innovation of Science and Technology Drive the prosperous future of Animal Science時建忠中國農業(yè)科學院畜牧研究所Jianzhong Shi　Director of Institute of Animal Science Chinese Academy of Agricultural

2、 Sciences Beijing 100094, China,目 錄,中國畜牧科技現狀畜牧科技面臨的挑戰(zhàn)和任務畜牧科技發(fā)展方向和重點,ContentsCurrent situation of animal science and technology in ChinaChallenge and responsibility of animal science and technologyFuture direction

3、 and priority of animal science and technology,畜牧業(yè)在中國有悠久的歷史，早在新石器時代，人們就開始馴養(yǎng)豬、雞、狗，但發(fā)展一直很慢。1949年后，特別是改革開放20多年來，中國畜牧業(yè)快速發(fā)展，取得了舉世矚目的成就。1980年以來，世界肉類增量的50%,禽蛋增量的70%來自中國。2005年中國畜牧業(yè)總產值達到13000億元，占農業(yè)總產值的35%，農民增收的40%來自畜牧業(yè)的收入。畜牧業(yè)已成為

4、國民經濟的重要組成部分。History of China’s animal husbandry Began with the Neolithic Age with low growth rate Experienced a rapid development since 1949, especially through year 1978 to 1998. Becoming an independent industry

5、and an important sector in the national economy. By 2005, the animal husbandry value accounted for 35% of gross agricultural value.,“科學技術是第一生產力”。中國畜牧業(yè)的快速發(fā)展，科學技術發(fā)揮了重要的作用，“畜禽水產養(yǎng)殖技術” 被中國工程院評為20世紀最偉大的科技成果之一，與兩彈一星相提并論。技術

6、進步對中國畜牧業(yè)經濟增長的貢獻率50% 。 Science and technology take great role in the rapid development of China’s animal husbandry. Science and Technology Progress contributes 50% to the animal husbandry economic growth. Animal hus

7、bandry techniques including were highlighted as one of the greatest Sci-tech achievements of 1990’s .,1 中國畜牧科技現狀1.1 建立了一支適應畜牧生產需要，中央、地方并舉，科 研、教學、企業(yè)結合的科技隊伍和科研機構 畜牧科技工作隨畜牧業(yè)的發(fā)展而發(fā)展，畜牧科技史就是畜牧業(yè)的發(fā)展史。1Situation of an

8、imal science and technology in China1.1 Powerful Institution and Research staff for Animal husbandryCentral governmentLocal governmentScientific researchEducationindustry,,Integration,歷史回顧1904：成立北洋馬醫(yī)學堂，改良馬和培養(yǎng)獸醫(yī)1

9、906：成立中央農事實驗場，開展畜牧科研工作1912：設立第一、二、三種畜飼養(yǎng)場，開展種畜改良工作。1931：成立中央農業(yè)實驗所畜牧獸醫(yī)系1933：中央種畜場1934: 中央農業(yè)實驗所，設獸醫(yī)系1941：中央畜牧實驗所1948：東北行政委員會農林處家畜防疫所 1957：中國農業(yè)科學院畜牧研究所Historical review1904:Viceroy's Horse Hospital Medical Sc

10、hool 1906:National central Agricultural Farm1912:The first three Breeding Stock Farm1931:Department of animal and veterinary science of the general institute of China Agricultural Research1933:The general breedi

11、ng farm1941: The general institute of animal Science 1957:Institute of Animal Science, CAAS,1.1.1機構與人員中國畜牧科研資源集中分布于各類研究與開發(fā)機構、企業(yè)和高等院校。2001年全國地市級以上（含地市級）具有法人地位的國有獨立的畜牧科研機構125個，其中部（局）屬9個，省屬60個，地（市屬）56個。從業(yè)人員8145人。全國各類

12、大專院校有畜牧科研機構70個，人員1226人，是畜牧科研又一支主要力量。1.1.1 Organization and staff members 125 regional and provincial independent institutes of animal science and 8145 staff 70 research departments within universities and colleges

