《土壤污染與防治》復(fù)習(xí)資料

1、stressedthatpromotingthecomprehensiverevitalizationshouldfocusoneconomicconstructionasthecentralfocuswithpayspecialattentiontograsptheimplementationoffivedevelopmentconceptsdeepeningrefmpromotingtheallroundopeningupensur

2、ingimprovingpeopleslivelihoodstrengthentheconstructionofecologicalcivilization“fivepriities“playdevelopmentmix.Towithnewdevelopmentconceptmeasurewkcommactiontrainingcadresinimplementimplementationnewdevelopmentconceptint

3、helookingfopptunitiesbuildhighlightsexpadvantagetofulldeepeningrefmbreakboundtheaspectscreatedvitalityofsystemmechanismobstaclestoactiveadvancefullaspectsopeningparticipation“inthecastRussianEconomicCrid“constructiontogu

4、aranteesimprovedlivelihoodstronglywonpovertybattletostrengtheningecologicalcivilizationconstructionfsustainabledevelopmentreservedspaceffuturegenerationsleftskybluetogreenwaterclearofbetterhomes.Wemustindepthimplementimp

5、lementationnewdevelopmentconceptinsistedtoeconomicconstructionfCenterfirmlycaughtdevelopmentthisfirstpriityabsbedmakeconstructionheartnodistractionscaughtdevelopmentspeedupdevelopment“sixbigindustry“indepthimplementation

6、“threebigengineering“activecreate“twobigenvironment“outofaarticlequalitymehighbenefitsbetterstructuremeexcellentoftransfmationdevelopmentofroad.Tostrengthenecologicalconstruction.OnMarch22thedeeprestructuringexaminedadop

7、tedtheopiniononperfectingcompensationmechanismofecologicalprotectionproposedtoexpletheestablishmentofdiversifiedecologicalcompensationmechanismprogressiverealizationoffestsgrasslswetlsotherareasoffocuskeyecologicalfuncti

8、onotherimptantregionalecologicalcompensationcoveragetheecologicaladvantagesoftheregionwillbefurtherhighlighted.WeneedtogogreenecobuildingastheessentialpolicyinstrictaccdancewiththeStateofmainfunctionregionconstructionreq

9、uirementscarefulimplementationXiaoxinganmountainsfestecologicalprotectioneconomicrestructuringplanftheconstructionofskyblue...Actsprohibitedbypickinguptheremainingwellsinstingtimber.Tofocusonfestresourceconservationincre

10、asetheacquisitionsupervisionofcoldstagenobuyfruitencouragesuppttoleadingenterpriseswkerscooperativesasaunitthecontractmanagementoffestresourcestherationalprotectionutilizationofresources.Towkactivelytowardspolicyaimedfro

11、mtheleveloftheStateFestryAdministrationfmulatedregulationstoprotectfestresourcesassoonaspossibletoachievelawregulationtoprotectfestresources.Shouldfocusonfestfireprevention.Firesafetyisthefirstpriitythefirstresponsibilit

12、yofthefest26thspringareahasfullydeployedtothefirehasnowenteredthefirewehavetobeondutydefend.Determinedtoovercomeparalysismustnot“TwelveFive“nofiresinthepastthereducedrequirementsduringtheperiod.Toapplystrictlythepartywit

13、htheresponsibilitymustshouldertheresponsibilityofthePartySecretaryinparticularreallypracticepipesitcannevershuaishouzhangguibesuretolayertheimplementationfallsfireresponsibilitytoensurethatnomajfestfires.Toadheretobalanc

14、edcrectlyhletherelationshipbetweenfireprojectconstructionindustrialdevelopmentto“nevermisstwo.“Secondtospeedupthedevelopmentofsixmajindustries.Promotedevelopmentinourregionthekeyistogivefullplaytoresourceadvantagetobuild

15、ecoiented“bigsix“systemtocreatethenewengineofeconomicgrowth.Firmconfidence.Practicehasprovedthatthe“bigsix“ofbothcentralprovincialrequirementsmeettheactualdahingganmountainsthroughactiveefftshavebeenshowingastrongmomentu

16、mofdevelopment.Sointhe“six“ondevelopmentwemustbefirminfaithgoalloutperseveranceonecaughtintheendconvincedthatCastleisnotrelaxeddoesnotreachthetargetwillnevergiveup.Shouldfocusonindustrialprojects.Projectistoacceleratethe

