化學(xué)工程與工藝外文文獻(xiàn)翻譯---砷在環(huán)境中的生化特性（英文）

1、.Arsenic in the environment: Biology and ChemistryProsun Bhattacharya a,?, Alan H. Welch b, Kenneth G. Stollenwerk c, Mike J. McLaughlin d, Jochen Bundschuh e, G. Panaullah fa KTH-International Groundwater Arsenic Resear

2、ch Group, Department of Land and Water Resources Engineering, Royal Institute of Technology (KTH), SE-100 44 STOCKHOLM, Sweden b Nevada Water Science Center, United States Geological Survey, 2730 N. Deer Run Road, Carson

3、 City, NV 89701 USA c United States Geological Survey, MS 413, Box 25046, Federal Center, Denver, CO 80225, USA d CSIRO Land and Water/University of Adelaide, PMB 2, Glen Osmond, SA 5064, Australia e International Techni

4、cal Co-operation Programme CIM (GTZ/BA, Germany), Instituto Costarricense de Electricidad (ICE), PySA, Apartado Postal 10032, 1000 San Jose, Costa Rica f CIMMYT, Bangladesh, P.O. Box 6057 Gulshan, Dhaka 1212, BangladeshR

5、eceived 6 February 2007; received in revised form 25 February 2007; accepted 27 February 2007 Available online 16 April 2007AbstractArsenic (As) distribution and toxicology in the environment is a serious issue, with mil

6、lions of individuals worldwide being affected by As toxicosis. Sources of As contamination are both natural and anthropogenic and the scale of contamination ranges from local to regional. There are many areas of research

7、 that are being actively pursued to address the As contamination problem. These include new methods of screening for As in the field, determining the epidemiology of As in humans, and identifying the risk of As uptake in

8、 agriculture. Remediation of As-affected water supplies is important and research includes assessing natural remediation potential as well as phytoremediation. Another area of active research is on the microbially mediat

9、ed biogeochemical interactions of As in the environment. In 2005, a conference was convened to bring together scientists involved in many of the different areas of As research. In this paper, we present a synthesis of th

10、e As issues in the light of long-standing research and with regards to the new findings presented at this conference. This contribution provides a backdrop to the issues raised at the conference together with an overview

11、 of contemporary and historical issues of As contamination and health impacts. Crown Copyright © 2007 Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.Keywords: Arsenic; Contamination; Pollution; Groundwater; Tubewell

12、 screening; Field test kit; Health; Safe aquifers; Agriculture; Soils; Mining environment; Phytoremediation; Sorption; Remediation1. Introduction1.1. Location and scale of problemArsenic (As) has been detected in groundw

13、ater in several countries of the world, with concentration levelsexceeding the WHO drinking water guideline value of 10 µg/L (WHO, 2001) as well as the national regulatory standards (e.g. 50 µg/L in India and B

14、angladesh, Ahmed et al., 2004; Mukherjee et al., 2006). Arsenic in ground- water is often associated with geologic sources, but in some locations anthropogenic inputs can be extremely important. Ingestion of geogenic As

15、from groundwater sources is manifested as chronic health disorders in most of the affected regions of the world (BGS fax: +46 8 411 0775. E-mail address: prosun@kth.se (P. Bhattacharya).0048-9697/$ - see front matter. C

16、rown Copyright © 2007 Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2007.02.037MMAIII is more toxic than As(III) and As(V) (viz. Petrick et al., 2000, 2001).1.4. AgricultureThe adverse effe

17、cts of As in groundwater used for irrigation water on crops and aquatic ecosystems is also of major concern. In addition to potential human health impacts caused by ingestion of food containing As, the potential for redu

18、ced crop yield due to its build-up in the soil is an active area of research. The fate of As in agricultural soils is often less well studied compared to groundwater, and in general has been studied in the context of As

19、uptake by different plants (Huq et al., 2001, 2006; Das et al., 2004; Al Rmalli et al., 2005; Correll et al., 2006; Naidu et al., 2006). Crop quality and the effect of As on crop quality and yield is becoming a major wor