13、and 1226 staff,1.1.2. 經費經費主要來源于政府財政撥款和非財政撥款 。 2001年科技經費投入4.89億元，其中政府撥款3.06億元，占總經費的62.46%。1.1.2 Funding SupportGovernment support and non- Government source In 2001, 489 million yuan(RMB) was input to Sci-Tch researc

14、h, among which there are 62.46% came from government side,1.1.3. 科技計劃畜牧科技計劃有20多個，涉及科技部、農業(yè)部、財政部、發(fā)展計劃與改革委員會、教育部、國家自然基金委員會等國家多個部委。地方政府也設立了多項科技計劃.主要科技計劃有：“973”、“863”、”948”、 “國家自然科學基金”、 “社會公益性研究”、“科技攻關”、“國家科技資源平臺建設”、“科技成果轉

15、化”、 “跨越計劃”、“結構調整專項”、“農業(yè)高新技術示范工程”等。1.1.3 Sci-Tech Plans More than 20 specific Animal Sci-Tech Plans, sponsored made by MOST, MOA, MOF, NDRF, MOE, NNSFC, etc Major Sci-Tech Plans are 973, 863, 948, NNSF, Public benefit

16、 and service, National Sci-Tech project, etc,1.2 取得了大批科技成果，展現中國畜牧科技實力,1949年以來，全國累計取得畜牧類重要科技成果2000 多項,其中獲省部級以上獎勵的重大科技成果1100余項。中國美利奴羊、瘦肉型豬品種的培育,馬傳貧、豬瘟、口蹄疫、禽流感等疫苗的研制和動物血吸蟲病的控制，畜禽飼料營養(yǎng)價值評定和飼養(yǎng)標準的建立等方面成績顯著。1.2 Fruitful anima

17、l Sci-Tech achievementsMore than 2000 items of animal Sci-Tech achievements throughout China since 1949, among which 1100 items were awarded at ministry level.China has the priority in the following areas: Fine breeds

18、 ,like China Merino Sheep and lean-type pig breeds Effective animal epidemic disease Control System Feed and Feeing standard and evaluation system,1.2.1畜禽遺傳資源,1.2.1.1 資源調查 50年代：開始畜禽品種資源調查。 1976年：開展全國大規(guī)模畜禽品種資源調查，歷時九

19、年。基本摸請了全國大部地區(qū)的品種資源狀況，出版了中國豬、牛、羊、家禽、馬驢五部品種志，各省還分別編輯出版了地方品種志 。 1995年：對西南、西北部的偏遠地區(qū)進行了畜禽品種資源補充調查，歷時4年，發(fā)現了79個新遺傳資源群體。1.2.1 Animal genetic resources1.2.1.1 Identification and investigation1950s, small scale investigation

20、of animal breeds1976-1985, finished editing China swine, bovine, sheep, poultry and horse breeds based on the national scale investigation of animal breeds 1995-1999, 79 new genetic accessions were discovered in south-

21、west and north-west area.,根據歷次品種資源調查及 “國家畜禽品種審定委員會”的審核，到 2001年中國畜禽遺傳資源有20個物種，576個品種和類群，其中地方品種（類群）為426個，培育品種有73個，引進品種有77個By 2001, China has:More than 20 domestic animal species and 576 cultivars426 Local breeds 73 cu

22、ltivate breeds77 imported breeds,1.2.1.2 保護和利用開展了畜禽遺傳資源保護方法與技術的研究，建立了活體（原地和異地）、胚胎、細胞、基因保存多種形式并存的較為完善的保存體系。微衛(wèi)星等分子遺傳標記的應用為豬、雞、牛、羊等品種的起源與進化研究及遺傳多樣性的保護提供了重要依據。畜禽遺傳資源平臺的建設也取得了重大進展，畜禽種質資源的分類標準、收集標準、描述標準、數據整理標準和質量管理規(guī)范等已經制訂