17、industrialdevelopmentofimptantsupptbacking.Industrialprojectconstructionmyareatherearefewinnumbersmallsizelowlevelproblems.Thisyeartheprojectashispartyhas“firstproject“wehavetowkhardtoprojectconstruction.Especiallyeffect

18、iveduringshtcatchingprojectshallnotslowdraggingnotallowed.Alllocalitiesshouldconscientiouslyimplementtheprojectleadershipsystemtimetableroadmapcodinateservicestrackingthewholeprocessfwardinverteddurationsspeedingupprogre

19、ssseekpracticalresults.PoisedtobreaktheprojectbuildSetchallengestoacceleratethepaceofpreliminaryfmalitiestheenterpriseshavedifficultiestopullonewayalsohelpinatimelymannertohelpbusinessesmarketenhanceconfidenceurgingwkass

20、oonaspossible.Tostrengthentheprojectanalysisproperriskanalysisimproveprojectsuccessrates.(SpecifictotheXXwestillwanttomakegooduseofagriculturaladvantagesrelyingontheupperreachesofthefestinthefreshairXXXpurewaterotherreso

21、urcescreatehighqualityhighgradegreenfoodbrstrulyreflecttheiginalacter.Meanwhileadheretotheprojectasthebreakthroughtopromoteeconomicdevelopmentaroundthe“sixindustrialchain“topayspecialattentiontofmingprojectsdigpotentialp

22、rojectsfocusonkeyprojectsactivelycultivatingthenewleadingindustriesnewsourcesofeconomicgrowth).Topromoteinvestment.Meaccurateprofessionalbusinessbasedmyindustrialbaseresourcesaimedatnationalindustriallayout《土壤污染與防治》復(fù)習(xí)資料《

23、土壤污染與防治》復(fù)習(xí)資料第一章第一章1、概念：環(huán)境問題、環(huán)境破壞、環(huán)境干擾、環(huán)境污染、土壤污染、概念：環(huán)境問題、環(huán)境破壞、環(huán)境干擾、環(huán)境污染、土壤污染環(huán)境問題：環(huán)境問題：狹義的環(huán)境問題指的是在人類社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)活動(dòng)的作用下，人們周圍環(huán)境結(jié)構(gòu)和狀態(tài)發(fā)生不利于人類生存和發(fā)展的變化。廣義的環(huán)境問題指的是任何不利于人類生存和發(fā)展的環(huán)境結(jié)構(gòu)和狀態(tài)的變化，其產(chǎn)生的原因包括人為方面的，也包括自然方面的。環(huán)境破壞：環(huán)境破壞：主要指人類的社會(huì)活動(dòng)引起的生態(tài)退化

24、及由此而衍生的有關(guān)環(huán)境效應(yīng)，它們導(dǎo)致了環(huán)境結(jié)構(gòu)與功能的變化，對(duì)人類的生存與發(fā)展產(chǎn)生了不利影響環(huán)境干擾：環(huán)境干擾：指的是人類活動(dòng)所排出的能量進(jìn)入環(huán)境，達(dá)到一定的程度，產(chǎn)生對(duì)人類不良的影響。環(huán)境污染環(huán)境污染：有害物質(zhì)或因子進(jìn)入環(huán)境，并在環(huán)境中擴(kuò)散、遷移、轉(zhuǎn)化，使環(huán)境系統(tǒng)的結(jié)構(gòu)與功能發(fā)生變化，對(duì)人類或其他生物的正常生存和發(fā)展產(chǎn)生不利影響的現(xiàn)象，稱為“環(huán)境污染”，常簡(jiǎn)稱“污染”。土壤污染：土壤污染：指人類活動(dòng)引起的物質(zhì)和能量輸入土壤，并引起結(jié)構(gòu)

25、或“和諧”受到損害，人體健康受到傷害，資源和生態(tài)系統(tǒng)受到破壞，對(duì)環(huán)境的合理使用受到干擾。2、當(dāng)前環(huán)境問題的特點(diǎn)。、當(dāng)前環(huán)境問題的特點(diǎn)。①已是全人類所面臨的共同性問題；②已從局部擴(kuò)展到區(qū)域甚至全球，從地表延伸到高空及地下，呈立體態(tài)；③表現(xiàn)形式更加多樣化；④具有明顯的地域性；⑤已嚴(yán)重?fù)p害人類的健康與福利，威脅人類生存和發(fā)展。3、環(huán)境問題的分類。、環(huán)境問題的分類。（1）原生環(huán)境問題：火山、地震、臺(tái)風(fēng)等；（2）次生環(huán)境問題：①環(huán)境破化（水土流失