20、ldwide concern, particularly for rice which forms the staple for many South-Asian countries where groundwater is widely used for irrigation (Meharg and Rahman, 2003). In a recent study it was reported that irrigation has

21、 increased in Bangladesh since 1970, while since 1980, the area under groundwater irrigation for the cultivation of Boro rice has increased by almost an order of magnitude (Harvey et al., 2005). Based on available inform

22、ation on the distribution of As concentration in groundwater (BGS and DPHE, 2001) and the area under shallow tubewell irrigation (BADC, 2005), Saha (2006) estimated that approximately 1000 metric tons of As is cycled wit

23、h irrigation water during the dry season of each year. Rice yield has been reported to decrease by 10% at a concentration of 25 mg/kg As in soil (Xiong et al., 1987). A greenhouse study by Abedin et al. (2002) revealed r

24、educed yield of a local variety of rice (BR-11) irrigated with water having As concentrations in the range of 0.2 to 8 mg/L. The accumulation of As in rice field soils and its introduction into the food chain through upt

25、ake by the rice plant is of major concern (Duxbury et al., 2003).1.5. Anthropogenic arsenicLarge quantities of As are released into the environment through industrial activities, which can be dispersed widely and as such

26、 play an important role in the contamination of soils, waters, and air (Nriagu, 1989; Jacks and Bhattacharya, 1998; Juillot et al., 1999; Matschullat, 2000; Pacyna and Pacyna, 2001). Elevated concentrations of As in soil

27、s occur only locally, but in areas of former industrial areas it may cause environ- mental concern (Nriagu, 1994; Smith et al., 1998; Kabata-Pendias and Pendias, 2001). Although manyminerals contain As compounds, the ant

28、hropogenic contribution to the environment in the past accounted for 82,000 metric tons/year worldwide (Nriagu and Pacyna, 1988). Inorganic As compounds such as calcium arsenate, lead arsenate, sodium arsenate and many o

29、thers were used by farmers as insecticides/ pesticides for debarking trees, in cattle and sheep dips to control ticks, fleas, lice and also in aquatic weed control. Water soluble preparatives, such as chromated copper ar

30、senate (CCA) and other As-based chemicals used as wood preservatives during the past have lead to widespread metal contamination in soils around the wood preservation facilities (Bhattacharya et al., 2002c). However, the

31、 use of inorganic As compounds in agriculture has gradually disappeared since the 1960s due to greater understanding of As toxicity and awareness regarding food safety and environmental contamination (Vaughan, 1993; Sano

32、k et al., 1995; Smith et al., 1998). In addition, during manufacturing of As-containing pesticides and herbicides, release of waste and As-laden liquids near the manufacturing areas may contaminate soil and water bodies

33、(Mahi- mairaja et al., 2005). There are several “hot spots” around the world where soils have very high concentrations of As caused by natural geochemical enrichment and long-lasting ore mining and processing. For exampl

34、e, in Poland, mine spoils, slag dumps and tailings, that remained in the areas of As manufacturing and industrial processes, also contain extremely high concentrations of As (Karc- zewska et al., 2004, 2005). There is a

35、widespread concern regarding bioavailability of As in the terrestrial environment in industrialized regions of the world. The majority of incidences of soil As pollution could be traced back to a period prior to extensiv

36、e statutory controls over As emissions (Meharg et al., 1994). For example, England was one of the cradles of the industrial revolution in the 19th century that has left behind an extensive legacy of As-contaminated sites

37、. As part of the Land Ocean Interaction Study (LOIS) the As concentrations in the rivers of northeastern England reveal As enrichment within the urban and industrially affected rivers (Neal and Robson, 2000; Neal and Dav

38、ies, 2003). The study revealed that the concentration of dissolved As in the rural areas averaged between 0.6 and 0.9 mg/L, while for the rivers influenced by industrial discharges the average between 3.2 and 5.6 mg/L, w

39、hile suspended particulate As is much lower (average 0.1 to 0.2 mg/L for the rural and 0.2 to 0.8 mg/L for the industrial rivers). However, for the industrialized rivers dissolved As concentrations can be as high as 25.6