23、完成。1.2.1.2　Genetic resources preservation and utilizationEstablished efficient genetic resources conservation system, including by using living animals , embryo, cell and gene Application of Microsatellite DNA as Mol

24、ecular Genetic Marker studies on the origin, evolution and genetic diversity of animal species.Great progress has been made in the construction of platform for animal genetic resources, such as the established standards

25、 for classification, collection, inventory, data collection and quality management.,1.2.2 畜禽新品種培育和良種繁殖,1.2.2.1 新品種培育選育出了以“中國美利奴羊” 、“中國瘦肉型豬新品系”、 “中國荷斯坦?！?、“瘦肉型北京鴨”、“黃羽肉雞新品系”、“節(jié)糧型小型蛋雞”、“中國西門塔爾牛”等為代表的一批優(yōu)良畜禽新品種（系 ）。目前，中國豬、奶牛

26、的良種覆蓋率分別達到97%、73%，蛋雞和白羽肉雞基本實現良種化。 1.2.2 Animal breeding and reproduction 1.2.2.1 new breed cultivation China Merino Sheep China Holstein cow Lean type beijing duckYellow-feather ChickenChinese Simmental CattleOf

27、all the pig and cattle, fine breed pig and cattle accounts for 97% and 73% respectively. Egg-laying poultry and broiler are nearly all fine breed.,,1.2.2.2 育種技術與理論分子標記和標記輔助育種方面，已篩選到豬和羊多胎基因、豬和雞肉品質相關基因、豬和奶牛抗病基因許多重要性狀基因的分子

28、標記，定位了一些與生長、產肉、產奶性狀相關的QTL。目前豬的氟烷敏感基因分子診斷方法已被應用于種豬選育與生產，雞的矮小基因已在配套系選育中發(fā)揮作用，豬的高繁主基因，豬、雞肉質性狀相關基因或其分子標記也已被應用于動物育種之中，標志著中國分子育種技術水平進入了一個新階段。1.2.2.2 Breeding theories and technologyBy using molecular marker and marker-assiste

29、d selection (MAS) breeding technology, several genes have been selected, such as in reproduction and meat quality research.,1.2.2.3 繁殖技術 胚胎移植、體外授精、牛羊胚胎性別鑒定、核移植、顯微授精、單克隆抗體和核酸探針、胚胎細胞克隆、體細胞克隆等高技術研究達到了較高水平，為加快制種速度、加大供種力度提供

30、了技術支撐。特別是人工授精、胚胎移植技術的推廣應用，為品種改良發(fā)揮了重要作用。1.2.2.3 Reproduction technology Modern reproduction techniques, such as embryo transfer, in vitro fertilization, cattle and sheep embryo identification, nuclear transfer, micro-f

31、ertilization, monoclonal antibody technology, nucleic acid probe, embryo cell cloning, somatic cell cloning, have prompted the domestic animal reproduction progress.Especially the application and extension of artificial

32、 insemination and embryo transfer techniques has taken great role in livestock breed improvement.,1.2.3 動物營養(yǎng)與飼料,1.2.3.1 飼養(yǎng)標準 1986-1987發(fā)布了豬、雞、牛、羊國家飼養(yǎng)標準（后被調整為行業(yè)標準，“十五”期間又做了修訂，為飼料工業(yè)的興起及發(fā)展提供了技術支撐。1.2.3 Animal nutrition and

33、 feed science1.2.3.1 Feeding standardsSince 1970s, the research of animal nutrient requirements has been focused on swine, chick, bovine and sheep nutrition, and the feeding standards were issued accordingly. Feeding

34、standards offered the technical support and guidance for the rapid development of feed industry.,1.2.3.2 飼料營養(yǎng)價值評定：1958年，制訂了“暫行飼料分析法”。1959年，出版了«中國飼料營養(yǎng)成分表» 1984年，統(tǒng)一了豬、雞、反芻動物飼料營養(yǎng)價值評定方法，完成了“中國飼料成分及營養(yǎng)價值表”，并研制了“中國

