[雙語翻譯]工程造價(jià)外文翻譯--工程造價(jià)分析和它對經(jīng)濟(jì)的重要性

1、中文 中文 5500 字， 字，3500 單詞， 單詞，20000 英文字符 英文字符出處： 出處：Stasiak-Betlejewska R, Potkány M. Construction Costs Analysis and its Importance to the Economy ☆[J]. Procedia Economics Hillebrandt 2000; Ganesan 2000; Anaman an

2、d Amponsah, 2007; Khan 2008; Oladinrin et. al. 2012; Rangelova 2015).In accordance to Hillebrandt (1985), the construction industry is a complex sector of the more since the new objective is development for the sustaina

3、bility (Rangelova 2015, Sedliaciková et al. 2014).The sustainable development, as a doctrine, was established in the 80’s of the twentieth century and today it increasingly dominates as a planned development model

4、 of countries and citizens. The concept of “sustainable development“ refers to the process of development, which, striving to fully meet the needs of the present generation, in no way reduce the potential of future ge

5、nerations. This definition appeared the first time in the report “Our Common Future“ prepared in 1987 by the World Commission on Environment and Development of the United Nations. This report recognizes that civilizati

6、on has reached a level of prosperity that is tenable to provide proper management. The model of such economy assumes properly and consciously shaped relationship between economic growth, environmental care (not only na

7、tural but also artificial - man-made) and to human health. There are several definitions describing the sustainable development idea in the literature (Waas et al. 2010; Lipu?þek et al. 2010; Robert et. al. 2005;

8、Giddings et. al. 2002) and its main idea is reduced to requiring such management of current resources to preserve nature in its unaltered state for future generations, while ensuring the well-being and comfort societie

9、s and its development. The concept of sustainable development is “development that protects the needs of today without limiting meet the needs of future generations“ (Naci?īek 2015). The new goal of the construction i

10、ndustry is implementation of new technologies and solutions considered as significant for three areas identified as priorities for the sustainable development:Environment – the construction and exploitation of buildings

11、 are the cause of 42% of final energy consumption in the EU, 35% of emissions of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere, as well as a significant consumption of raw materials such as water and aggregates (sand, gravel, e

12、tc.). The threat for the environment is the remains of the buildings demolition.Society - the average citizen of a developed country spends inside the buildings close to 80% of the life. Hence, the suitable internal en

13、vironment and the comfort of apartments and offices have a huge impact on the quality of people's life.Economics - in the European Union the construction industry generates about 10% of GDP and employs 7% of the wo

14、rkforce.Through its impact on the built environment, construction plays a central role in promotion of the sustainable development that is connected with basic changes among other in products and services by applying o

15、f economic, technological and social innovation and technologies used energy. The biggest problem of the construction is the low energy efficiency and associated high emission of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. In

16、Poland, there is a lack of additional initiatives to increase the share of energy from renewable sources in households (the notable exception is the action of subsidies for solar collectors, funded by the National Fund

17、).The policy of the sustainable construction is focused on taking actions to effectively reduce power consumption and strengthen the functioning of existing solutions by leading participation of public and private sect

18、or, whose main task will be to build homes in the technology of low-energy and zero-energy and promoting solutions in this field, while taking into account the level of optimal cost. The building sector is responsible

19、for 1/3 of total energy consumption. The poor conditions of most of the existing buildings and newly built have a direct impact on the high energy consumption, thus still low energy efficiency. It should be noted that

20、the optimal level of costs is the basic condition that must be satisfied in this aspect. 1.2 The role of governments regulations and financial sector in the construction industry developmentConstruction products market