[雙語翻譯]人才流失外文翻譯--將人才流失轉(zhuǎn)化為人才獲取來自羅馬尼亞醫(yī)療部門的證據(jù)

1、3000 英文單詞， 英文單詞，16500 英文字符，中文 英文字符，中文 5100 字文獻出處： 文獻出處：Boncea, Irina. Turning Brain Drain into Brain Gain: Evidence from Romania\“s Medical Sector[J]. Procedia Economics and Finance, 2015, 20:80-87.Turning brain drain in

2、to brain gain: evidence from Romania’s medical sectorIrina BonceaAbstractThis article aims to investigate Romania’s potential of turning medical brain drain into brain gain, focusing on three directions of study: the ret

3、urn intention, the diaspora option and the remittances. The nature of the study is exploratory. A survey was conducted among Romanian physicians (trained in Romania) with an international work experience (currently worki

4、ng abroad or those who worked abroad and returned). Data collected was analyzed using SPSS 19. The main findings constitute a valuable instrument for policy makers in the health system, offering an overview of the possib

5、le areas of intervention.Keywords: brain gain; return migration; diaspora; remittances; Romania1. IntroductionLiterature on medical brain drain evolved over the past 60 years, from the early stage, with scholars highligh

6、ting the neutral effect on source countries, sometimes even beneficial, through the second phase, with the emphasis on the negative impact on donor countries and finally to the new economics of brain drain theory, accept

7、ing both the beneficial and detrimental effects on the country of origin. Recent literature identifies several options that, under specific circumstances may turn the brain drain into brain gain: return option, diaspora

8、option and remittances. Research in this area is scarce in Romania, a former communist country affected by the medical brain drain, phenomenon that has intensified after the accession to the European Union. In this respe

9、ct, this study aims to tackle the emigration of physicians from the beneficial perspective. It identifies the perception of Romanian physicians with an international working experience (currently working abroad or who ha

10、ve worked abroad for a certain period of time) related to the return intention, the scientific networks between the origin and the destination country and the role of remittances as sources of external financing.The natu

11、re of this study is an exploratory one. Firstly, it presents the main concepts of the new economics of brain drain, highlighting the main contributors. The second section describes the methodology adopted and the target

12、population. Section three includes the main results. Finally, the paper presents possible solutions and policy implications.2. Literature review on the new economics of brain drainThe third phase of research on brain dra

13、in (mid 1990s) brings in a new approach consisting in a possible beneficial effect of the phenomenon on donor countries. Return migration, diaspora option and remittances constitute, under specific circumstances, possib

14、le gains for the country of origin. The attractiveness of migration perspective foster the investment in education among the population in the sending country, the “beneficial brain drain” (Beine et al., 2001:277) depend

15、ing on the percentage of highly skilled that actually emigrate.Return migration is one of the sources of brain gain: the highly skilled migrants return home and apply the knowledge and skills acquired during their stay a

16、broad (Docquier, 2006, Stark and This exploratory study aims to investigate Romania’s potential of transforming brain drain into brain gain. In this respect a survey was conducted among Romanian physicians (trained in Ro

17、mania) with an international work experience (currently working abroad or those who worked abroad and returned in Romania). The questionnaire contains different types of items: simple choice, multiple choice and open que

18、stions. It was administrated online, for a period of three months, among specific groups of physicians. 90 complete and usable questionnaires are used for this study.Information collected concerns respondents’ socio-demo

19、graphic characteristics push and pull factors, the return intention, the role of diaspora and the remittances. This paper focuses on the return intention, diaspora option and remittances. The determinants of the decision

20、 to emigrate are explored in a different paper. Data was analyzed using SPSS 19.The first section of the questionnaire identifies the socio-demographic characteristics of the respondents. The mean age of respondents is 3

21、3.02 years (Standard Deviation=7.473), 51.1% declared they are not married, 24.4% married with children, 20.00% married without children and 4.4% divorced. A number of 34 men and 56 women filled the questionnaire, among

22、them 26 general practitioners and 64 specialists. The distribution by age and gender is represented in Table 1.Table 1. Distribution by gender and ageMost of the respondents leaved Romania at the early stage of their car

23、eer (distribution by gender and status on the labour market before leaving could be seen in Table 2).Table 2. Distribution by gender and status on the labour marketMain destination countries include: France (30 responden

24、ts), Germany (24), UK (10), Spain (10), Belgium (8), Sweden (6) and USA (2). The period of time spent abroad varies from less than one year (44.4%) to more than 4 years (the longest period being 10 years).Respondent'

25、s age (grouped)24 or less 25-34 35-44 45-5455 or above TotalRespondent's Female 2 44 8 0 2 56gender Male 0 22 6 6 0 34Total 2 66 14 6 2 90Status on the labour market before leavingEmployed in private systemEmployed i