35、飼料數據庫“，在中國農業(yè)科學院畜牧研究所建立了“中國飼料數據庫情報網中心”。1.2.3.2 Feed nutrient evaluation1958: Temporary feed analysis method1959: Chinese feed nutrient composition table1984: Chinese feed database and information center in IAS/CAA

36、S,1.2.3.3 飼料檢測技術：已建立飼料原料、飼料產品和部分飼料添加劑的常規(guī)營養(yǎng)成分、微量營養(yǎng)成分、毒素和特殊成分的檢測方法和檢測技術，形成了覆蓋全國的質量監(jiān)測體系。轉基因飼料的檢驗方法的研究，實現對轉基因飼料的有效監(jiān)控1.2.3.3 The technique of feed checking and analysis The methods and techniques has been set up for feed

37、nutrient composition of raw feed materials, feed products and some feed additives . Inspection for gene-modified feed,1.2.3.4 飼料添加劑研制與應用：10多年前中國絕大多數飼料添加劑產品幾乎全部依賴進口。目前所有維生素產品都已國產化 ,而且部分產品大量出口。 有的生產技術如維生素 B2、植酸酶等處于國際領先水平。

38、近年來新開發(fā)出益生素、寡糖、酶制劑、酸化劑、肽、免疫增強劑、植物提取物等添加劑。1.2.3.4 Study on feed additive and its applicationChina imported most of the feed additives 10 years agoFeed vitamins produced in China and export nowadaysNew feed additives ha

39、ve been developed in recent years, such as prebiotics, oligosaccharide ,enzymes, peptide, and plant extraction, etc,1.2.4 牧草品種選育及草地改良,1.2.4.1 牧草品種選育通過不同的育種技術和方法，培育出一批適于中國不同生態(tài)地區(qū)種植的優(yōu)良牧草品種，到2003年底，經國家牧草育種委員會審定的牧草和飼料作物新品種共有

40、268個。其中，新育成的108個，地方品種40個，引進品種76個，野生馴化28個。1.2.4 Pasture and feed crops1.2.4.1 forage breeding Cultivation of new fine breed grasses varieties, which are suitable for different ecosystem, by using different breeding tec

41、hniques and methods.268 new cultivars have been examined and approved since 2003, among which 108 are newly cultivated, 40 are local breeds,76 are imported and 28 are trained breeds.,1.2.4.2 草地改良在退化沙化、堿化、草地改良，草地生態(tài)系統(tǒng)以及草

42、地配套技術的研究方面均取得重大成果。應用遙感技術開展草地資源調查 、雪災、火災和草地資源動態(tài)監(jiān)測。開展草原火發(fā)生規(guī)律和草原火管理方面的研究，發(fā)現了無樹草原火周期研究方法， 解決了長期以來無樹草原只能根據經驗估測火周期的方法。 1.2.4.2 Grassland improvement Study for Complementary techniques in grassland improvement Application o

43、f Remote Sensing Techniques in investigation and dynamic inspect of germplasm resources, natural disaster. Establishment and management of artificial pastures,1.3 科技創(chuàng)新，支撐了畜牧業(yè)高速發(fā)展1.3.1畜牧業(yè)持續(xù)增長,meat,egg,milk,1.3 Sci-Te

44、ch renovation supports a highly grow rate of animal husbandry1.3.1 Sustainable development of animal husbandry,Yield/year 10,000 tons,Aquatic products,Crop,Meat,Egg,Grow rate,1.3.2 畜牧業(yè)結構布局逐步優(yōu)化，規(guī)?；接?所提高年出欄50頭豬：34%

45、年出欄2000只雞：74.2%飼養(yǎng)5頭奶牛： 55.2%規(guī)?；B(yǎng)殖小區(qū)：40000個1.3.2 Animal husbandry structure optimized gradually, and industrialization level improved steadily,Meat structure,%,chicken,Beef and mutton,pork,Proportion of Anim