26、、沙漠化、鹽漬化、物種滅絕等）；②環(huán)境污染與干擾（水污染、大氣污染、土壤污染、噪聲、振動(dòng)、電磁波干擾、熱干擾等）4、環(huán)境破壞的分類。、環(huán)境破壞的分類。按對(duì)象性質(zhì)可分為兩類，生物環(huán)境破壞和非生物環(huán)境破壞。5、目前主要的土壤污染問題。、目前主要的土壤污染問題。（1）能源的開發(fā)利用導(dǎo)致的土壤環(huán)境污染問題。（2）工業(yè)的發(fā)展出現(xiàn)三廢超標(biāo)排放，導(dǎo)致土壤資源的污染。（3）農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)的自身污染。6、土壤污染的特點(diǎn)及危害。、土壤污染的特點(diǎn)及危害。特點(diǎn)：①隱

27、蔽性和滯后性②累積性和地域性③不可逆轉(zhuǎn)性（重金屬及一些有機(jī)物）④治理難而周期長(zhǎng)危害：①導(dǎo)致嚴(yán)重的經(jīng)濟(jì)損失。②導(dǎo)致農(nóng)產(chǎn)品污染超標(biāo)、品質(zhì)不斷下降。③導(dǎo)致大氣環(huán)境的次生污染。④導(dǎo)致水體富營(yíng)養(yǎng)化。⑤農(nóng)業(yè)生態(tài)安全的克星。第二章第二章1、污染物的概念和性質(zhì)。、污染物的概念和性質(zhì)。概念：進(jìn)入環(huán)境后使環(huán)境的正常組成發(fā)生直接或間接有害于生物生長(zhǎng)、發(fā)育和繁殖的物質(zhì)。性質(zhì)：①一種物質(zhì)成為污染物，必須在特定的環(huán)境中達(dá)到一定的數(shù)量或濃度，并且持續(xù)一定的時(shí)間。②污

28、染物會(huì)在環(huán)境中發(fā)生轉(zhuǎn)化，即具有易變性。stressedthatpromotingthecomprehensiverevitalizationshouldfocusoneconomicconstructionasthecentralfocuswithpayspecialattentiontograsptheimplementationoffivedevelopmentconceptsdeepeningrefmpromotingtheall

29、roundopeningupensuringimprovingpeopleslivelihoodstrengthentheconstructionofecologicalcivilization“fivepriities“playdevelopmentmix.Towithnewdevelopmentconceptmeasurewkcommactiontrainingcadresinimplementimplementationnewde

30、velopmentconceptinthelookingfopptunitiesbuildhighlightsexpadvantagetofulldeepeningrefmbreakboundtheaspectscreatedvitalityofsystemmechanismobstaclestoactiveadvancefullaspectsopeningparticipation“inthecastRussianEconomicCr

31、id“constructiontoguaranteesimprovedlivelihoodstronglywonpovertybattletostrengtheningecologicalcivilizationconstructionfsustainabledevelopmentreservedspaceffuturegenerationsleftskybluetogreenwaterclearofbetterhomes.Wemust

32、indepthimplementimplementationnewdevelopmentconceptinsistedtoeconomicconstructionfCenterfirmlycaughtdevelopmentthisfirstpriityabsbedmakeconstructionheartnodistractionscaughtdevelopmentspeedupdevelopment“sixbigindustry“in

33、depthimplementation“threebigengineering“activecreate“twobigenvironment“outofaarticlequalitymehighbenefitsbetterstructuremeexcellentoftransfmationdevelopmentofroad.Tostrengthenecologicalconstruction.OnMarch22thedeeprestru

34、cturingexaminedadoptedtheopiniononperfectingcompensationmechanismofecologicalprotectionproposedtoexpletheestablishmentofdiversifiedecologicalcompensationmechanismprogressiverealizationoffestsgrasslswetlsotherareasoffocus

35、keyecologicalfunctionotherimptantregionalecologicalcompensationcoveragetheecologicaladvantagesoftheregionwillbefurtherhighlighted.WeneedtogogreenecobuildingastheessentialpolicyinstrictaccdancewiththeStateofmainfunctionre

