礦井通風(fēng)畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)外文翻譯--全球煤礦瓦斯涌出及利用現(xiàn)狀（英文）

1、? . International Journal of Coal Geology 35 1998 283–310Status of worldwide coal mine methane emissions and useCarol J. Bibler ), James S. Marshall, Raymond C. PilcherRaÕen Ridge Resources Incorporated, 584 25 Road

2、, Grand Junction, CO 81505, USAReceived 10 January 1997; revised 27 June 1997; accepted 27 June 1997AbstractUnderground coal mines worldwide liberate an estimated 29–41=109 m3 of methane annually, of which less than 2.3=

3、109 m3 are used as fuel. The remaining methane is emitted to the atmosphere, representing the loss of a valuable energy resource. Methane is also a major greenhouse gas and is thus detrimental to the environment when ven

4、ted to the atmosphere. Coal mine methane recovery and use represents a cost-effective means of significantly reducing methane emissions from coal mining, while increasing mine safety and improving mine eco- nomics. The w

5、orld’s ten largest coal producers are responsible for 90% of global methane emissions associated with the coal fuel cycle. China is the largest emitter of coal mine methane, ? followed by the Commonwealth of Independent

6、States, or CIS particularly Russia, Ukraine and . Kazakhstan , the United States, Poland, Germany, South Africa, the United Kingdom, Australia, India and the Czech Republic. Most of these countries use a portion of the m

7、ethane that is liberated from their coal mines, but the utilization rate tends to be low and some countries use none at all. Coal mine methane is currently used for a variety of purposes. Methane is used for heating and

8、cooking at many mine facilities and nearby residences. It is also used to fuel boilers, to generate electricity, directly heat air for mine ventilation systems and for coal drying. Several mines in the United States sell

9、 high-quality mine gas to natural gas distributors. There are several barriers to decreasing methane emissions by increasing coal mine methane use. Many of the same barriers are common to a number of the subject countrie

10、s. Technical barriers include low-permea- bility coals, variable or low gas quality, variations in gas supply and demand and lack of infrastructure. Economic and institutional barriers include lack of information pertine

11、nt to development of the resource, lack of capital and low natural gas prices. A possible option for) Corresponding author. Tel.: q1-970-2454088; fax: q1-970-2452514; e-mail cbibler@ravenridge.com.0166-5162r98r$19.00 q 1

12、998 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. ? . PII S0166-5162 98 00038-4( ) C.J. Bibler et al.rInternational Journal of Coal Geology 35 1998 283–310 285Table 1 a ? 9 3. Estimated 1990 coal fuel cycle methane emission

13、s from the ten largest coal producing countries 10 mCountry United States EPA Coal industry advisory ? . ? . ‘best estimate’ USEPA, 1994a board estimate IEA, 1994China 14.0–24.4 11.3 Former Soviet Union 7.1–8.8 7.4 Unite

14、d States 5.3–8.4 5.3 Germany 1.5–1.8 1.8 South Africa 1.2–3.4 1.3 United Kingdom 0.9–1.3 1.3 Poland 0.8–2.2 2.1 Australia 0.7–1.2 0.7 India 0.6 0.7 Former Czechoslovakia 0.4–0.7 0.4Total 31.9–52.8 32.3aCIAB estimates do

15、not include emissions associated with coal combustion.? . investigated methane emissions from coal mining worldwide. The USEPA 1994a ? estimates that the coal fuel cycle which includes coal mining, post-mining coal . 9 3

16、 transportation and handling, and coal combustion emits 35 to 59=10 m of methane to the atmosphere annually. Table 1 shows methane emissions from the world’s ten largest coal producers, which are responsible for 90% of g

17、lobal methane emissions associated with the coal fuel cycle. Underground coal mining is the primary source of these emissions, accounting for 70 to 95% of total emissions. There are many opportunities for decreasing coal

18、 mine methane emissions by increasing recovery of this abundant fuel. Section 2 examines the status of methane recovery and use in key countries worldwide.2. Coal mine methane recovery and use in selected countries2.1. C

19、hina? . 9 The Peoples Republic of China China produces about 1.2=10 raw tons of hard ? . coal annually EIA, 1996 . In 1990, coal mining activities in China emitted an estimated 9 3 ? 6 . 14 to 24=10 m 10 to 16=10 ton of

20、methane to the atmosphere, contributing one-third of the world’s total from this source. Not only is China the largest coal producer in the world; it is unique in that underground mines produce over 95% of the nation’s c

21、oal. Because of the great depth and high rank of China’s coals, underground coal mines have higher methane emissions than surface mines. ? . ? . There are currently 108 Coal Mining Administrations CMAs in China Fig. 1 ,

22、which manage more than 650 mines. These state-owned mines are responsible for most of China’s methane emissions, but there are numerous gassy local, township, and private mines that cumulatively produce over one-half of