46、al products produced in major areas,pork,beef,mutton,milk,chicken,eggs,1.3.3畜牧生產性能提高，增加了農民收入以飼料工業(yè)發(fā)展為例，推廣一噸配合飼料，養(yǎng)殖業(yè)增收200元。2005年，生產1億噸，增加收入200億元1.3.3 Improved animal productivity and increased farms’ income,10年間豬雞生產性能比較

47、productivity Comparison between pigs and chicken in the last 10 years,2 面臨的挑戰(zhàn)和任務,2.1中國畜牧業(yè)發(fā)展面臨的主要問題市場相對飽和，產品結構性過剩產品科技含量低，市場競爭能力弱獸醫(yī)保護薄弱，畜禽死亡率高飼料資源不足，利用效率不高加工基礎薄弱，畜產品附加值低生態(tài)及生產環(huán)境惡化，可持續(xù)發(fā)展面臨著挑戰(zhàn)2 Challenge and responsib

48、ility 2.1 Problems in the development of China’s animal husbandry Relative saturated market ,and surplus of low level animal productsLow Sci-Tech products with a poor ability market competitivenessinsufficient veteri

49、nary protection system lead to a high animal death rate Insufficient feed resources and lower feed utilizationweak processing sector producing lower value-added products With the deterioration of ecosystem and produc

50、tion environment, sustainable animal husbandry are facing challenge,2.2 國民經濟發(fā)展對畜牧業(yè)提出新的要求 努力提高質量和安全，大力開發(fā)優(yōu)質多樣化畜產品積極推進產業(yè)化經營，帶領小農戶適應大市場努力降低生產成本，提高勞動生產效率提高產品科技含量，增強國際市場競爭能力合理利用資源，改善生態(tài)環(huán)境，實現可持續(xù)發(fā)展。2.2 New demand for animal

51、 husbandry according to the development of national economyEnhancing the food quality and safety, to develop the quality animal products Advancing the industrialized management, lead small farmers to adapt the global

52、marketReducing the cost and increasing the productivityImproving the high Sci-Tech products to adapt the competitive marketUtilizing resources properly, improving the ecosystem so as to maintain a sustainable developm

53、ent,2010－2030年中國肉類、禽蛋和奶預計產量,單位:萬噸,千克 Unit: 10,000 tons or kg,2.3高速發(fā)展的畜牧業(yè)，需要強大的科技支撐,2.3 Advanced animal husbandry needs stronger Sci-Tech support,3.1 畜牧科技發(fā)展目標適應中國畜牧業(yè)已經初步擺脫了畜產品嚴重短缺，畜牧業(yè)生產已由傳統(tǒng)的只注重產量增長目標向質量和產量并重轉變和向增加國際競爭

54、能力、有效保護生態(tài)環(huán)境方面轉變的需要；針對當前中國畜牧業(yè)在安全、質量、資源、環(huán)境方面面臨的重大挑戰(zhàn)；為建設一個質量效益俱佳、生產加工并重、富有國際競爭力、現代化水平較高的新型畜牧業(yè)產業(yè)體系提供技術支撐。3 Future direction and priority of animal science and technology3.1 The goal of animal science and technologyto tra

55、nsform the way of economic growth from the traditional extensive animal husbandry to the modern intensive sustainable one to enhance the food safety and quality, sustainablely utilize the resources and consider the en

56、vironmental implications to construct a newly supportive animal husbandry industry with emphasis on the balance of the quality, productivity, processing ,high Sci-Tech and value-added animal products,3 科技發(fā)展方向和重點研究內容,,3.