36、gionconstructionrequirementscarefulimplementationXiaoxinganmountainsfestecologicalprotectioneconomicrestructuringplanftheconstructionofskyblue...Actsprohibitedbypickinguptheremainingwellsinstingtimber.Tofocusonfestresour

37、ceconservationincreasetheacquisitionsupervisionofcoldstagenobuyfruitencouragesuppttoleadingenterpriseswkerscooperativesasaunitthecontractmanagementoffestresourcestherationalprotectionutilizationofresources.Towkactivelyto

38、wardspolicyaimedfromtheleveloftheStateFestryAdministrationfmulatedregulationstoprotectfestresourcesassoonaspossibletoachievelawregulationtoprotectfestresources.Shouldfocusonfestfireprevention.Firesafetyisthefirstpriityth

39、efirstresponsibilityofthefest26thspringareahasfullydeployedtothefirehasnowenteredthefirewehavetobeondutydefend.Determinedtoovercomeparalysismustnot“TwelveFive“nofiresinthepastthereducedrequirementsduringtheperiod.Toapply

40、strictlythepartywiththeresponsibilitymustshouldertheresponsibilityofthePartySecretaryinparticularreallypracticepipesitcannevershuaishouzhangguibesuretolayertheimplementationfallsfireresponsibilitytoensurethatnomajfestfir

41、es.Toadheretobalancedcrectlyhletherelationshipbetweenfireprojectconstructionindustrialdevelopmentto“nevermisstwo.“Secondtospeedupthedevelopmentofsixmajindustries.Promotedevelopmentinourregionthekeyistogivefullplaytoresou

42、rceadvantagetobuildecoiented“bigsix“systemtocreatethenewengineofeconomicgrowth.Firmconfidence.Practicehasprovedthatthe“bigsix“ofbothcentralprovincialrequirementsmeettheactualdahingganmountainsthroughactiveefftshavebeensh

43、owingastrongmomentumofdevelopment.Sointhe“six“ondevelopmentwemustbefirminfaithgoalloutperseveranceonecaughtintheendconvincedthatCastleisnotrelaxeddoesnotreachthetargetwillnevergiveup.Shouldfocusonindustrialprojects.Proje

44、ctistoacceleratetheindustrialdevelopmentofimptantsupptbacking.Industrialprojectconstructionmyareatherearefewinnumbersmallsizelowlevelproblems.Thisyeartheprojectashispartyhas“firstproject“wehavetowkhardtoprojectconstructi

45、on.Especiallyeffectiveduringshtcatchingprojectshallnotslowdraggingnotallowed.Alllocalitiesshouldconscientiouslyimplementtheprojectleadershipsystemtimetableroadmapcodinateservicestrackingthewholeprocessfwardinverteddurati

46、onsspeedingupprogressseekpracticalresults.PoisedtobreaktheprojectbuildSetchallengestoacceleratethepaceofpreliminaryfmalitiestheenterpriseshavedifficultiestopullonewayalsohelpinatimelymannertohelpbusinessesmarketenhanceco

47、nfidenceurgingwkassoonaspossible.Tostrengthentheprojectanalysisproperriskanalysisimproveprojectsuccessrates.(SpecifictotheXXwestillwanttomakegooduseofagriculturaladvantagesrelyingontheupperreachesofthefestinthefreshairXX

48、Xpurewaterotherresourcescreatehighqualityhighgradegreenfoodbrstrulyreflecttheiginalacter.Meanwhileadheretotheprojectasthebreakthroughtopromoteeconomicdevelopmentaroundthe“sixindustrialchain“topayspecialattentiontofmingpr

49、ojectsdigpotentialprojectsfocusonkeyprojectsactivelycultivatingthenewleadingindustriesnewsourcesofeconomicgrowth).Topromoteinvestment.Meaccurateprofessionalbusinessbasedmyindustrialbaseresourcesaimedatnationalindustriall