57、2戰(zhàn)略任務以畜牧科技原始創(chuàng)新和畜牧發(fā)展中的重大關鍵技術為重點，對傳統(tǒng)養(yǎng)殖技術進行改造和升級，盡快建立優(yōu)質高效集約化的現代養(yǎng)殖體系，提高重大動物疫病控制能力，促進傳統(tǒng)養(yǎng)殖業(yè)向現代養(yǎng)殖業(yè)的快速轉變，從根本上解決中國畜牧業(yè)發(fā)展面臨的資源制約問題、質量安全問題、生態(tài)安全問題和動物疫病控制問題。3.2 Strategic responsibility Centering on the original innovation and key

58、 technology in animal husbandry Modifying and updating the traditional feeding techniques Constructing the qualified effectively modern feeding system Enhancing the ability to control infectious disease Transformin

59、g from traditional animal industry to modern animal husbandry Solving the problems related to the limitations of resources for animal husbandry, food safety and quality, environmental safety and animal disease,3.3發(fā)展方向

60、,3.3.1 畜禽育種3.3.1.1 方向系統(tǒng)性地在分子水平上開展畜禽遺傳資源的鑒定評價和創(chuàng)新利用研究，重點發(fā)掘優(yōu)異的新材料、新基因，走發(fā)掘與引進相結合的道路以畜禽生產能力的提高作為最基本的育種目標，通過不斷提高品種生產力保障畜產品供給將優(yōu)質、專用化新品種作為畜禽育種創(chuàng)新的重點 加強高新技術在育種技術中的應用研究，通過育種技術的升級，實現高新技術的實用化、高效化和安全化，大幅度地提高畜禽育種效率，增加畜禽品種的科技含量。3.

61、3 Future direction3.3.1 Breeding3.3.1.1 directionConducting the systematic study on the genetic resources identification and evaluation by using molecular technologyImproving the potential productivity through breedi

62、ngDeveloping fine animal breed and specialized breed Integrating new technology into animal breeding techniques,畜禽育種技術將實現三個轉變育種目標:高產?高產+優(yōu)質+專用 育種技術:常規(guī)育種?常規(guī)育種+分子育種畜禽品種:高產型?高產+優(yōu)質+專用+資源高效型+環(huán)境友好型Great changes will take

63、place in animal breeding :Breeding goals: high productivity + high qualified + specializedBreeding techniques: traditional techniques + molecular techniquesAnimal breeds: high productivity + high qualifie

64、d + specialized + effectiveness + environmental friendly breeds,3.3.1.2 重點內容畜禽優(yōu)良種質資源的發(fā)掘與創(chuàng)新 畜禽種質資源的分子解析和精細評價核心種質的構建及優(yōu)異功能基因的挖掘畜禽資源長期安全保存的技術研究畜禽種質重要性狀鑒定測試技術和標準的研究畜禽種質資源信息管理系統(tǒng)的完善。,3.3.1.2 Major contentDev

65、eloping and innovating of fine breed germplasm resourcesMolecular analysis and evaluation of germplasm resourcesConstruction of key germplasmDeveloping fine functional gene(s)Study on long term and safe preservation

66、of germplasm resourcesIdentification techniques and standards for the important properties Accomplish the germplasm resources information management system,畜禽育種新技術研究畜禽快速、準確、高效的轉基因技術研究分子標記輔助育種技術的研究畜禽抗病遺傳規(guī)律及其鑒定技術的研究

67、畜禽品質遺傳規(guī)律和分析技術的研究畜禽誘變育種、細胞工程育種技術的研究。,Study on the new breeding technologyRapid , accurate and highly efficient gene transferMolecular marker breeding techniquesThe genetic rule of animal antidisease and identification

68、 techniquesThe genetic rule of quality and analysis techniquesInduced mutation breeding and cell technology breeding techniques,高產、優(yōu)質、專用新品種（系）選育及配套系開發(fā) 在種質創(chuàng)新和育種技術升級的基礎上，培育出一批畜禽新品種（系）選育及配套系，使中國豬、禽飼養(yǎng)基本實現良種化，豬、蛋雞、奶牛的生產性能達

69、到國際先進水平。,Cultivating and selecting the fine breeds with high productivity, high quality and specializationTo develop the fine breed breeding system based on the Innovation of animal germplasm and updating of breeding te