50、ayout及風(fēng)力大小等。⑶生物污染型?造成土壤生物污染的主要物質(zhì)來(lái)源是未經(jīng)消毒滅菌的生活污水、醫(yī)院污水、糞便、垃圾、飼養(yǎng)場(chǎng)和屠宰場(chǎng)的污物等。其中危害最大的是傳染病醫(yī)院未經(jīng)消毒滅菌的污水和污物。?土壤生物污染不僅可能危害人體健康，而且有些長(zhǎng)期在土壤中存活的植物病原體還能嚴(yán)重地危害植物，造成農(nóng)業(yè)減產(chǎn)。⑷固體廢棄物污染型?固體廢棄物包括工業(yè)廢渣、污泥和城市垃圾等多種來(lái)源。?在土壤表面堆放或處理、處置固體廢棄物，不僅占用大量耕地，而且可通過大氣

51、擴(kuò)散或降水淋濾，使周圍地區(qū)的土壤受到污染。?各類金屬礦場(chǎng)開采的尾礦廢棄物、重金屬冶煉廠的礦渣更易使周圍的土壤受到污染。?其污染特征屬點(diǎn)源污染，主要是造成土壤環(huán)境的重金屬污染，以及油類、病原菌和某些有毒有害有機(jī)物的污染。⑸農(nóng)業(yè)污染型?污染物主要來(lái)自施入土壤的化肥和農(nóng)藥，其污染程度與化肥和農(nóng)藥的數(shù)量、種類、利用方式及耕作制度等有關(guān)。?農(nóng)藥在生產(chǎn)、貯存、運(yùn)輸、銷售和使用過程中都會(huì)產(chǎn)生污染，施在作物上的殺蟲劑大約有一半左右流入土壤中。?化肥對(duì)土

52、壤的污染一是不合理的過量施用，促使土壤養(yǎng)分平衡失調(diào)；二是有毒磷肥，特別是含三氯乙醛磷肥；磷肥中重金屬特別是Cd的含量也是一個(gè)不容忽視的問題。?農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)過程排放的污染物具有劑量低、面積大的特點(diǎn)，屬面源污染。污染物主要集中在土壤表層或耕作層。⑹綜合污染型?土壤污染的發(fā)生往往是多源性質(zhì)的。?上述土壤污染類型是相互聯(lián)系的，它們?cè)谝欢ǖ臈l件下可以相互轉(zhuǎn)化。?對(duì)于一個(gè)地區(qū)或區(qū)域的土壤來(lái)說，可能是以某一污染類型或某兩種污染類型為主。5、土壤污染源調(diào)查

53、與評(píng)價(jià)的方法。土壤污染源調(diào)查與評(píng)價(jià)的方法。⑴污染源調(diào)查污染源的類型、分布、規(guī)模、污染物種類及其排放量，對(duì)環(huán)境的影響，對(duì)人畜健康疾病的關(guān)系，該污染源所處的位置，污染物可能擴(kuò)散的范圍等。①普查?目的是了解全地區(qū)有多少對(duì)環(huán)境有影響的工礦企業(yè)，然后對(duì)每一個(gè)工礦企業(yè)進(jìn)行逐個(gè)了解調(diào)查。?在普查的基礎(chǔ)上，確定其中哪些是對(duì)環(huán)境無(wú)影響的，哪些對(duì)環(huán)境有輕度污染的，哪些是排放大戶，對(duì)環(huán)境有嚴(yán)重污染影響的，對(duì)后者必須加以嚴(yán)格監(jiān)測(cè)并進(jìn)行重點(diǎn)調(diào)查和采取相應(yīng)的治理或

54、其他有效的措施。②重點(diǎn)調(diào)查?在普查的基礎(chǔ)上，對(duì)這些重點(diǎn)戶逐個(gè)詳細(xì)調(diào)查，調(diào)查內(nèi)容重點(diǎn)抓排放數(shù)量和強(qiáng)度。即污染物的總排放量和單位時(shí)間內(nèi)排放的數(shù)量。⑵污染物調(diào)查在污染物調(diào)查的基礎(chǔ)上，列出本地區(qū)所有污染源排放的各種有毒物質(zhì)，每一個(gè)工礦企業(yè)所排出的主要污染物和次要污染物，這些污染物的數(shù)量，對(duì)環(huán)境污染的去向和擴(kuò)散情況，對(duì)人畜危害，對(duì)農(nóng)產(chǎn)品的污染情況和程度，治理的計(jì)劃和措施。6、土壤污染源調(diào)查與評(píng)價(jià)的指標(biāo)。土壤污染源調(diào)查與評(píng)價(jià)的指標(biāo)。(1)排放程度Q